Q2Day81 Q2Day81

Q2Day81

 

性能相关

在编写爬虫时，性能的消耗主要在IO请求中，当单进程单线程模式下请求URL时必然会引起等待，从而使得请求整体变慢。

添加

# 异步IO
'''
import requests
from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor  #通过这个 可以帮助我们创建一个多线程


def async_url(url):
    try:
        # response = requests.get('http://www.baidu.com')
        response = requests.get(url)
    except Exception as e:
        print('异常结果', response.url, response.content)
    print('获取结果',response.url,response.content)


url_list = [  #表示三个任务
    'http://www.baidu.com',
    'http://www.google.com',
    'http://www.bing.com',
]

pool = ThreadPoolExecutor(5)  #创建5个线程池跑3个任务
for url in url_list:
    print('开始请求',url)
    pool.submit(async_url,url)   #async_url要执行的函数，url表示参数
    # 
    # print('开始请求',url)
    # response = requests.get(url=url)
    # print('得到结果',response.url)
    # 
pool.shutdown(wait = True)  #终止掉
    
'''

'''
import requests
from concurrent.futures import ProcessLookupError  #通过这个 可以帮助我们创建一个进程


def async_url(url):
    try:
        # response = requests.get('http://www.baidu.com')
        response = requests.get(url)
    except Exception as e:
        print('异常结果', response.url, response.content)
    print('获取结果',response.url,response.content)


url_list = [  #表示三个任务
    'http://www.baidu.com',
    'http://www.google.com',
    'http://www.bing.com',
]

pool = ProcessLookupError(5)  #创建5个进程# 跑3个任务
for url in url_list:
    print('开始请求',url)
    pool.submit(async_url,url)   #async_url要执行的函数，url表示参数
    #
    # print('开始请求',url)
    # response = requests.get(url=url)
    # print('得到结果',response.url)
    #
pool.shutdown(wait = True)  #终止掉
'''

'''
import asyncio  #这个模块提供了异步io的能力，

@asyncio.coroutine
def func1():  #函数
    print('before...func1....')
    yield from asyncio.sleep(5)
    print('end....func1....')

tasks = [func1(),func1()]  #创建列表

#以后一旦涉及到异步非堵塞 事件循环
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.gather(*tasks))
loop.close()
'''

'''
import socket
client = socket.socket()
client.connect(('www.baidu.com',80,))
# content = "Http1.1/index.html GET k1=k2\r\n\r\n"
content = "Http1.1/index.html?k1=k2 POST k1=k2\r\n\r\nusername = alex&password=123" #内容
                #?k1=k2表示以get形式发出去的，k1=k2请求头
content.sendall(content)
'''

#aiohttp
'''
import aiohttp   #要安装aiohttp（pip3 install aiohttp）
import asyncio

@asyncio.coroutine
def fetch_async(url):
    print(url)
    response = yield from aiohttp.request('GET',url)
    #data = yield from response.read()
    #print(url,data)
    print(url,response)
    response.close()


tasks = [
    fetch_async('http://www.cnblogs.com/'),
    fetch_async('http://www.chouti.com/')，
    ]
event_loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
results = event_loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.gather(*tasks))
event_loop.close()
'''

'''
#导入 pip3 install gevent
import gevent
from gevent import monkey
monkey.pahch_all()  # 找到内置的socket 

import requests

def fetch_async(method,url,req_kwargs):
    print(method,url,req_kwargs)
    response = requests.request(method='get',**req_kwargs),
    print(response.url,response.content)

####发送请求####
gevent.joinall({
    gevent.spawn(fetch_async,method='get',url='https://www.python.org/',req_kwargs={}),
    gevent.spawn(fetch_async,method='get',url='https://www.yahoo.com/',req_kwargs={}),
    gevent.spawn(fetch_async,method='get',url='https://github.com/',req_kwargs={}),
})

'''

'''
import socket

for k in range(10): #十个任务

    client = socket.socket()
    client.connect(('www.baidu.com',80,))
    try:
    # content = "Http1.1/index.html GET k1=k2\r\n\r\n"
        content = "Http1.1/index.html?k1=k2 POST k1=k2\r\n\r\nusername = alex&password=123" #内容
                    #?k1=k2表示以get形式发出去的，k1=k2请求头
    except Exception as e:
        print(e)
while True:
    print('等待。。。')
    # content.sendall(content)
'''

'''
from twisted.web.client import getPage  #发送http请求的
from wwisted.internet import reactor    #这个做事件循环

REV_COUNTER = 0
REQ_COUNTER = 0

def callback(contents):
    print(contents,)

    global REV_COUNTER
    REV_COUNTER +=1
    if REV_COUNTER == REQ_COUNTER:
        reactor.stop()

url_list = ['http://www.bing.com','http://www.baidu.com',]
REQ_COUNTER = len(url_list)
for url in url_list:
    deferred = getPage(bytes(url,encoding='utf8'))
    deferred.addCallback(callback)

reactor.run()
'''

'''
from twisted.web.client import getPage
from twisted.internet import reactor

    #一个类
class TwistedRequest(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.__req_counter = 0
        self.__rev_counter = 0


    def __execute(self, content, url, callback):
        if callback:
            callback(url, content)
        self.__rev_counter += 1
        if self.__rev_counter == self.__req_counter:
            reactor.stop()

    def fetch_url(self, url_callback_list):

        self.__req_counter = len(url_callback_list)

        for item in url_callback_list:
            url = item['url']
            print(url)
            success_callback = item['success_callback']
            error_callback = item['error_callback']
            # 发送URL请求
            deferred = getPage(bytes(url, encoding='utf8'))
            # 当请求成功后，执行__execute，传入参数
            deferred.addCallback(self.__execute, url, success_callback)
            deferred.addErrback(self.__execute, url, error_callback)

        reactor.run()

#函数一
def callback(url, content):
    print(url, content)

# 函数二
def error(url, content):
    print(url, content)

#一个对象
obj = TwistedRequest()

obj.fetch_url([
    {'url': 'http://www.baidu.com', 'success_callback': callback, 'error_callback': error},
    {'url': 'http://www.cnblogs.com', 'success_callback': callback, 'error_callback': error},
])
    #
'''


# pip3 install tornado
'''
from tornado.httpclient import AsyncHTTPClient
from tornado.httpclient import HTTPRequest
from tornado import ioloop  #一旦涉及loop 就是循环、io循环

#函数一
def handle_response(response):
    if response.error:
        print("Error:", response.error)
    else:
        print(response.body)
        # 方法同twisted
        ioloop.IOLoop.current().stop()

#函数二
def func():
    url_list = [
        'http://www.google.com',
        'http://www.bing.com',
    ]
    for url in url_list:
        print(url)
        http_client = AsyncHTTPClient()
        http_client.fetch(HTTPRequest(url), handle_response)  #回调函数


ioloop.IOLoop.current().add_callback(func)
# print(type(ioloop.IOLoop.current()))

ioloop.IOLoop.current().start()
# from tornado.platform.select import SelectIOLoop
'''

'''
4、tornado
自定义异步IO :
    -基于socket setblocking（False）
    -IO多路复用
        while Ture：
            r,w,e = select.select([],[],[],1)
    req_list = {
        ['1.1.1.1',80],
        ['1.1.1.2',80],
    }       
    conn_sock_list = [] 
    sock_list = []
    
    for i in req_list:
        client = socket.socket()
        client.setblocking(False)
        try:
            client.connect((i[0],i[1],))
        except Exception as e :
            pass
        sock_list.append(client)
        conn_sock_list.append(client)
    while True:
        r,w,e = select.select(sock_list,conn_sock_list,[],1)        
        #当其他人给咱们发送数据时，我们可以接受r= [sk1]    
        
        #连接成功的socket
        for sk in w:
            sk.snedall("""GET/index HTTP/1.0\r\nHost:www.baidu.com\r\n\r\n""")  
            conn_sock_list.remove(sk)  
            
            
#'''

# 史上最牛逼的io框架
# 里面有三个类
import select
import socket
import time


class AsyncTimeoutException(TimeoutError):
    """
    请求超时异常类
    """

    def __init__(self, msg):
        self.msg = msg
        super(AsyncTimeoutException, self).__init__(msg)


class HttpContext(object):
    """封装请求和相应的基本数据"""

    def __init__(self, sock, host, port, method, url, data, callback, timeout=5):
        """
        sock: 请求的客户端socket对象
        host: 请求的主机名
        port: 请求的端口
        port: 请求的端口
        method: 请求方式
        url: 请求的URL
        data: 请求时请求体中的数据
        callback: 请求完成后的回调函数
        timeout: 请求的超时时间
        """
        self.sock = sock
        self.callback = callback
        self.host = host
        self.port = port
        self.method = method
        self.url = url
        self.data = data

        self.timeout = timeout

        self.__start_time = time.time()
        self.__buffer = []

    def is_timeout(self):
        """当前请求是否已经超时"""
        current_time = time.time()
        if (self.__start_time + self.timeout) < current_time:
            return True

    def fileno(self):
        """请求sockect对象的文件描述符，用于select监听"""
        return self.sock.fileno()

    def write(self, data):
        """在buffer中写入响应内容"""
        self.__buffer.append(data)

    def finish(self, exc=None):
        """在buffer中写入响应内容完成，执行请求的回调函数"""
        if not exc:
            response = b''.join(self.__buffer)
            self.callback(self, response, exc)
        else:
            self.callback(self, None, exc)

    def send_request_data(self):
        content = """%s %s HTTP/1.0\r\nHost: %s\r\n\r\n%s""" % (
            self.method.upper(), self.url, self.host, self.data,)

        return content.encode(encoding='utf8')


class AsyncRequest(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.fds = []
        self.connections = []

    def add_request(self, host, port, method, url, data, callback, timeout):
        """创建一个要请求"""
        client = socket.socket()
        client.setblocking(False)
        try:
            client.connect((host, port))
        except BlockingIOError as e:
            pass
            # print('已经向远程发送连接的请求')
        req = HttpContext(client, host, port, method, url, data, callback, timeout)
        self.connections.append(req)
        self.fds.append(req)

    def check_conn_timeout(self):
        """检查所有的请求，是否有已经连接超时，如果有则终止"""
        timeout_list = []
        for context in self.connections:
            if context.is_timeout():
                timeout_list.append(context)
        for context in timeout_list:
            context.finish(Exception('请求超时'))
            self.fds.remove(context)
            self.connections.remove(context)
            context.sock.close()

    def running(self):
        """事件循环，用于检测请求的socket是否已经就绪，从而执行相关操作"""
        while True:
            try:
                r, w, e = select.select(self.fds, self.connections, self.fds, 1)
                if not self.fds:
                    return

                for context in r:
                    sock = context.sock
                    while True:
                        try:
                            data = sock.recv(8096)
                            if not data:
                                sock.close()
                                self.fds.remove(context)
                                context.finish()
                                break
                            else:
                                context.write(data)
                        except BlockingIOError as e:
                            break
                        except TimeoutError as e:  # 超时触发这个
                            sock.close()
                            self.fds.remove(context)
                            self.connections.remove(context)
                            context.finish(e)
                            break

                for context in w:
                    # 已经连接成功远程服务器，开始向远程发送请求数据
                    if context in self.fds:
                        data = context.send_request_data()
                        context.sock.sendall(data)
                        self.connections.remove(context)

                self.check_conn_timeout()
            except Exception as e:
                print(e)
                break


if __name__ == '__main__':  # 自定义的回调函数

    def callback_func(context, response, ex):
        """
        :param context: HttpContext对象，内部封装了请求相关信息
        :param response: 请求响应内容
        :param ex: 是否出现异常（如果有异常则值为异常对象；否则值为None）
        :return:
        """
        print(context, response, ex)  # context表对象 response内容 ex是否异常


    obj = AsyncRequest()
    url_list = [
        {'host': '64.233.188.138', 'port': 80, 'method': 'GET', 'url': '/', 'data': '', 'timeout': 5,
         'callback': callback_func},
        {'host': '64.233.188.138', 'port': 80, 'method': 'GET', 'url': '/', 'data': '', 'timeout': 5,
         'callback': callback_func},
        {'host': 'www.baidu.com', 'port': 80, 'method': 'GET', 'url': '/', 'data': '', 'timeout': 5,
         'callback': callback_func},
        {'host': 'www.bing.com', 'port': 80, 'method': 'GET', 'url': '/', 'data': '', 'timeout': 5,
         'callback': callback_func},
    ]  # 请求超时5秒钟
    for item in url_list:  # 进行for循环，一个一个进来，这里面是不堵塞的
        print(item['host'])  #host表示往哪发
        obj.add_request(**item)

    obj.running()

1、同步执行

import requests

def fetch_async(url):
    response = requests.get(url)
    return response


url_list = ['http://www.github.com', 'http://www.bing.com'] for url in url_list: fetch_async(url)

 

2、多线程执行

from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
import requests


def fetch_async(url):
    response = requests.get(url)
    return response


url_list = ['http://www.github.com', 'http://www.bing.com']
pool = ThreadPoolExecutor(5)
for url in url_list:
    pool.submit(fetch_async, url)
pool.shutdown(wait=True)

2、多线程+回调函数执行

from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
import requests

def fetch_async(url):
    response = requests.get(url)
    return response


def callback(future):
    print(future.result())


url_list = ['http://www.github.com', 'http://www.bing.com']
pool = ThreadPoolExecutor(5)
for url in url_list:
    v = pool.submit(fetch_async, url)
    v.add_done_callback(callback)
pool.shutdown(wait=True)

3、多进程执行

from concurrent.futures import ProcessPoolExecutor
import requests

def fetch_async(url):
    response = requests.get(url)
    return response


url_list = ['http://www.github.com', 'http://www.bing.com']
pool = ProcessPoolExecutor(5)
for url in url_list:
    pool.submit(fetch_async, url)
pool.shutdown(wait=True)

3、多进程+回调函数执行

from concurrent.futures import ProcessPoolExecutor
import requests


def fetch_async(url):
    response = requests.get(url)
    return response


def callback(future):
    print(future.result())


url_list = ['http://www.github.com', 'http://www.bing.com']
pool = ProcessPoolExecutor(5)
for url in url_list:
    v = pool.submit(fetch_async, url)
    v.add_done_callback(callback)
pool.shutdown(wait=True)

通过上述代码均可以完成对请求性能的提高，对于多线程和多进行的缺点是在IO阻塞时会造成了线程和进程的浪费，所以异步IO回事首选：

1、asyncio示例1

import asyncio


@asyncio.coroutine
def func1():
    print('before...func1......')
    yield from asyncio.sleep(5)
    print('end...func1......')


tasks = [func1(), func1()]

loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.gather(*tasks))
loop.close()

1、asyncio示例2

import asyncio


@asyncio.coroutine
def fetch_async(host, url='/'):
    print(host, url)
    reader, writer = yield from asyncio.open_connection(host, 80)

    request_header_content = """GET %s HTTP/1.0\r\nHost: %s\r\n\r\n""" % (url, host,)
    request_header_content = bytes(request_header_content, encoding='utf-8')

    writer.write(request_header_content)
    yield from writer.drain()
    text = yield from reader.read()
    print(host, url, text)
    writer.close()

tasks = [
    fetch_async('www.cnblogs.com', '/wupeiqi/'),
    fetch_async('dig.chouti.com', '/pic/show?nid=4073644713430508&lid=10273091')
]

loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
results = loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.gather(*tasks))
loop.close()

2、asyncio+aiohttp

import aiohttp
import asyncio


@asyncio.coroutine
def fetch_async(url):
    print(url)
    response = yield from aiohttp.request('GET', url)
    # data = yield from response.read()
    # print(url, data)
    print(url, response)
    response.close()


tasks = [fetch_async('http://www.google.com/'), fetch_async('http://www.chouti.com/')]

event_loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
results = event_loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.gather(*tasks))
event_loop.close()

3、asyncio+requests

import asyncio
import requests


@asyncio.coroutine
def fetch_async(func, *args):
    loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
    future = loop.run_in_executor(None, func, *args)
    response = yield from future
    print(response.url, response.content)


tasks = [
    fetch_async(requests.get, 'http://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/'),
    fetch_async(requests.get, 'http://dig.chouti.com/pic/show?nid=4073644713430508&lid=10273091')
]

loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
results = loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.gather(*tasks))
loop.close()

4、gevent + requsets

import gevent

import requests
from gevent import monkey

monkey.patch_all()


def fetch_async(method, url, req_kwargs):
    print(method, url, req_kwargs)
    response = requests.request(method=method, url=url, **req_kwargs)
    print(response.url, response.content)

# ##### 发送请求 #####
gevent.joinall([
    gevent.spawn(fetch_async, method='get', url='https://www.python.org/', req_kwargs={}),
    gevent.spawn(fetch_async, method='get', url='https://www.yahoo.com/', req_kwargs={}),
    gevent.spawn(fetch_async, method='get', url='https://github.com/', req_kwargs={}),
])

# ##### 发送请求（协程池控制最大协程数量） #####
# from gevent.pool import Pool
# pool = Pool(None)
# gevent.joinall([
#     pool.spawn(fetch_async, method='get', url='https://www.python.org/', req_kwargs={}),
#     pool.spawn(fetch_async, method='get', url='https://www.yahoo.com/', req_kwargs={}),
#     pool.spawn(fetch_async, method='get', url='https://www.github.com/', req_kwargs={}),
# ])

5、grequests

import grequests


request_list = [
    grequests.get('http://httpbin.org/delay/1', timeout=0.001),
    grequests.get('http://fakedomain/'),
    grequests.get('http://httpbin.org/status/500')
]


# ##### 执行并获取响应列表 #####
# response_list = grequests.map(request_list)
# print(response_list)


# ##### 执行并获取响应列表（处理异常） #####
# def exception_handler(request, exception):
# print(request,exception)
#     print("Request failed")

# response_list = grequests.map(request_list, exception_handler=exception_handler)
# print(response_list)

6、Twisted示例

from twisted.web.client import getPage, defer
from twisted.internet import reactor


def all_done(arg):
    reactor.stop()


def callback(contents):
    print(contents)


deferred_list = []

url_list = ['http://www.bing.com', 'http://www.baidu.com', ]
for url in url_list:
    deferred = getPage(bytes(url, encoding='utf8'))
    deferred.addCallback(callback)
    deferred_list.append(deferred)

dlist = defer.DeferredList(deferred_list)
dlist.addBoth(all_done)

reactor.run()

7、Tornado

from tornado.httpclient import AsyncHTTPClient
from tornado.httpclient import HTTPRequest
from tornado import ioloop


def handle_response(response):
    """
    处理返回值内容（需要维护计数器，来停止IO循环），调用 ioloop.IOLoop.current().stop()
    :param response: 
    :return: 
    """
    if response.error:
        print("Error:", response.error)
    else:
        print(response.body)


def func():
    url_list = [
        'http://www.baidu.com',
        'http://www.bing.com',
    ]
    for url in url_list:
        print(url)
        http_client = AsyncHTTPClient()
        http_client.fetch(HTTPRequest(url), handle_response)


ioloop.IOLoop.current().add_callback(func)
ioloop.IOLoop.current().start()

8、Twisted更多

from twisted.internet import reactor
from twisted.web.client import getPage
import urllib.parse


def one_done(arg):
    print(arg)
    reactor.stop()

post_data = urllib.parse.urlencode({'check_data': 'adf'})
post_data = bytes(post_data, encoding='utf8')
headers = {b'Content-Type': b'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
response = getPage(bytes('http://dig.chouti.com/login', encoding='utf8'),
                   method=bytes('POST', encoding='utf8'),
                   postdata=post_data,
                   cookies={},
                   headers=headers)
response.addBoth(one_done)

reactor.run()

以上均是Python内置以及第三方模块提供异步IO请求模块，使用简便大大提高效率，而对于异步IO请求的本质则是【非阻塞Socket】+【IO多路复用】：

 史上最牛逼的异步IO模块

import select
import socket
import time


class AsyncTimeoutException(TimeoutError):
    """
    请求超时异常类
    """

    def __init__(self, msg):
        self.msg = msg
        super(AsyncTimeoutException, self).__init__(msg)


class HttpContext(object):
    """封装请求和相应的基本数据"""

    def __init__(self, sock, host, port, method, url, data, callback, timeout=5):
        """
        sock: 请求的客户端socket对象
        host: 请求的主机名
        port: 请求的端口
        port: 请求的端口
        method: 请求方式
        url: 请求的URL
        data: 请求时请求体中的数据
        callback: 请求完成后的回调函数
        timeout: 请求的超时时间
        """
        self.sock = sock
        self.callback = callback
        self.host = host
        self.port = port
        self.method = method
        self.url = url
        self.data = data

        self.timeout = timeout

        self.__start_time = time.time()
        self.__buffer = []

    def is_timeout(self):
        """当前请求是否已经超时"""
        current_time = time.time()
        if (self.__start_time + self.timeout) < current_time:
            return True

    def fileno(self):
        """请求sockect对象的文件描述符，用于select监听"""
        return self.sock.fileno()

    def write(self, data):
        """在buffer中写入响应内容"""
        self.__buffer.append(data)

    def finish(self, exc=None):
        """在buffer中写入响应内容完成，执行请求的回调函数"""
        if not exc:
            response = b''.join(self.__buffer)
            self.callback(self, response, exc)
        else:
            self.callback(self, None, exc)

    def send_request_data(self):
        content = """%s %s HTTP/1.0\r\nHost: %s\r\n\r\n%s""" % (
            self.method.upper(), self.url, self.host, self.data,)

        return content.encode(encoding='utf8')


class AsyncRequest(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.fds = []
        self.connections = []

    def add_request(self, host, port, method, url, data, callback, timeout):
        """创建一个要请求"""
        client = socket.socket()
        client.setblocking(False)
        try:
            client.connect((host, port))
        except BlockingIOError as e:
            pass
            # print('已经向远程发送连接的请求')
        req = HttpContext(client, host, port, method, url, data, callback, timeout)
        self.connections.append(req)
        self.fds.append(req)

    def check_conn_timeout(self):
        """检查所有的请求，是否有已经连接超时，如果有则终止"""
        timeout_list = []
        for context in self.connections:
            if context.is_timeout():
                timeout_list.append(context)
        for context in timeout_list:
            context.finish(AsyncTimeoutException('请求超时'))
            self.fds.remove(context)
            self.connections.remove(context)

    def running(self):
        """事件循环，用于检测请求的socket是否已经就绪，从而执行相关操作"""
        while True:
            r, w, e = select.select(self.fds, self.connections, self.fds, 0.05)

            if not self.fds:
                return

            for context in r:
                sock = context.sock
                while True:
                    try:
                        data = sock.recv(8096)
                        if not data:
                            self.fds.remove(context)
                            context.finish()
                            break
                        else:
                            context.write(data)
                    except BlockingIOError as e:
                        break
                    except TimeoutError as e:
                        self.fds.remove(context)
                        self.connections.remove(context)
                        context.finish(e)
                        break

            for context in w:
                # 已经连接成功远程服务器，开始向远程发送请求数据
                if context in self.fds:
                    data = context.send_request_data()
                    context.sock.sendall(data)
                    self.connections.remove(context)

            self.check_conn_timeout()


if __name__ == '__main__':　　　
    def callback_func(context, response, ex):
        """
        :param context: HttpContext对象，内部封装了请求相关信息
        :param response: 请求响应内容
        :param ex: 是否出现异常（如果有异常则值为异常对象；否则值为None）
        :return:
        """
        print(context, response, ex)

    obj = AsyncRequest()
    url_list = [
        {'host': 'www.google.com', 'port': 80, 'method': 'GET', 'url': '/', 'data': '', 'timeout': 5,
         'callback': callback_func},
        {'host': 'www.baidu.com', 'port': 80, 'method': 'GET', 'url': '/', 'data': '', 'timeout': 5,
         'callback': callback_func},
        {'host': 'www.bing.com', 'port': 80, 'method': 'GET', 'url': '/', 'data': '', 'timeout': 5,
         'callback': callback_func},
    ]
    for item in url_list:
        print(item)
        obj.add_request(**item)

    obj.running()

Scrapy

Scrapy是一个为了爬取网站数据，提取结构性数据而编写的应用框架。 其可以应用在数据挖掘，信息处理或存储历史数据等一系列的程序中。
其最初是为了页面抓取 (更确切来说, 网络抓取 )所设计的， 也可以应用在获取API所返回的数据(例如 Amazon Associates Web Services ) 或者通用的网络爬虫。Scrapy用途广泛，可以用于数据挖掘、监测和自动化测试。

Scrapy 使用了 Twisted异步网络库来处理网络通讯。整体架构大致如下

Scrapy主要包括了以下组件：

• 引擎(Scrapy)
  用来处理整个系统的数据流处理, 触发事务(框架核心)
• 调度器(Scheduler)
  用来接受引擎发过来的请求, 压入队列中, 并在引擎再次请求的时候返回. 可以想像成一个URL（抓取网页的网址或者说是链接）的优先队列, 由它来决定下一个要抓取的网址是什么, 同时去除重复的网址
• 下载器(Downloader)
  用于下载网页内容, 并将网页内容返回给蜘蛛(Scrapy下载器是建立在twisted这个高效的异步模型上的)
• 爬虫(Spiders)
  爬虫是主要干活的, 用于从特定的网页中提取自己需要的信息, 即所谓的实体(Item)。用户也可以从中提取出链接,让Scrapy继续抓取下一个页面
• 项目管道(Pipeline)
  负责处理爬虫从网页中抽取的实体，主要的功能是持久化实体、验证实体的有效性、清除不需要的信息。当页面被爬虫解析后，将被发送到项目管道，并经过几个特定的次序处理数据。
• 下载器中间件(Downloader Middlewares)
  位于Scrapy引擎和下载器之间的框架，主要是处理Scrapy引擎与下载器之间的请求及响应。
• 爬虫中间件(Spider Middlewares)
  介于Scrapy引擎和爬虫之间的框架，主要工作是处理蜘蛛的响应输入和请求输出。
• 调度中间件(Scheduler Middewares)
  介于Scrapy引擎和调度之间的中间件，从Scrapy引擎发送到调度的请求和响应。

Scrapy运行流程大概如下：

1. 引擎从调度器中取出一个链接(URL)用于接下来的抓取
2. 引擎把URL封装成一个请求(Request)传给下载器
3. 下载器把资源下载下来，并封装成应答包(Response)
4. 爬虫解析Response
5. 解析出实体（Item）,则交给实体管道进行进一步的处理
6. 解析出的是链接（URL）,则把URL交给调度器等待抓取

一、安装

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Linux        pip3 install scrapy     Windows        a. pip3 install wheel        b. 下载twisted http: / / www.lfd.uci.edu / ~gohlke / pythonlibs / #twisted        c. 进入下载目录，执行 pip3 install Twisted‑ 17.1 . 0 ‑cp35‑cp35m‑win_amd64.whl        d. pip3 install scrapy        e. 下载并安装pywin32：https: / / sourceforge.net / projects / pywin32 / files /

二、基本使用

1. 基本命令

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1.  scrapy startproject 项目名称     -  在当前目录中创建中创建一个项目文件（类似于Django）   2.  scrapy genspider [ - t template] <name> <domain>     -  创建爬虫应用     如：        scrapy gensipider  - t basic oldboy oldboy.com        scrapy gensipider  - t xmlfeed autohome autohome.com.cn     PS:        查看所有命令：scrapy gensipider  - l        查看模板命令：scrapy gensipider  - d 模板名称   3.  scrapy  list     -  展示爬虫应用列表   4.  scrapy crawl 爬虫应用名称     -  运行单独爬虫应用

2.项目结构以及爬虫应用简介

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project_name /     scrapy.cfg     project_name /         __init__.py         items.py         pipelines.py         settings.py         spiders /             __init__.py             爬虫 1.py             爬虫 2.py             爬虫 3.py

文件说明：

• scrapy.cfg  项目的主配置信息。（真正爬虫相关的配置信息在settings.py文件中）
• items.py    设置数据存储模板，用于结构化数据，如：Django的Model
• pipelines    数据处理行为，如：一般结构化的数据持久化
• settings.py 配置文件，如：递归的层数、并发数，延迟下载等
• spiders      爬虫目录，如：创建文件，编写爬虫规则

注意：一般创建爬虫文件时，以网站域名命名

爬虫1.py

import scrapy
 
class XiaoHuarSpider(scrapy.spiders.Spider):
    name = "xiaohuar"                            # 爬虫名称 *****
    allowed_domains = ["xiaohuar.com"]  # 允许的域名
    start_urls = [
        "http://www.xiaohuar.com/hua/",   # 其实URL
    ]
 
    def parse(self, response):
        # 访问起始URL并获取结果后的回调函数

关于windows编码

import sys,os
sys.stdout=io.TextIOWrapper(sys.stdout.buffer,encoding='gb18030')

3. 小试牛刀

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import  scrapy from  scrapy.selector  import  HtmlXPathSelector from  scrapy.http.request  import  Request     class  DigSpider(scrapy.Spider):      # 爬虫应用的名称，通过此名称启动爬虫命令      name  =  "dig"        # 允许的域名      allowed_domains  =  [ "chouti.com" ]        # 起始URL      start_urls  =  [          'http://dig.chouti.com/' ,      ]        has_request_set  =  {}        def  parse( self , response):          print (response.url)            hxs  =  HtmlXPathSelector(response)          page_list  =  hxs.select( '//div[@id="dig_lcpage"]//a[re:test(@href, "/all/hot/recent/\d+")]/@href' ).extract()          for  page  in  page_list:              page_url  =  'http://dig.chouti.com%s'  %  page              key  =  self .md5(page_url)              if  key  in  self .has_request_set:                  pass              else :                  self .has_request_set[key]  =  page_url                  obj  =  Request(url = page_url, method = 'GET' , callback = self .parse)                  yield  obj        @staticmethod      def  md5(val):          import  hashlib          ha  =  hashlib.md5()          ha.update(bytes(val, encoding = 'utf-8' ))          key  =  ha.hexdigest()          return  key

执行此爬虫文件，则在终端进入项目目录执行如下命令：

1	scrapy crawl dig  - - nolog

对于上述代码重要之处在于：

• Request是一个封装用户请求的类，在回调函数中yield该对象表示继续访问
• HtmlXpathSelector用于结构化HTML代码并提供选择器功能

4. 选择器

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56

#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from  scrapy.selector  import  Selector, HtmlXPathSelector from  scrapy.http  import  HtmlResponse html  =  """<!DOCTYPE html> <html>      <head lang="en">          <meta charset="UTF-8">          <title></title>      </head>      <body>          <ul>              <li class="item-"><a id='i1' href="link.html">first item</a></li>              <li class="item-0"><a id='i2' href="llink.html">first item</a></li>              <li class="item-1"><a href="llink2.html">second item<span>vv</span></a></li>          </ul>          <div><a href="llink2.html">second item</a></div>      </body> </html> """ response  =  HtmlResponse(url = 'http://example.com' , body = html,encoding = 'utf-8' ) # hxs = HtmlXPathSelector(response) # print(hxs) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a') # print(hxs) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[2]') # print(hxs) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[@id]') # print(hxs) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[@id="i1"]') # print(hxs) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[@href="link.html"][@id="i1"]') # print(hxs) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[contains(@href, "link")]') # print(hxs) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[starts-with(@href, "link")]') # print(hxs) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[re:test(@id, "i\d+")]') # print(hxs) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[re:test(@id, "i\d+")]/text()').extract() # print(hxs) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[re:test(@id, "i\d+")]/@href').extract() # print(hxs) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('/html/body/ul/li/a/@href').extract() # print(hxs) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//body/ul/li/a/@href').extract_first() # print(hxs)   # ul_list = Selector(response=response).xpath('//body/ul/li') # for item in ul_list: #     v = item.xpath('./a/span') #     # 或 #     # v = item.xpath('a/span') #     # 或 #     # v = item.xpath('*/a/span') #     print(v)

示例：自动登录抽屉并点赞

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import scrapy
from scrapy.selector import HtmlXPathSelector
from scrapy.http.request import Request
from scrapy.http.cookies import CookieJar
from scrapy import FormRequest


class ChouTiSpider(scrapy.Spider):
    # 爬虫应用的名称，通过此名称启动爬虫命令
    name = "chouti"
    # 允许的域名
    allowed_domains = ["chouti.com"]

    cookie_dict = {}
    has_request_set = {}

    def start_requests(self):
        url = 'http://dig.chouti.com/'
        # return [Request(url=url, callback=self.login)]
        yield Request(url=url, callback=self.login)

    def login(self, response):
        cookie_jar = CookieJar()
        cookie_jar.extract_cookies(response, response.request)
        for k, v in cookie_jar._cookies.items():
            for i, j in v.items():
                for m, n in j.items():
                    self.cookie_dict[m] = n.value

        req = Request(
            url='http://dig.chouti.com/login',
            method='POST',
            headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8'},
            body='phone=8615131255089&password=pppppppp&oneMonth=1',
            cookies=self.cookie_dict,
            callback=self.check_login
        )
        yield req

    def check_login(self, response):
        req = Request(
            url='http://dig.chouti.com/',
            method='GET',
            callback=self.show,
            cookies=self.cookie_dict,
            dont_filter=True
        )
        yield req

    def show(self, response):
        # print(response)
        hxs = HtmlXPathSelector(response)
        news_list = hxs.select('//div[@id="content-list"]/div[@class="item"]')
        for new in news_list:
            # temp = new.xpath('div/div[@class="part2"]/@share-linkid').extract()
            link_id = new.xpath('*/div[@class="part2"]/@share-linkid').extract_first()
            yield Request(
                url='http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=%s' %(link_id,),
                method='POST',
                cookies=self.cookie_dict,
                callback=self.do_favor
            )

        page_list = hxs.select('//div[@id="dig_lcpage"]//a[re:test(@href, "/all/hot/recent/\d+")]/@href').extract()
        for page in page_list:

            page_url = 'http://dig.chouti.com%s' % page
            import hashlib
            hash = hashlib.md5()
            hash.update(bytes(page_url,encoding='utf-8'))
            key = hash.hexdigest()
            if key in self.has_request_set:
                pass
            else:
                self.has_request_set[key] = page_url
                yield Request(
                    url=page_url,
                    method='GET',
                    callback=self.show
                )

    def do_favor(self, response):
        print(response.text)

处理Cookie

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import scrapy
from scrapy.http.response.html import HtmlResponse
from scrapy.http import Request
from scrapy.http.cookies import CookieJar


class ChoutiSpider(scrapy.Spider):
    name = "chouti"
    allowed_domains = ["chouti.com"]
    start_urls = (
        'http://www.chouti.com/',
    )

    def start_requests(self):
        url = 'http://dig.chouti.com/'
        yield Request(url=url, callback=self.login, meta={'cookiejar': True})

    def login(self, response):
        print(response.headers.getlist('Set-Cookie'))
        req = Request(
            url='http://dig.chouti.com/login',
            method='POST',
            headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8'},
            body='phone=8613121758648&password=woshiniba&oneMonth=1',
            callback=self.check_login,
            meta={'cookiejar': True}
        )
        yield req

    def check_login(self, response):
        print(response.text)

注意：settings.py中设置DEPTH_LIMIT = 1来指定“递归”的层数。

5. 格式化处理

上述实例只是简单的处理，所以在parse方法中直接处理。如果对于想要获取更多的数据处理，则可以利用Scrapy的items将数据格式化，然后统一交由pipelines来处理。

spiders/xiahuar.py

import scrapy
from scrapy.selector import HtmlXPathSelector
from scrapy.http.request import Request
from scrapy.http.cookies import CookieJar
from scrapy import FormRequest


class XiaoHuarSpider(scrapy.Spider):
    # 爬虫应用的名称，通过此名称启动爬虫命令
    name = "xiaohuar"
    # 允许的域名
    allowed_domains = ["xiaohuar.com"]

    start_urls = [
        "http://www.xiaohuar.com/list-1-1.html",
    ]
    # custom_settings = {
    #     'ITEM_PIPELINES':{
    #         'spider1.pipelines.JsonPipeline': 100
    #     }
    # }
    has_request_set = {}

    def parse(self, response):
        # 分析页面
        # 找到页面中符合规则的内容（校花图片），保存
        # 找到所有的a标签，再访问其他a标签，一层一层的搞下去

        hxs = HtmlXPathSelector(response)

        items = hxs.select('//div[@class="item_list infinite_scroll"]/div')
        for item in items:
            src = item.select('.//div[@class="img"]/a/img/@src').extract_first()
            name = item.select('.//div[@class="img"]/span/text()').extract_first()
            school = item.select('.//div[@class="img"]/div[@class="btns"]/a/text()').extract_first()
            url = "http://www.xiaohuar.com%s" % src
            from ..items import XiaoHuarItem
            obj = XiaoHuarItem(name=name, school=school, url=url)
            yield obj

        urls = hxs.select('//a[re:test(@href, "http://www.xiaohuar.com/list-1-\d+.html")]/@href')
        for url in urls:
            key = self.md5(url)
            if key in self.has_request_set:
                pass
            else:
                self.has_request_set[key] = url
                req = Request(url=url,method='GET',callback=self.parse)
                yield req

    @staticmethod
    def md5(val):
        import hashlib
        ha = hashlib.md5()
        ha.update(bytes(val, encoding='utf-8'))
        key = ha.hexdigest()
        return key

itmes

import scrapy


class XiaoHuarItem(scrapy.Item):
    name = scrapy.Field()
    school = scrapy.Field()
    url = scrapy.Field()

 pipelines


import json
import os
import requests


class JsonPipeline(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.file = open('xiaohua.txt', 'w')

    def process_item(self, item, spider):
        v = json.dumps(dict(item), ensure_ascii=False)
        self.file.write(v)
        self.file.write('\n')
        self.file.flush()
        return item


class FilePipeline(object):
    def __init__(self):
        if not os.path.exists('imgs'):
            os.makedirs('imgs')

    def process_item(self, item, spider):
        response = requests.get(item['url'], stream=True)
        file_name = '%s_%s.jpg' % (item['name'], item['school'])
        with open(os.path.join('imgs', file_name), mode='wb') as f:
            f.write(response.content)
        return item

 settings

ITEM_PIPELINES = {
   'spider1.pipelines.JsonPipeline': 100,
   'spider1.pipelines.FilePipeline': 300,
}
# 每行后面的整型值，确定了他们运行的顺序，item按数字从低到高的顺序，通过pipeline，通常将这些数字定义在0-1000范围内

对于pipeline可以做更多，如下：

 自定义pipeline

from scrapy.exceptions import DropItem

class CustomPipeline(object):
    def __init__(self,v):
        self.value = v

    def process_item(self, item, spider):
        # 操作并进行持久化

        # return表示会被后续的pipeline继续处理
        return item

        # 表示将item丢弃，不会被后续pipeline处理
        # raise DropItem()


    @classmethod
    def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
        """
        初始化时候，用于创建pipeline对象
        :param crawler: 
        :return: 
        """
        val = crawler.settings.getint('MMMM')
        return cls(val)

    def open_spider(self,spider):
        """
        爬虫开始执行时，调用
        :param spider: 
        :return: 
        """
        print('000000')

    def close_spider(self,spider):
        """
        爬虫关闭时，被调用
        :param spider: 
        :return: 
        """
        print('111111')

6.中间件

爬虫中间件


class SpiderMiddleware(object):

    def process_spider_input(self,response, spider):
        """
        下载完成，执行，然后交给parse处理
        :param response: 
        :param spider: 
        :return: 
        """
        pass

    def process_spider_output(self,response, result, spider):
        """
        spider处理完成，返回时调用
        :param response:
        :param result:
        :param spider:
        :return: 必须返回包含 Request 或 Item 对象的可迭代对象(iterable)
        """
        return result

    def process_spider_exception(self,response, exception, spider):
        """
        异常调用
        :param response:
        :param exception:
        :param spider:
        :return: None,继续交给后续中间件处理异常；含 Response 或 Item 的可迭代对象(iterable)，交给调度器或pipeline
        """
        return None


    def process_start_requests(self,start_requests, spider):
        """
        爬虫启动时调用
        :param start_requests:
        :param spider:
        :return: 包含 Request 对象的可迭代对象
        """
        return start_requests

下载器中间件

class DownMiddleware1(object):
    def process_request(self, request, spider):
        """
        请求需要被下载时，经过所有下载器中间件的process_request调用
        :param request: 
        :param spider: 
        :return:  
            None,继续后续中间件去下载；
            Response对象，停止process_request的执行，开始执行process_response
            Request对象，停止中间件的执行，将Request重新调度器
            raise IgnoreRequest异常，停止process_request的执行，开始执行process_exception
        """
        pass



    def process_response(self, request, response, spider):
        """
        spider处理完成，返回时调用
        :param response:
        :param result:
        :param spider:
        :return: 
            Response 对象：转交给其他中间件process_response
            Request 对象：停止中间件，request会被重新调度下载
            raise IgnoreRequest 异常：调用Request.errback
        """
        print('response1')
        return response

    def process_exception(self, request, exception, spider):
        """
        当下载处理器(download handler)或 process_request() (下载中间件)抛出异常
        :param response:
        :param exception:
        :param spider:
        :return: 
            None：继续交给后续中间件处理异常；
            Response对象：停止后续process_exception方法
            Request对象：停止中间件，request将会被重新调用下载
        """
        return None

7. 自定制命令

• 在spiders同级创建任意目录，如：commands
• 在其中创建 crawlall.py 文件 （此处文件名就是自定义的命令）

•  crawlall.py  
  
    from scrapy.commands import ScrapyCommand
      from scrapy.utils.project import get_project_settings
  
  
      class Command(ScrapyCommand):
  
          requires_project = True
  
          def syntax(self):
              return '[options]'
  
          def short_desc(self):
              return 'Runs all of the spiders'
  
          def run(self, args, opts):
              spider_list = self.crawler_process.spiders.list()
              for name in spider_list:
                  self.crawler_process.crawl(name, **opts.__dict__)
              self.crawler_process.start()

• 在settings.py 中添加配置 COMMANDS_MODULE = '项目名称.目录名称'
• 在项目目录执行命令：scrapy crawlall 

 单个爬虫

import sys
from scrapy.cmdline import execute

if __name__ == '__main__':
    execute(["scrapy","github","--nolog"])

8. 自定义扩展

自定义扩展时，利用信号在指定位置注册制定操作

from scrapy import signals


class MyExtension(object):
    def __init__(self, value):
        self.value = value

    @classmethod
    def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
        val = crawler.settings.getint('MMMM')
        ext = cls(val)

        crawler.signals.connect(ext.spider_opened, signal=signals.spider_opened)
        crawler.signals.connect(ext.spider_closed, signal=signals.spider_closed)

        return ext

    def spider_opened(self, spider):
        print('open')

    def spider_closed(self, spider):
        print('close')

9. 避免重复访问

scrapy默认使用 scrapy.dupefilter.RFPDupeFilter 进行去重，相关配置有：

1 2 3

DUPEFILTER_CLASS  =  'scrapy.dupefilter.RFPDupeFilter' DUPEFILTER_DEBUG  =  False JOBDIR  =  "保存范文记录的日志路径，如：/root/"   # 最终路径为 /root/requests.seen

 自定义URL去重操作
class RepeatUrl:
    def __init__(self):
        self.visited_url = set()

    @classmethod
    def from_settings(cls, settings):
        """
        初始化时，调用
        :param settings: 
        :return: 
        """
        return cls()

    def request_seen(self, request):
        """
        检测当前请求是否已经被访问过
        :param request: 
        :return: True表示已经访问过；False表示未访问过
        """
        if request.url in self.visited_url:
            return True
        self.visited_url.add(request.url)
        return False

    def open(self):
        """
        开始爬去请求时，调用
        :return: 
        """
        print('open replication')

    def close(self, reason):
        """
        结束爬虫爬取时，调用
        :param reason: 
        :return: 
        """
        print('close replication')

    def log(self, request, spider):
        """
        记录日志
        :param request: 
        :param spider: 
        :return: 
        """
        print('repeat', request.url)

10.其他

settings

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

# Scrapy settings for step8_king project
#
# For simplicity, this file contains only settings considered important or
# commonly used. You can find more settings consulting the documentation:
#
#     http://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html
#     http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html
#     http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html

# 1. 爬虫名称
BOT_NAME = 'step8_king'

# 2. 爬虫应用路径
SPIDER_MODULES = ['step8_king.spiders']
NEWSPIDER_MODULE = 'step8_king.spiders'

# Crawl responsibly by identifying yourself (and your website) on the user-agent
# 3. 客户端 user-agent请求头
# USER_AGENT = 'step8_king (+http://www.yourdomain.com)'

# Obey robots.txt rules
# 4. 禁止爬虫配置
# ROBOTSTXT_OBEY = False

# Configure maximum concurrent requests performed by Scrapy (default: 16)
# 5. 并发请求数
# CONCURRENT_REQUESTS = 4

# Configure a delay for requests for the same website (default: 0)
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html#download-delay
# See also autothrottle settings and docs
# 6. 延迟下载秒数
# DOWNLOAD_DELAY = 2


# The download delay setting will honor only one of:
# 7. 单域名访问并发数，并且延迟下次秒数也应用在每个域名
# CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN = 2
# 单IP访问并发数，如果有值则忽略：CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN，并且延迟下次秒数也应用在每个IP
# CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_IP = 3

# Disable cookies (enabled by default)
# 8. 是否支持cookie，cookiejar进行操作cookie
# COOKIES_ENABLED = True
# COOKIES_DEBUG = True

# Disable Telnet Console (enabled by default)
# 9. Telnet用于查看当前爬虫的信息，操作爬虫等...
#    使用telnet ip port ，然后通过命令操作
# TELNETCONSOLE_ENABLED = True
# TELNETCONSOLE_HOST = '127.0.0.1'
# TELNETCONSOLE_PORT = [6023,]


# 10. 默认请求头
# Override the default request headers:
# DEFAULT_REQUEST_HEADERS = {
#     'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8',
#     'Accept-Language': 'en',
# }


# Configure item pipelines
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.html
# 11. 定义pipeline处理请求
# ITEM_PIPELINES = {
#    'step8_king.pipelines.JsonPipeline': 700,
#    'step8_king.pipelines.FilePipeline': 500,
# }



# 12. 自定义扩展，基于信号进行调用
# Enable or disable extensions
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/extensions.html
# EXTENSIONS = {
#     # 'step8_king.extensions.MyExtension': 500,
# }


# 13. 爬虫允许的最大深度，可以通过meta查看当前深度；0表示无深度
# DEPTH_LIMIT = 3

# 14. 爬取时，0表示深度优先Lifo(默认)；1表示广度优先FiFo

# 后进先出，深度优先
# DEPTH_PRIORITY = 0
# SCHEDULER_DISK_QUEUE = 'scrapy.squeue.PickleLifoDiskQueue'
# SCHEDULER_MEMORY_QUEUE = 'scrapy.squeue.LifoMemoryQueue'
# 先进先出，广度优先

# DEPTH_PRIORITY = 1
# SCHEDULER_DISK_QUEUE = 'scrapy.squeue.PickleFifoDiskQueue'
# SCHEDULER_MEMORY_QUEUE = 'scrapy.squeue.FifoMemoryQueue'

# 15. 调度器队列
# SCHEDULER = 'scrapy.core.scheduler.Scheduler'
# from scrapy.core.scheduler import Scheduler


# 16. 访问URL去重
# DUPEFILTER_CLASS = 'step8_king.duplication.RepeatUrl'


# Enable and configure the AutoThrottle extension (disabled by default)
# See http://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/autothrottle.html

"""
17. 自动限速算法
    from scrapy.contrib.throttle import AutoThrottle
    自动限速设置
    1. 获取最小延迟 DOWNLOAD_DELAY
    2. 获取最大延迟 AUTOTHROTTLE_MAX_DELAY
    3. 设置初始下载延迟 AUTOTHROTTLE_START_DELAY
    4. 当请求下载完成后，获取其"连接"时间 latency，即：请求连接到接受到响应头之间的时间
    5. 用于计算的... AUTOTHROTTLE_TARGET_CONCURRENCY
    target_delay = latency / self.target_concurrency
    new_delay = (slot.delay + target_delay) / 2.0 # 表示上一次的延迟时间
    new_delay = max(target_delay, new_delay)
    new_delay = min(max(self.mindelay, new_delay), self.maxdelay)
    slot.delay = new_delay
"""

# 开始自动限速
# AUTOTHROTTLE_ENABLED = True
# The initial download delay
# 初始下载延迟
# AUTOTHROTTLE_START_DELAY = 5
# The maximum download delay to be set in case of high latencies
# 最大下载延迟
# AUTOTHROTTLE_MAX_DELAY = 10
# The average number of requests Scrapy should be sending in parallel to each remote server
# 平均每秒并发数
# AUTOTHROTTLE_TARGET_CONCURRENCY = 1.0

# Enable showing throttling stats for every response received:
# 是否显示
# AUTOTHROTTLE_DEBUG = True

# Enable and configure HTTP caching (disabled by default)
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html#httpcache-middleware-settings


"""
18. 启用缓存
    目的用于将已经发送的请求或相应缓存下来，以便以后使用
    
    from scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.httpcache import HttpCacheMiddleware
    from scrapy.extensions.httpcache import DummyPolicy
    from scrapy.extensions.httpcache import FilesystemCacheStorage
"""
# 是否启用缓存策略
# HTTPCACHE_ENABLED = True

# 缓存策略：所有请求均缓存，下次在请求直接访问原来的缓存即可
# HTTPCACHE_POLICY = "scrapy.extensions.httpcache.DummyPolicy"
# 缓存策略：根据Http响应头：Cache-Control、Last-Modified 等进行缓存的策略
# HTTPCACHE_POLICY = "scrapy.extensions.httpcache.RFC2616Policy"

# 缓存超时时间
# HTTPCACHE_EXPIRATION_SECS = 0

# 缓存保存路径
# HTTPCACHE_DIR = 'httpcache'

# 缓存忽略的Http状态码
# HTTPCACHE_IGNORE_HTTP_CODES = []

# 缓存存储的插件
# HTTPCACHE_STORAGE = 'scrapy.extensions.httpcache.FilesystemCacheStorage'


"""
19. 代理，需要在环境变量中设置
    from scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.httpproxy import HttpProxyMiddleware
    
    方式一：使用默认
        os.environ
        {
            http_proxy:http://root:[email protected]:9999/
            https_proxy:http://192.168.11.11:9999/
        }
    方式二：使用自定义下载中间件
    
    def to_bytes(text, encoding=None, errors='strict'):
        if isinstance(text, bytes):
            return text
        if not isinstance(text, six.string_types):
            raise TypeError('to_bytes must receive a unicode, str or bytes '
                            'object, got %s' % type(text).__name__)
        if encoding is None:
            encoding = 'utf-8'
        return text.encode(encoding, errors)
        
    class ProxyMiddleware(object):
        def process_request(self, request, spider):
            PROXIES = [
                {'ip_port': '111.11.228.75:80', 'user_pass': ''},
                {'ip_port': '120.198.243.22:80', 'user_pass': ''},
                {'ip_port': '111.8.60.9:8123', 'user_pass': ''},
                {'ip_port': '101.71.27.120:80', 'user_pass': ''},
                {'ip_port': '122.96.59.104:80', 'user_pass': ''},
                {'ip_port': '122.224.249.122:8088', 'user_pass': ''},
            ]
            proxy = random.choice(PROXIES)
            if proxy['user_pass'] is not None:
                request.meta['proxy'] = to_bytes（"http://%s" % proxy['ip_port']）
                encoded_user_pass = base64.encodestring(to_bytes(proxy['user_pass']))
                request.headers['Proxy-Authorization'] = to_bytes('Basic ' + encoded_user_pass)
                print "**************ProxyMiddleware have pass************" + proxy['ip_port']
            else:
                print "**************ProxyMiddleware no pass************" + proxy['ip_port']
                request.meta['proxy'] = to_bytes("http://%s" % proxy['ip_port'])
    
    DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
       'step8_king.middlewares.ProxyMiddleware': 500,
    }
    
"""

"""
20. Https访问
    Https访问时有两种情况：
    1. 要爬取网站使用的可信任证书(默认支持)
        DOWNLOADER_HTTPCLIENTFACTORY = "scrapy.core.downloader.webclient.ScrapyHTTPClientFactory"
        DOWNLOADER_CLIENTCONTEXTFACTORY = "scrapy.core.downloader.contextfactory.ScrapyClientContextFactory"
        
    2. 要爬取网站使用的自定义证书
        DOWNLOADER_HTTPCLIENTFACTORY = "scrapy.core.downloader.webclient.ScrapyHTTPClientFactory"
        DOWNLOADER_CLIENTCONTEXTFACTORY = "step8_king.https.MySSLFactory"
        
        # https.py
        from scrapy.core.downloader.contextfactory import ScrapyClientContextFactory
        from twisted.internet.ssl import (optionsForClientTLS, CertificateOptions, PrivateCertificate)
        
        class MySSLFactory(ScrapyClientContextFactory):
            def getCertificateOptions(self):
                from OpenSSL import crypto
                v1 = crypto.load_privatekey(crypto.FILETYPE_PEM, open('/Users/wupeiqi/client.key.unsecure', mode='r').read())
                v2 = crypto.load_certificate(crypto.FILETYPE_PEM, open('/Users/wupeiqi/client.pem', mode='r').read())
                return CertificateOptions(
                    privateKey=v1,  # pKey对象
                    certificate=v2,  # X509对象
                    verify=False,
                    method=getattr(self, 'method', getattr(self, '_ssl_method', None))
                )
    其他：
        相关类
            scrapy.core.downloader.handlers.http.HttpDownloadHandler
            scrapy.core.downloader.webclient.ScrapyHTTPClientFactory
            scrapy.core.downloader.contextfactory.ScrapyClientContextFactory
        相关配置
            DOWNLOADER_HTTPCLIENTFACTORY
            DOWNLOADER_CLIENTCONTEXTFACTORY

"""



"""
21. 爬虫中间件
    class SpiderMiddleware(object):

        def process_spider_input(self,response, spider):
            '''
            下载完成，执行，然后交给parse处理
            :param response: 
            :param spider: 
            :return: 
            '''
            pass
    
        def process_spider_output(self,response, result, spider):
            '''
            spider处理完成，返回时调用
            :param response:
            :param result:
            :param spider:
            :return: 必须返回包含 Request 或 Item 对象的可迭代对象(iterable)
            '''
            return result
    
        def process_spider_exception(self,response, exception, spider):
            '''
            异常调用
            :param response:
            :param exception:
            :param spider:
            :return: None,继续交给后续中间件处理异常；含 Response 或 Item 的可迭代对象(iterable)，交给调度器或pipeline
            '''
            return None
    
    
        def process_start_requests(self,start_requests, spider):
            '''
            爬虫启动时调用
            :param start_requests:
            :param spider:
            :return: 包含 Request 对象的可迭代对象
            '''
            return start_requests
    
    内置爬虫中间件：
        'scrapy.contrib.spidermiddleware.httperror.HttpErrorMiddleware': 50,
        'scrapy.contrib.spidermiddleware.offsite.OffsiteMiddleware': 500,
        'scrapy.contrib.spidermiddleware.referer.RefererMiddleware': 700,
        'scrapy.contrib.spidermiddleware.urllength.UrlLengthMiddleware': 800,
        'scrapy.contrib.spidermiddleware.depth.DepthMiddleware': 900,

"""
# from scrapy.contrib.spidermiddleware.referer import RefererMiddleware
# Enable or disable spider middlewares
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html
SPIDER_MIDDLEWARES = {
   # 'step8_king.middlewares.SpiderMiddleware': 543,
}


"""
22. 下载中间件
    class DownMiddleware1(object):
        def process_request(self, request, spider):
            '''
            请求需要被下载时，经过所有下载器中间件的process_request调用
            :param request:
            :param spider:
            :return:
                None,继续后续中间件去下载；
                Response对象，停止process_request的执行，开始执行process_response
                Request对象，停止中间件的执行，将Request重新调度器
                raise IgnoreRequest异常，停止process_request的执行，开始执行process_exception
            '''
            pass
    
    
    
        def process_response(self, request, response, spider):
            '''
            spider处理完成，返回时调用
            :param response:
            :param result:
            :param spider:
            :return:
                Response 对象：转交给其他中间件process_response
                Request 对象：停止中间件，request会被重新调度下载
                raise IgnoreRequest 异常：调用Request.errback
            '''
            print('response1')
            return response
    
        def process_exception(self, request, exception, spider):
            '''
            当下载处理器(download handler)或 process_request() (下载中间件)抛出异常
            :param response:
            :param exception:
            :param spider:
            :return:
                None：继续交给后续中间件处理异常；
                Response对象：停止后续process_exception方法
                Request对象：停止中间件，request将会被重新调用下载
            '''
            return None

    
    默认下载中间件
    {
        'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.robotstxt.RobotsTxtMiddleware': 100,
        'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.httpauth.HttpAuthMiddleware': 300,
        'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.downloadtimeout.DownloadTimeoutMiddleware': 350,
        'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.useragent.UserAgentMiddleware': 400,
        'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.retry.RetryMiddleware': 500,
        'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.defaultheaders.DefaultHeadersMiddleware': 550,
        'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.redirect.MetaRefreshMiddleware': 580,
        'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.httpcompression.HttpCompressionMiddleware': 590,
        'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.redirect.RedirectMiddleware': 600,
        'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.cookies.CookiesMiddleware': 700,
        'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.httpproxy.HttpProxyMiddleware': 750,
        'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.chunked.ChunkedTransferMiddleware': 830,
        'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.stats.DownloaderStats': 850,
        'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.httpcache.HttpCacheMiddleware': 900,
    }

"""
# from scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.httpauth import HttpAuthMiddleware
# Enable or disable downloader middlewares
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html
# DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
#    'step8_king.middlewares.DownMiddleware1': 100,
#    'step8_king.middlewares.DownMiddleware2': 500,
# }

settings

11. 大文件下载

示例文件：猛击下载

11.TinyScrapy

twisted示例一

from twisted.web.client import getPage
from twisted.internet import reactor
from twisted.internet import defer

url_list = ['http://www.bing.com', 'http://www.baidu.com', ]

def callback(arg):
　　print('回来一个', arg)

defer_list = []
for url in url_list:
　　ret = getPage(bytes(url, encoding='utf8'))
　　ret.addCallback(callback)
　　defer_list.append(ret)

def stop(arg):
　　print('已经全部现在完毕', arg)
　　reactor.stop()

d = defer.DeferredList(defer_list)
d.addBoth(stop)

reactor.run()

twisted示例二

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from twisted.web.client import getPage
from twisted.internet import reactor
from twisted.internet import defer


@defer.inlineCallbacks
def task(url):
    ret = getPage(bytes(url, encoding='utf8'))
    ret.addCallback(callback)
    yield ret


def callback(arg):
    print('回来一个', arg)


url_list = ['http://www.bing.com', 'http://www.baidu.com', ]
defer_list = []
for url in url_list:
    ret = task(url)
    defer_list.append(ret)


def stop(arg):
    print('已经全部现在完毕', arg)
    reactor.stop()


d = defer.DeferredList(defer_list)
d.addBoth(stop)
reactor.run()

twisted示例三

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from twisted.internet import defer
from twisted.web.client import getPage
from twisted.internet import reactor
import threading


def _next_request():
    _next_request_from_scheduler()


def _next_request_from_scheduler():
    ret = getPage(bytes('http://www.chouti.com', encoding='utf8'))
    ret.addCallback(callback)
    ret.addCallback(lambda _: reactor.callLater(0, _next_request))


_closewait = None

@defer.inlineCallbacks
def engine_start():
    global _closewait
    _closewait = defer.Deferred()
    yield _closewait


@defer.inlineCallbacks
def task(url):
    reactor.callLater(0, _next_request)
    yield engine_start()


counter = 0
def callback(arg):
    global counter
    counter +=1
    if counter == 10:
        _closewait.callback(None)
    print('one', len(arg))


def stop(arg):
    print('all done', arg)
    reactor.stop()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    url = 'http://www.cnblogs.com'

    defer_list = []
    deferObj = task(url)
    defer_list.append(deferObj)

    v = defer.DeferredList(defer_list)
    v.addBoth(stop)
    reactor.run()

模拟scrapy框架

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from twisted.web.client import getPage, defer
from twisted.internet import reactor
import queue


class Response(object):
    def __init__(self, body, request):
        self.body = body
        self.request = request
        self.url = request.url

    @property
    def text(self):
        return self.body.decode('utf-8')


class Request(object):
    def __init__(self, url, callback=None):
        self.url = url
        self.callback = callback


class Scheduler(object):
    def __init__(self, engine):
        self.q = queue.Queue()
        self.engine = engine

    def enqueue_request(self, request):
        self.q.put(request)

    def next_request(self):
        try:
            req = self.q.get(block=False)
        except Exception as e:
            req = None

        return req

    def size(self):
        return self.q.qsize()


class ExecutionEngine(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self._closewait = None
        self.running = True
        self.start_requests = None
        self.scheduler = Scheduler(self)

        self.inprogress = set()

    def check_empty(self, response):
        if not self.running:
            self._closewait.callback('......')

    def _next_request(self):
        while self.start_requests:
            try:
                request = next(self.start_requests)
            except StopIteration:
                self.start_requests = None
            else:
                self.scheduler.enqueue_request(request)

        while len(self.inprogress) < 5 and self.scheduler.size() > 0:  # 最大并发数为5

            request = self.scheduler.next_request()
            if not request:
                break

            self.inprogress.add(request)
            d = getPage(bytes(request.url, encoding='utf-8'))
            d.addBoth(self._handle_downloader_output, request)
            d.addBoth(lambda x, req: self.inprogress.remove(req), request)
            d.addBoth(lambda x: self._next_request())

        if len(self.inprogress) == 0 and self.scheduler.size() == 0:
            self._closewait.callback(None)

    def _handle_downloader_output(self, body, request):
        """
        获取内容，执行回调函数，并且把回调函数中的返回值获取，并添加到队列中
        :param response: 
        :param request: 
        :return: 
        """
        import types

        response = Response(body, request)
        func = request.callback or self.spider.parse
        gen = func(response)
        if isinstance(gen, types.GeneratorType):
            for req in gen:
                self.scheduler.enqueue_request(req)

    @defer.inlineCallbacks
    def start(self):
        self._closewait = defer.Deferred()
        yield self._closewait

    def open_spider(self, spider, start_requests):
        self.start_requests = start_requests
        self.spider = spider
        reactor.callLater(0, self._next_request)


class Crawler(object):
    def __init__(self, spidercls):
        self.spidercls = spidercls

        self.spider = None
        self.engine = None

    @defer.inlineCallbacks
    def crawl(self):
        self.engine = ExecutionEngine()
        self.spider = self.spidercls()
        start_requests = iter(self.spider.start_requests())
        start_requests = iter(start_requests)
        self.engine.open_spider(self.spider, start_requests)
        yield self.engine.start()


class CrawlerProcess(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self._active = set()
        self.crawlers = set()

    def crawl(self, spidercls, *args, **kwargs):
        crawler = Crawler(spidercls)

        self.crawlers.add(crawler)
        d = crawler.crawl(*args, **kwargs)
        self._active.add(d)
        return d

    def start(self):
        dl = defer.DeferredList(self._active)
        dl.addBoth(self._stop_reactor)
        reactor.run()

    def _stop_reactor(self, _=None):
        reactor.stop()


class Spider(object):
    def start_requests(self):
        for url in self.start_urls:
            yield Request(url)


class ChoutiSpider(Spider):
    name = "chouti"
    start_urls = [
        'http://dig.chouti.com/',
    ]

    def parse(self, response):
        print(response.text)


class CnblogsSpider(Spider):
    name = "cnblogs"
    start_urls = [
        'http://www.cnblogs.com/',
    ]

    def parse(self, response):
        print(response.text)


if __name__ == '__main__':

    spider_cls_list = [ChoutiSpider, CnblogsSpider]

    crawler_process = CrawlerProcess()
    for spider_cls in spider_cls_list:
        crawler_process.crawl(spider_cls)

    crawler_process.start()

参考版

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import types
from twisted.internet import defer
from twisted.web.client import getPage
from twisted.internet import reactor



class Request(object):
    def __init__(self, url, callback):
        self.url = url
        self.callback = callback
        self.priority = 0


class HttpResponse(object):
    def __init__(self, content, request):
        self.content = content
        self.request = request


class ChouTiSpider(object):

    def start_requests(self):
        url_list = ['http://www.cnblogs.com/', 'http://www.bing.com']
        for url in url_list:
            yield Request(url=url, callback=self.parse)

    def parse(self, response):
        print(response.request.url)
        # yield Request(url="http://www.baidu.com", callback=self.parse)




from queue import Queue
Q = Queue()


class CallLaterOnce(object):
    def __init__(self, func, *a, **kw):
        self._func = func
        self._a = a
        self._kw = kw
        self._call = None

    def schedule(self, delay=0):
        if self._call is None:
            self._call = reactor.callLater(delay, self)

    def cancel(self):
        if self._call:
            self._call.cancel()

    def __call__(self):
        self._call = None
        return self._func(*self._a, **self._kw)


class Engine(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.nextcall = None
        self.crawlling = []
        self.max = 5
        self._closewait = None

    def get_response(self,content, request):
        response = HttpResponse(content, request)
        gen = request.callback(response)
        if isinstance(gen, types.GeneratorType):
            for req in gen:
                req.priority = request.priority + 1
                Q.put(req)


    def rm_crawlling(self,response,d):
        self.crawlling.remove(d)

    def _next_request(self,spider):
        if Q.qsize() == 0 and len(self.crawlling) == 0:
            self._closewait.callback(None)

        if len(self.crawlling) >= 5:
            return
        while len(self.crawlling) < 5:
            try:
                req = Q.get(block=False)
            except Exception as e:
                req = None
            if not req:
                return
            d = getPage(req.url.encode('utf-8'))
            self.crawlling.append(d)
            d.addCallback(self.get_response, req)
            d.addCallback(self.rm_crawlling,d)
            d.addCallback(lambda _: self.nextcall.schedule())


    @defer.inlineCallbacks
    def crawl(self):
        spider = ChouTiSpider()
        start_requests = iter(spider.start_requests())
        flag = True
        while flag:
            try:
                req = next(start_requests)
                Q.put(req)
            except StopIteration as e:
                flag = False

        self.nextcall = CallLaterOnce(self._next_request,spider)
        self.nextcall.schedule()

        self._closewait = defer.Deferred()
        yield self._closewait

    @defer.inlineCallbacks
    def pp(self):
        yield self.crawl()

_active = set()
obj = Engine()
d = obj.crawl()
_active.add(d)

li = defer.DeferredList(_active)
li.addBoth(lambda _,*a,**kw: reactor.stop())

reactor.run()

性能相关

在编写爬虫时，性能的消耗主要在IO请求中，当单进程单线程模式下请求URL时必然会引起等待，从而使得请求整体变慢。

添加

# 异步IO
'''
import requests
from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor  #通过这个 可以帮助我们创建一个多线程


def async_url(url):
    try:
        # response = requests.get('http://www.baidu.com')
        response = requests.get(url)
    except Exception as e:
        print('异常结果', response.url, response.content)
    print('获取结果',response.url,response.content)


url_list = [  #表示三个任务
    'http://www.baidu.com',
    'http://www.google.com',
    'http://www.bing.com',
]

pool = ThreadPoolExecutor(5)  #创建5个线程池跑3个任务
for url in url_list:
    print('开始请求',url)
    pool.submit(async_url,url)   #async_url要执行的函数，url表示参数
    # 
    # print('开始请求',url)
    # response = requests.get(url=url)
    # print('得到结果',response.url)
    # 
pool.shutdown(wait = True)  #终止掉
    
'''

'''
import requests
from concurrent.futures import ProcessLookupError  #通过这个 可以帮助我们创建一个进程


def async_url(url):
    try:
        # response = requests.get('http://www.baidu.com')
        response = requests.get(url)
    except Exception as e:
        print('异常结果', response.url, response.content)
    print('获取结果',response.url,response.content)


url_list = [  #表示三个任务
    'http://www.baidu.com',
    'http://www.google.com',
    'http://www.bing.com',
]

pool = ProcessLookupError(5)  #创建5个进程# 跑3个任务
for url in url_list:
    print('开始请求',url)
    pool.submit(async_url,url)   #async_url要执行的函数，url表示参数
    #
    # print('开始请求',url)
    # response = requests.get(url=url)
    # print('得到结果',response.url)
    #
pool.shutdown(wait = True)  #终止掉
'''

'''
import asyncio  #这个模块提供了异步io的能力，

@asyncio.coroutine
def func1():  #函数
    print('before...func1....')
    yield from asyncio.sleep(5)
    print('end....func1....')

tasks = [func1(),func1()]  #创建列表

#以后一旦涉及到异步非堵塞 事件循环
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.gather(*tasks))
loop.close()
'''

'''
import socket
client = socket.socket()
client.connect(('www.baidu.com',80,))
# content = "Http1.1/index.html GET k1=k2\r\n\r\n"
content = "Http1.1/index.html?k1=k2 POST k1=k2\r\n\r\nusername = alex&password=123" #内容
                #?k1=k2表示以get形式发出去的，k1=k2请求头
content.sendall(content)
'''

#aiohttp
'''
import aiohttp   #要安装aiohttp（pip3 install aiohttp）
import asyncio

@asyncio.coroutine
def fetch_async(url):
    print(url)
    response = yield from aiohttp.request('GET',url)
    #data = yield from response.read()
    #print(url,data)
    print(url,response)
    response.close()


tasks = [
    fetch_async('http://www.cnblogs.com/'),
    fetch_async('http://www.chouti.com/')，
    ]
event_loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
results = event_loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.gather(*tasks))
event_loop.close()
'''

'''
#导入 pip3 install gevent
import gevent
from gevent import monkey
monkey.pahch_all()  # 找到内置的socket 

import requests

def fetch_async(method,url,req_kwargs):
    print(method,url,req_kwargs)
    response = requests.request(method='get',**req_kwargs),
    print(response.url,response.content)

####发送请求####
gevent.joinall({
    gevent.spawn(fetch_async,method='get',url='https://www.python.org/',req_kwargs={}),
    gevent.spawn(fetch_async,method='get',url='https://www.yahoo.com/',req_kwargs={}),
    gevent.spawn(fetch_async,method='get',url='https://github.com/',req_kwargs={}),
})

'''

'''
import socket

for k in range(10): #十个任务

    client = socket.socket()
    client.connect(('www.baidu.com',80,))
    try:
    # content = "Http1.1/index.html GET k1=k2\r\n\r\n"
        content = "Http1.1/index.html?k1=k2 POST k1=k2\r\n\r\nusername = alex&password=123" #内容
                    #?k1=k2表示以get形式发出去的，k1=k2请求头
    except Exception as e:
        print(e)
while True:
    print('等待。。。')
    # content.sendall(content)
'''

'''
from twisted.web.client import getPage  #发送http请求的
from wwisted.internet import reactor    #这个做事件循环

REV_COUNTER = 0
REQ_COUNTER = 0

def callback(contents):
    print(contents,)

    global REV_COUNTER
    REV_COUNTER +=1
    if REV_COUNTER == REQ_COUNTER:
        reactor.stop()

url_list = ['http://www.bing.com','http://www.baidu.com',]
REQ_COUNTER = len(url_list)
for url in url_list:
    deferred = getPage(bytes(url,encoding='utf8'))
    deferred.addCallback(callback)

reactor.run()
'''

'''
from twisted.web.client import getPage
from twisted.internet import reactor

    #一个类
class TwistedRequest(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.__req_counter = 0
        self.__rev_counter = 0


    def __execute(self, content, url, callback):
        if callback:
            callback(url, content)
        self.__rev_counter += 1
        if self.__rev_counter == self.__req_counter:
            reactor.stop()

    def fetch_url(self, url_callback_list):

        self.__req_counter = len(url_callback_list)

        for item in url_callback_list:
            url = item['url']
            print(url)
            success_callback = item['success_callback']
            error_callback = item['error_callback']
            # 发送URL请求
            deferred = getPage(bytes(url, encoding='utf8'))
            # 当请求成功后，执行__execute，传入参数
            deferred.addCallback(self.__execute, url, success_callback)
            deferred.addErrback(self.__execute, url, error_callback)

        reactor.run()

#函数一
def callback(url, content):
    print(url, content)

# 函数二
def error(url, content):
    print(url, content)

#一个对象
obj = TwistedRequest()

obj.fetch_url([
    {'url': 'http://www.baidu.com', 'success_callback': callback, 'error_callback': error},
    {'url': 'http://www.cnblogs.com', 'success_callback': callback, 'error_callback': error},
])
    #
'''


# pip3 install tornado
'''
from tornado.httpclient import AsyncHTTPClient
from tornado.httpclient import HTTPRequest
from tornado import ioloop  #一旦涉及loop 就是循环、io循环

#函数一
def handle_response(response):
    if response.error:
        print("Error:", response.error)
    else:
        print(response.body)
        # 方法同twisted
        ioloop.IOLoop.current().stop()

#函数二
def func():
    url_list = [
        'http://www.google.com',
        'http://www.bing.com',
    ]
    for url in url_list:
        print(url)
        http_client = AsyncHTTPClient()
        http_client.fetch(HTTPRequest(url), handle_response)  #回调函数


ioloop.IOLoop.current().add_callback(func)
# print(type(ioloop.IOLoop.current()))

ioloop.IOLoop.current().start()
# from tornado.platform.select import SelectIOLoop
'''

'''
4、tornado
自定义异步IO :
    -基于socket setblocking（False）
    -IO多路复用
        while Ture：
            r,w,e = select.select([],[],[],1)
    req_list = {
        ['1.1.1.1',80],
        ['1.1.1.2',80],
    }       
    conn_sock_list = [] 
    sock_list = []
    
    for i in req_list:
        client = socket.socket()
        client.setblocking(False)
        try:
            client.connect((i[0],i[1],))
        except Exception as e :
            pass
        sock_list.append(client)
        conn_sock_list.append(client)
    while True:
        r,w,e = select.select(sock_list,conn_sock_list,[],1)        
        #当其他人给咱们发送数据时，我们可以接受r= [sk1]    
        
        #连接成功的socket
        for sk in w:
            sk.snedall("""GET/index HTTP/1.0\r\nHost:www.baidu.com\r\n\r\n""")  
            conn_sock_list.remove(sk)  
            
            
#'''

# 史上最牛逼的io框架
# 里面有三个类
import select
import socket
import time


class AsyncTimeoutException(TimeoutError):
    """
    请求超时异常类
    """

    def __init__(self, msg):
        self.msg = msg
        super(AsyncTimeoutException, self).__init__(msg)


class HttpContext(object):
    """封装请求和相应的基本数据"""

    def __init__(self, sock, host, port, method, url, data, callback, timeout=5):
        """
        sock: 请求的客户端socket对象
        host: 请求的主机名
        port: 请求的端口
        port: 请求的端口
        method: 请求方式
        url: 请求的URL
        data: 请求时请求体中的数据
        callback: 请求完成后的回调函数
        timeout: 请求的超时时间
        """
        self.sock = sock
        self.callback = callback
        self.host = host
        self.port = port
        self.method = method
        self.url = url
        self.data = data

        self.timeout = timeout

        self.__start_time = time.time()
        self.__buffer = []

    def is_timeout(self):
        """当前请求是否已经超时"""
        current_time = time.time()
        if (self.__start_time + self.timeout) < current_time:
            return True

    def fileno(self):
        """请求sockect对象的文件描述符，用于select监听"""
        return self.sock.fileno()

    def write(self, data):
        """在buffer中写入响应内容"""
        self.__buffer.append(data)

    def finish(self, exc=None):
        """在buffer中写入响应内容完成，执行请求的回调函数"""
        if not exc:
            response = b''.join(self.__buffer)
            self.callback(self, response, exc)
        else:
            self.callback(self, None, exc)

    def send_request_data(self):
        content = """%s %s HTTP/1.0\r\nHost: %s\r\n\r\n%s""" % (
            self.method.upper(), self.url, self.host, self.data,)

        return content.encode(encoding='utf8')


class AsyncRequest(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.fds = []
        self.connections = []

    def add_request(self, host, port, method, url, data, callback, timeout):
        """创建一个要请求"""
        client = socket.socket()
        client.setblocking(False)
        try:
            client.connect((host, port))
        except BlockingIOError as e:
            pass
            # print('已经向远程发送连接的请求')
        req = HttpContext(client, host, port, method, url, data, callback, timeout)
        self.connections.append(req)
        self.fds.append(req)

    def check_conn_timeout(self):
        """检查所有的请求，是否有已经连接超时，如果有则终止"""
        timeout_list = []
        for context in self.connections:
            if context.is_timeout():
                timeout_list.append(context)
        for context in timeout_list:
            context.finish(Exception('请求超时'))
            self.fds.remove(context)
            self.connections.remove(context)
            context.sock.close()

    def running(self):
        """事件循环，用于检测请求的socket是否已经就绪，从而执行相关操作"""
        while True:
            try:
                r, w, e = select.select(self.fds, self.connections, self.fds, 1)
                if not self.fds:
                    return

                for context in r:
                    sock = context.sock
                    while True:
                        try:
                            data = sock.recv(8096)
                            if not data:
                                sock.close()
                                self.fds.remove(context)
                                context.finish()
                                break
                            else:
                                context.write(data)
                        except BlockingIOError as e:
                            break
                        except TimeoutError as e:  # 超时触发这个
                            sock.close()
                            self.fds.remove(context)
                            self.connections.remove(context)
                            context.finish(e)
                            break

                for context in w:
                    # 已经连接成功远程服务器，开始向远程发送请求数据
                    if context in self.fds:
                        data = context.send_request_data()
                        context.sock.sendall(data)
                        self.connections.remove(context)

                self.check_conn_timeout()
            except Exception as e:
                print(e)
                break


if __name__ == '__main__':  # 自定义的回调函数

    def callback_func(context, response, ex):
        """
        :param context: HttpContext对象，内部封装了请求相关信息
        :param response: 请求响应内容
        :param ex: 是否出现异常（如果有异常则值为异常对象；否则值为None）
        :return:
        """
        print(context, response, ex)  # context表对象 response内容 ex是否异常


    obj = AsyncRequest()
    url_list = [
        {'host': '64.233.188.138', 'port': 80, 'method': 'GET', 'url': '/', 'data': '', 'timeout': 5,
         'callback': callback_func},
        {'host': '64.233.188.138', 'port': 80, 'method': 'GET', 'url': '/', 'data': '', 'timeout': 5,
         'callback': callback_func},
        {'host': 'www.baidu.com', 'port': 80, 'method': 'GET', 'url': '/', 'data': '', 'timeout': 5,
         'callback': callback_func},
        {'host': 'www.bing.com', 'port': 80, 'method': 'GET', 'url': '/', 'data': '', 'timeout': 5,
         'callback': callback_func},
    ]  # 请求超时5秒钟
    for item in url_list:  # 进行for循环，一个一个进来，这里面是不堵塞的
        print(item['host'])  #host表示往哪发
        obj.add_request(**item)

    obj.running()

1、同步执行

import requests

def fetch_async(url):
    response = requests.get(url)
    return response


url_list = ['http://www.github.com', 'http://www.bing.com'] for url in url_list: fetch_async(url)

 

2、多线程执行

from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
import requests


def fetch_async(url):
    response = requests.get(url)
    return response


url_list = ['http://www.github.com', 'http://www.bing.com']
pool = ThreadPoolExecutor(5)
for url in url_list:
    pool.submit(fetch_async, url)
pool.shutdown(wait=True)

2、多线程+回调函数执行

from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
import requests

def fetch_async(url):
    response = requests.get(url)
    return response


def callback(future):
    print(future.result())


url_list = ['http://www.github.com', 'http://www.bing.com']
pool = ThreadPoolExecutor(5)
for url in url_list:
    v = pool.submit(fetch_async, url)
    v.add_done_callback(callback)
pool.shutdown(wait=True)

3、多进程执行

from concurrent.futures import ProcessPoolExecutor
import requests

def fetch_async(url):
    response = requests.get(url)
    return response


url_list = ['http://www.github.com', 'http://www.bing.com']
pool = ProcessPoolExecutor(5)
for url in url_list:
    pool.submit(fetch_async, url)
pool.shutdown(wait=True)

3、多进程+回调函数执行

from concurrent.futures import ProcessPoolExecutor
import requests


def fetch_async(url):
    response = requests.get(url)
    return response


def callback(future):
    print(future.result())


url_list = ['http://www.github.com', 'http://www.bing.com']
pool = ProcessPoolExecutor(5)
for url in url_list:
    v = pool.submit(fetch_async, url)
    v.add_done_callback(callback)
pool.shutdown(wait=True)

通过上述代码均可以完成对请求性能的提高，对于多线程和多进行的缺点是在IO阻塞时会造成了线程和进程的浪费，所以异步IO回事首选：

1、asyncio示例1

import asyncio


@asyncio.coroutine
def func1():
    print('before...func1......')
    yield from asyncio.sleep(5)
    print('end...func1......')


tasks = [func1(), func1()]

loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.gather(*tasks))
loop.close()

1、asyncio示例2

import asyncio


@asyncio.coroutine
def fetch_async(host, url='/'):
    print(host, url)
    reader, writer = yield from asyncio.open_connection(host, 80)

    request_header_content = """GET %s HTTP/1.0\r\nHost: %s\r\n\r\n""" % (url, host,)
    request_header_content = bytes(request_header_content, encoding='utf-8')

    writer.write(request_header_content)
    yield from writer.drain()
    text = yield from reader.read()
    print(host, url, text)
    writer.close()

tasks = [
    fetch_async('www.cnblogs.com', '/wupeiqi/'),
    fetch_async('dig.chouti.com', '/pic/show?nid=4073644713430508&lid=10273091')
]

loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
results = loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.gather(*tasks))
loop.close()

2、asyncio+aiohttp

import aiohttp
import asyncio


@asyncio.coroutine
def fetch_async(url):
    print(url)
    response = yield from aiohttp.request('GET', url)
    # data = yield from response.read()
    # print(url, data)
    print(url, response)
    response.close()


tasks = [fetch_async('http://www.google.com/'), fetch_async('http://www.chouti.com/')]

event_loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
results = event_loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.gather(*tasks))
event_loop.close()

3、asyncio+requests

import asyncio
import requests


@asyncio.coroutine
def fetch_async(func, *args):
    loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
    future = loop.run_in_executor(None, func, *args)
    response = yield from future
    print(response.url, response.content)


tasks = [
    fetch_async(requests.get, 'http://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/'),
    fetch_async(requests.get, 'http://dig.chouti.com/pic/show?nid=4073644713430508&lid=10273091')
]

loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
results = loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.gather(*tasks))
loop.close()

4、gevent + requsets

import gevent

import requests
from gevent import monkey

monkey.patch_all()


def fetch_async(method, url, req_kwargs):
    print(method, url, req_kwargs)
    response = requests.request(method=method, url=url, **req_kwargs)
    print(response.url, response.content)

# ##### 发送请求 #####
gevent.joinall([
    gevent.spawn(fetch_async, method='get', url='https://www.python.org/', req_kwargs={}),
    gevent.spawn(fetch_async, method='get', url='https://www.yahoo.com/', req_kwargs={}),
    gevent.spawn(fetch_async, method='get', url='https://github.com/', req_kwargs={}),
])

# ##### 发送请求（协程池控制最大协程数量） #####
# from gevent.pool import Pool
# pool = Pool(None)
# gevent.joinall([
#     pool.spawn(fetch_async, method='get', url='https://www.python.org/', req_kwargs={}),
#     pool.spawn(fetch_async, method='get', url='https://www.yahoo.com/', req_kwargs={}),
#     pool.spawn(fetch_async, method='get', url='https://www.github.com/', req_kwargs={}),
# ])

5、grequests

import grequests


request_list = [
    grequests.get('http://httpbin.org/delay/1', timeout=0.001),
    grequests.get('http://fakedomain/'),
    grequests.get('http://httpbin.org/status/500')
]


# ##### 执行并获取响应列表 #####
# response_list = grequests.map(request_list)
# print(response_list)


# ##### 执行并获取响应列表（处理异常） #####
# def exception_handler(request, exception):
# print(request,exception)
#     print("Request failed")

# response_list = grequests.map(request_list, exception_handler=exception_handler)
# print(response_list)

6、Twisted示例

from twisted.web.client import getPage, defer
from twisted.internet import reactor


def all_done(arg):
    reactor.stop()


def callback(contents):
    print(contents)


deferred_list = []

url_list = ['http://www.bing.com', 'http://www.baidu.com', ]
for url in url_list:
    deferred = getPage(bytes(url, encoding='utf8'))
    deferred.addCallback(callback)
    deferred_list.append(deferred)

dlist = defer.DeferredList(deferred_list)
dlist.addBoth(all_done)

reactor.run()

7、Tornado

from tornado.httpclient import AsyncHTTPClient
from tornado.httpclient import HTTPRequest
from tornado import ioloop


def handle_response(response):
    """
    处理返回值内容（需要维护计数器，来停止IO循环），调用 ioloop.IOLoop.current().stop()
    :param response: 
    :return: 
    """
    if response.error:
        print("Error:", response.error)
    else:
        print(response.body)


def func():
    url_list = [
        'http://www.baidu.com',
        'http://www.bing.com',
    ]
    for url in url_list:
        print(url)
        http_client = AsyncHTTPClient()
        http_client.fetch(HTTPRequest(url), handle_response)


ioloop.IOLoop.current().add_callback(func)
ioloop.IOLoop.current().start()

8、Twisted更多

from twisted.internet import reactor
from twisted.web.client import getPage
import urllib.parse


def one_done(arg):
    print(arg)
    reactor.stop()

post_data = urllib.parse.urlencode({'check_data': 'adf'})
post_data = bytes(post_data, encoding='utf8')
headers = {b'Content-Type': b'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
response = getPage(bytes('http://dig.chouti.com/login', encoding='utf8'),
                   method=bytes('POST', encoding='utf8'),
                   postdata=post_data,
                   cookies={},
                   headers=headers)
response.addBoth(one_done)

reactor.run()

以上均是Python内置以及第三方模块提供异步IO请求模块，使用简便大大提高效率，而对于异步IO请求的本质则是【非阻塞Socket】+【IO多路复用】：

 史上最牛逼的异步IO模块

import select
import socket
import time


class AsyncTimeoutException(TimeoutError):
    """
    请求超时异常类
    """

    def __init__(self, msg):
        self.msg = msg
        super(AsyncTimeoutException, self).__init__(msg)


class HttpContext(object):
    """封装请求和相应的基本数据"""

    def __init__(self, sock, host, port, method, url, data, callback, timeout=5):
        """
        sock: 请求的客户端socket对象
        host: 请求的主机名
        port: 请求的端口
        port: 请求的端口
        method: 请求方式
        url: 请求的URL
        data: 请求时请求体中的数据
        callback: 请求完成后的回调函数
        timeout: 请求的超时时间
        """
        self.sock = sock
        self.callback = callback
        self.host = host
        self.port = port
        self.method = method
        self.url = url
        self.data = data

        self.timeout = timeout

        self.__start_time = time.time()
        self.__buffer = []

    def is_timeout(self):
        """当前请求是否已经超时"""
        current_time = time.time()
        if (self.__start_time + self.timeout) < current_time:
            return True

    def fileno(self):
        """请求sockect对象的文件描述符，用于select监听"""
        return self.sock.fileno()

    def write(self, data):
        """在buffer中写入响应内容"""
        self.__buffer.append(data)

    def finish(self, exc=None):
        """在buffer中写入响应内容完成，执行请求的回调函数"""
        if not exc:
            response = b''.join(self.__buffer)
            self.callback(self, response, exc)
        else:
            self.callback(self, None, exc)

    def send_request_data(self):
        content = """%s %s HTTP/1.0\r\nHost: %s\r\n\r\n%s""" % (
            self.method.upper(), self.url, self.host, self.data,)

        return content.encode(encoding='utf8')


class AsyncRequest(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.fds = []
        self.connections = []

    def add_request(self, host, port, method, url, data, callback, timeout):
        """创建一个要请求"""
        client = socket.socket()
        client.setblocking(False)
        try:
            client.connect((host, port))
        except BlockingIOError as e:
            pass
            # print('已经向远程发送连接的请求')
        req = HttpContext(client, host, port, method, url, data, callback, timeout)
        self.connections.append(req)
        self.fds.append(req)

    def check_conn_timeout(self):
        """检查所有的请求，是否有已经连接超时，如果有则终止"""
        timeout_list = []
        for context in self.connections:
            if context.is_timeout():
                timeout_list.append(context)
        for context in timeout_list:
            context.finish(AsyncTimeoutException('请求超时'))
            self.fds.remove(context)
            self.connections.remove(context)

    def running(self):
        """事件循环，用于检测请求的socket是否已经就绪，从而执行相关操作"""
        while True:
            r, w, e = select.select(self.fds, self.connections, self.fds, 0.05)

            if not self.fds:
                return

            for context in r:
                sock = context.sock
                while True:
                    try:
                        data = sock.recv(8096)
                        if not data:
                            self.fds.remove(context)
                            context.finish()
                            break
                        else:
                            context.write(data)
                    except BlockingIOError as e:
                        break
                    except TimeoutError as e:
                        self.fds.remove(context)
                        self.connections.remove(context)
                        context.finish(e)
                        break

            for context in w:
                # 已经连接成功远程服务器，开始向远程发送请求数据
                if context in self.fds:
                    data = context.send_request_data()
                    context.sock.sendall(data)
                    self.connections.remove(context)

            self.check_conn_timeout()


if __name__ == '__main__':　　　
    def callback_func(context, response, ex):
        """
        :param context: HttpContext对象，内部封装了请求相关信息
        :param response: 请求响应内容
        :param ex: 是否出现异常（如果有异常则值为异常对象；否则值为None）
        :return:
        """
        print(context, response, ex)

    obj = AsyncRequest()
    url_list = [
        {'host': 'www.google.com', 'port': 80, 'method': 'GET', 'url': '/', 'data': '', 'timeout': 5,
         'callback': callback_func},
        {'host': 'www.baidu.com', 'port': 80, 'method': 'GET', 'url': '/', 'data': '', 'timeout': 5,
         'callback': callback_func},
        {'host': 'www.bing.com', 'port': 80, 'method': 'GET', 'url': '/', 'data': '', 'timeout': 5,
         'callback': callback_func},
    ]
    for item in url_list:
        print(item)
        obj.add_request(**item)

    obj.running()

Scrapy

Scrapy是一个为了爬取网站数据，提取结构性数据而编写的应用框架。 其可以应用在数据挖掘，信息处理或存储历史数据等一系列的程序中。
其最初是为了页面抓取 (更确切来说, 网络抓取 )所设计的， 也可以应用在获取API所返回的数据(例如 Amazon Associates Web Services ) 或者通用的网络爬虫。Scrapy用途广泛，可以用于数据挖掘、监测和自动化测试。

Scrapy 使用了 Twisted异步网络库来处理网络通讯。整体架构大致如下

Scrapy主要包括了以下组件：

• 引擎(Scrapy)
  用来处理整个系统的数据流处理, 触发事务(框架核心)
• 调度器(Scheduler)
  用来接受引擎发过来的请求, 压入队列中, 并在引擎再次请求的时候返回. 可以想像成一个URL（抓取网页的网址或者说是链接）的优先队列, 由它来决定下一个要抓取的网址是什么, 同时去除重复的网址
• 下载器(Downloader)
  用于下载网页内容, 并将网页内容返回给蜘蛛(Scrapy下载器是建立在twisted这个高效的异步模型上的)
• 爬虫(Spiders)
  爬虫是主要干活的, 用于从特定的网页中提取自己需要的信息, 即所谓的实体(Item)。用户也可以从中提取出链接,让Scrapy继续抓取下一个页面
• 项目管道(Pipeline)
  负责处理爬虫从网页中抽取的实体，主要的功能是持久化实体、验证实体的有效性、清除不需要的信息。当页面被爬虫解析后，将被发送到项目管道，并经过几个特定的次序处理数据。
• 下载器中间件(Downloader Middlewares)
  位于Scrapy引擎和下载器之间的框架，主要是处理Scrapy引擎与下载器之间的请求及响应。
• 爬虫中间件(Spider Middlewares)
  介于Scrapy引擎和爬虫之间的框架，主要工作是处理蜘蛛的响应输入和请求输出。
• 调度中间件(Scheduler Middewares)
  介于Scrapy引擎和调度之间的中间件，从Scrapy引擎发送到调度的请求和响应。

Scrapy运行流程大概如下：

1. 引擎从调度器中取出一个链接(URL)用于接下来的抓取
2. 引擎把URL封装成一个请求(Request)传给下载器
3. 下载器把资源下载下来，并封装成应答包(Response)
4. 爬虫解析Response
5. 解析出实体（Item）,则交给实体管道进行进一步的处理
6. 解析出的是链接（URL）,则把URL交给调度器等待抓取

一、安装

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Linux        pip3 install scrapy     Windows        a. pip3 install wheel        b. 下载twisted http: / / www.lfd.uci.edu / ~gohlke / pythonlibs / #twisted        c. 进入下载目录，执行 pip3 install Twisted‑ 17.1 . 0 ‑cp35‑cp35m‑win_amd64.whl        d. pip3 install scrapy        e. 下载并安装pywin32：https: / / sourceforge.net / projects / pywin32 / files /

二、基本使用

1. 基本命令

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

1.  scrapy startproject 项目名称     -  在当前目录中创建中创建一个项目文件（类似于Django）   2.  scrapy genspider [ - t template] <name> <domain>     -  创建爬虫应用     如：        scrapy gensipider  - t basic oldboy oldboy.com        scrapy gensipider  - t xmlfeed autohome autohome.com.cn     PS:        查看所有命令：scrapy gensipider  - l        查看模板命令：scrapy gensipider  - d 模板名称   3.  scrapy  list     -  展示爬虫应用列表   4.  scrapy crawl 爬虫应用名称     -  运行单独爬虫应用

2.项目结构以及爬虫应用简介

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

project_name /     scrapy.cfg     project_name /         __init__.py         items.py         pipelines.py         settings.py         spiders /             __init__.py             爬虫 1.py             爬虫 2.py             爬虫 3.py

文件说明：

• scrapy.cfg  项目的主配置信息。（真正爬虫相关的配置信息在settings.py文件中）
• items.py    设置数据存储模板，用于结构化数据，如：Django的Model
• pipelines    数据处理行为，如：一般结构化的数据持久化
• settings.py 配置文件，如：递归的层数、并发数，延迟下载等
• spiders      爬虫目录，如：创建文件，编写爬虫规则

注意：一般创建爬虫文件时，以网站域名命名

爬虫1.py

import scrapy
 
class XiaoHuarSpider(scrapy.spiders.Spider):
    name = "xiaohuar"                            # 爬虫名称 *****
    allowed_domains = ["xiaohuar.com"]  # 允许的域名
    start_urls = [
        "http://www.xiaohuar.com/hua/",   # 其实URL
    ]
 
    def parse(self, response):
        # 访问起始URL并获取结果后的回调函数

关于windows编码

import sys,os
sys.stdout=io.TextIOWrapper(sys.stdout.buffer,encoding='gb18030')

3. 小试牛刀

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

import  scrapy from  scrapy.selector  import  HtmlXPathSelector from  scrapy.http.request  import  Request     class  DigSpider(scrapy.Spider):      # 爬虫应用的名称，通过此名称启动爬虫命令      name  =  "dig"        # 允许的域名      allowed_domains  =  [ "chouti.com" ]        # 起始URL      start_urls  =  [          'http://dig.chouti.com/' ,      ]        has_request_set  =  {}        def  parse( self , response):          print (response.url)            hxs  =  HtmlXPathSelector(response)          page_list  =  hxs.select( '//div[@id="dig_lcpage"]//a[re:test(@href, "/all/hot/recent/\d+")]/@href' ).extract()          for  page  in  page_list:              page_url  =  'http://dig.chouti.com%s'  %  page              key  =  self .md5(page_url)              if  key  in  self .has_request_set:                  pass              else :                  self .has_request_set[key]  =  page_url                  obj  =  Request(url = page_url, method = 'GET' , callback = self .parse)                  yield  obj        @staticmethod      def  md5(val):          import  hashlib          ha  =  hashlib.md5()          ha.update(bytes(val, encoding = 'utf-8' ))          key  =  ha.hexdigest()          return  key

执行此爬虫文件，则在终端进入项目目录执行如下命令：

1	scrapy crawl dig  - - nolog

对于上述代码重要之处在于：

• Request是一个封装用户请求的类，在回调函数中yield该对象表示继续访问
• HtmlXpathSelector用于结构化HTML代码并提供选择器功能

4. 选择器

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56

#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from  scrapy.selector  import  Selector, HtmlXPathSelector from  scrapy.http  import  HtmlResponse html  =  """<!DOCTYPE html> <html>      <head lang="en">          <meta charset="UTF-8">          <title></title>      </head>      <body>          <ul>              <li class="item-"><a id='i1' href="link.html">first item</a></li>              <li class="item-0"><a id='i2' href="llink.html">first item</a></li>              <li class="item-1"><a href="llink2.html">second item<span>vv</span></a></li>          </ul>          <div><a href="llink2.html">second item</a></div>      </body> </html> """ response  =  HtmlResponse(url = 'http://example.com' , body = html,encoding = 'utf-8' ) # hxs = HtmlXPathSelector(response) # print(hxs) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a') # print(hxs) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[2]') # print(hxs) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[@id]') # print(hxs) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[@id="i1"]') # print(hxs) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[@href="link.html"][@id="i1"]') # print(hxs) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[contains(@href, "link")]') # print(hxs) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[starts-with(@href, "link")]') # print(hxs) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[re:test(@id, "i\d+")]') # print(hxs) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[re:test(@id, "i\d+")]/text()').extract() # print(hxs) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[re:test(@id, "i\d+")]/@href').extract() # print(hxs) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('/html/body/ul/li/a/@href').extract() # print(hxs) # hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//body/ul/li/a/@href').extract_first() # print(hxs)   # ul_list = Selector(response=response).xpath('//body/ul/li') # for item in ul_list: #     v = item.xpath('./a/span') #     # 或 #     # v = item.xpath('a/span') #     # 或 #     # v = item.xpath('*/a/span') #     print(v)

示例：自动登录抽屉并点赞

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import scrapy
from scrapy.selector import HtmlXPathSelector
from scrapy.http.request import Request
from scrapy.http.cookies import CookieJar
from scrapy import FormRequest


class ChouTiSpider(scrapy.Spider):
    # 爬虫应用的名称，通过此名称启动爬虫命令
    name = "chouti"
    # 允许的域名
    allowed_domains = ["chouti.com"]

    cookie_dict = {}
    has_request_set = {}

    def start_requests(self):
        url = 'http://dig.chouti.com/'
        # return [Request(url=url, callback=self.login)]
        yield Request(url=url, callback=self.login)

    def login(self, response):
        cookie_jar = CookieJar()
        cookie_jar.extract_cookies(response, response.request)
        for k, v in cookie_jar._cookies.items():
            for i, j in v.items():
                for m, n in j.items():
                    self.cookie_dict[m] = n.value

        req = Request(
            url='http://dig.chouti.com/login',
            method='POST',
            headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8'},
            body='phone=8615131255089&password=pppppppp&oneMonth=1',
            cookies=self.cookie_dict,
            callback=self.check_login
        )
        yield req

    def check_login(self, response):
        req = Request(
            url='http://dig.chouti.com/',
            method='GET',
            callback=self.show,
            cookies=self.cookie_dict,
            dont_filter=True
        )
        yield req

    def show(self, response):
        # print(response)
        hxs = HtmlXPathSelector(response)
        news_list = hxs.select('//div[@id="content-list"]/div[@class="item"]')
        for new in news_list:
            # temp = new.xpath('div/div[@class="part2"]/@share-linkid').extract()
            link_id = new.xpath('*/div[@class="part2"]/@share-linkid').extract_first()
            yield Request(
                url='http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=%s' %(link_id,),
                method='POST',
                cookies=self.cookie_dict,
                callback=self.do_favor
            )

        page_list = hxs.select('//div[@id="dig_lcpage"]//a[re:test(@href, "/all/hot/recent/\d+")]/@href').extract()
        for page in page_list:

            page_url = 'http://dig.chouti.com%s' % page
            import hashlib
            hash = hashlib.md5()
            hash.update(bytes(page_url,encoding='utf-8'))
            key = hash.hexdigest()
            if key in self.has_request_set:
                pass
            else:
                self.has_request_set[key] = page_url
                yield Request(
                    url=page_url,
                    method='GET',
                    callback=self.show
                )

    def do_favor(self, response):
        print(response.text)

处理Cookie

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import scrapy
from scrapy.http.response.html import HtmlResponse
from scrapy.http import Request
from scrapy.http.cookies import CookieJar


class ChoutiSpider(scrapy.Spider):
    name = "chouti"
    allowed_domains = ["chouti.com"]
    start_urls = (
        'http://www.chouti.com/',
    )

    def start_requests(self):
        url = 'http://dig.chouti.com/'
        yield Request(url=url, callback=self.login, meta={'cookiejar': True})

    def login(self, response):
        print(response.headers.getlist('Set-Cookie'))
        req = Request(
            url='http://dig.chouti.com/login',
            method='POST',
            headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8'},
            body='phone=8613121758648&password=woshiniba&oneMonth=1',
            callback=self.check_login,
            meta={'cookiejar': True}
        )
        yield req

    def check_login(self, response):
        print(response.text)

注意：settings.py中设置DEPTH_LIMIT = 1来指定“递归”的层数。

5. 格式化处理

上述实例只是简单的处理，所以在parse方法中直接处理。如果对于想要获取更多的数据处理，则可以利用Scrapy的items将数据格式化，然后统一交由pipelines来处理。

spiders/xiahuar.py

import scrapy
from scrapy.selector import HtmlXPathSelector
from scrapy.http.request import Request
from scrapy.http.cookies import CookieJar
from scrapy import FormRequest


class XiaoHuarSpider(scrapy.Spider):
    # 爬虫应用的名称，通过此名称启动爬虫命令
    name = "xiaohuar"
    # 允许的域名
    allowed_domains = ["xiaohuar.com"]

    start_urls = [
        "http://www.xiaohuar.com/list-1-1.html",
    ]
    # custom_settings = {
    #     'ITEM_PIPELINES':{
    #         'spider1.pipelines.JsonPipeline': 100
    #     }
    # }
    has_request_set = {}

    def parse(self, response):
        # 分析页面
        # 找到页面中符合规则的内容（校花图片），保存
        # 找到所有的a标签，再访问其他a标签，一层一层的搞下去

        hxs = HtmlXPathSelector(response)

        items = hxs.select('//div[@class="item_list infinite_scroll"]/div')
        for item in items:
            src = item.select('.//div[@class="img"]/a/img/@src').extract_first()
            name = item.select('.//div[@class="img"]/span/text()').extract_first()
            school = item.select('.//div[@class="img"]/div[@class="btns"]/a/text()').extract_first()
            url = "http://www.xiaohuar.com%s" % src
            from ..items import XiaoHuarItem
            obj = XiaoHuarItem(name=name, school=school, url=url)
            yield obj

        urls = hxs.select('//a[re:test(@href, "http://www.xiaohuar.com/list-1-\d+.html")]/@href')
        for url in urls:
            key = self.md5(url)
            if key in self.has_request_set:
                pass
            else:
                self.has_request_set[key] = url
                req = Request(url=url,method='GET',callback=self.parse)
                yield req

    @staticmethod
    def md5(val):
        import hashlib
        ha = hashlib.md5()
        ha.update(bytes(val, encoding='utf-8'))
        key = ha.hexdigest()
        return key

itmes

import scrapy


class XiaoHuarItem(scrapy.Item):
    name = scrapy.Field()
    school = scrapy.Field()
    url = scrapy.Field()

 pipelines


import json
import os
import requests


class JsonPipeline(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.file = open('xiaohua.txt', 'w')

    def process_item(self, item, spider):
        v = json.dumps(dict(item), ensure_ascii=False)
        self.file.write(v)
        self.file.write('\n')
        self.file.flush()
        return item


class FilePipeline(object):
    def __init__(self):
        if not os.path.exists('imgs'):
            os.makedirs('imgs')

    def process_item(self, item, spider):
        response = requests.get(item['url'], stream=True)
        file_name = '%s_%s.jpg' % (item['name'], item['school'])
        with open(os.path.join('imgs', file_name), mode='wb') as f:
            f.write(response.content)
        return item

 settings

ITEM_PIPELINES = {
   'spider1.pipelines.JsonPipeline': 100,
   'spider1.pipelines.FilePipeline': 300,
}
# 每行后面的整型值，确定了他们运行的顺序，item按数字从低到高的顺序，通过pipeline，通常将这些数字定义在0-1000范围内

对于pipeline可以做更多，如下：

 自定义pipeline

from scrapy.exceptions import DropItem

class CustomPipeline(object):
    def __init__(self,v):
        self.value = v

    def process_item(self, item, spider):
        # 操作并进行持久化

        # return表示会被后续的pipeline继续处理
        return item

        # 表示将item丢弃，不会被后续pipeline处理
        # raise DropItem()


    @classmethod
    def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
        """
        初始化时候，用于创建pipeline对象
        :param crawler: 
        :return: 
        """
        val = crawler.settings.getint('MMMM')
        return cls(val)

    def open_spider(self,spider):
        """
        爬虫开始执行时，调用
        :param spider: 
        :return: 
        """
        print('000000')

    def close_spider(self,spider):
        """
        爬虫关闭时，被调用
        :param spider: 
        :return: 
        """
        print('111111')

6.中间件

爬虫中间件


class SpiderMiddleware(object):

    def process_spider_input(self,response, spider):
        """
        下载完成，执行，然后交给parse处理
        :param response: 
        :param spider: 
        :return: 
        """
        pass

    def process_spider_output(self,response, result, spider):
        """
        spider处理完成，返回时调用
        :param response:
        :param result:
        :param spider:
        :return: 必须返回包含 Request 或 Item 对象的可迭代对象(iterable)
        """
        return result

    def process_spider_exception(self,response, exception, spider):
        """
        异常调用
        :param response:
        :param exception:
        :param spider:
        :return: None,继续交给后续中间件处理异常；含 Response 或 Item 的可迭代对象(iterable)，交给调度器或pipeline
        """
        return None


    def process_start_requests(self,start_requests, spider):
        """
        爬虫启动时调用
        :param start_requests:
        :param spider:
        :return: 包含 Request 对象的可迭代对象
        """
        return start_requests

下载器中间件

class DownMiddleware1(object):
    def process_request(self, request, spider):
        """
        请求需要被下载时，经过所有下载器中间件的process_request调用
        :param request: 
        :param spider: 
        :return:  
            None,继续后续中间件去下载；
            Response对象，停止process_request的执行，开始执行process_response
            Request对象，停止中间件的执行，将Request重新调度器
            raise IgnoreRequest异常，停止process_request的执行，开始执行process_exception
        """
        pass



    def process_response(self, request, response, spider):
        """
        spider处理完成，返回时调用
        :param response:
        :param result:
        :param spider:
        :return: 
            Response 对象：转交给其他中间件process_response
            Request 对象：停止中间件，request会被重新调度下载
            raise IgnoreRequest 异常：调用Request.errback
        """
        print('response1')
        return response

    def process_exception(self, request, exception, spider):
        """
        当下载处理器(download handler)或 process_request() (下载中间件)抛出异常
        :param response:
        :param exception:
        :param spider:
        :return: 
            None：继续交给后续中间件处理异常；
            Response对象：停止后续process_exception方法
            Request对象：停止中间件，request将会被重新调用下载
        """
        return None

7. 自定制命令

• 在spiders同级创建任意目录，如：commands
• 在其中创建 crawlall.py 文件 （此处文件名就是自定义的命令）

•  crawlall.py  
  
    from scrapy.commands import ScrapyCommand
      from scrapy.utils.project import get_project_settings
  
  
      class Command(ScrapyCommand):
  
          requires_project = True
  
          def syntax(self):
              return '[options]'
  
          def short_desc(self):
              return 'Runs all of the spiders'
  
          def run(self, args, opts):
              spider_list = self.crawler_process.spiders.list()
              for name in spider_list:
                  self.crawler_process.crawl(name, **opts.__dict__)
              self.crawler_process.start()

• 在settings.py 中添加配置 COMMANDS_MODULE = '项目名称.目录名称'
• 在项目目录执行命令：scrapy crawlall 

 单个爬虫

import sys
from scrapy.cmdline import execute

if __name__ == '__main__':
    execute(["scrapy","github","--nolog"])

8. 自定义扩展

自定义扩展时，利用信号在指定位置注册制定操作

from scrapy import signals


class MyExtension(object):
    def __init__(self, value):
        self.value = value

    @classmethod
    def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
        val = crawler.settings.getint('MMMM')
        ext = cls(val)

        crawler.signals.connect(ext.spider_opened, signal=signals.spider_opened)
        crawler.signals.connect(ext.spider_closed, signal=signals.spider_closed)

        return ext

    def spider_opened(self, spider):
        print('open')

    def spider_closed(self, spider):
        print('close')

9. 避免重复访问

scrapy默认使用 scrapy.dupefilter.RFPDupeFilter 进行去重，相关配置有：

1 2 3

DUPEFILTER_CLASS  =  'scrapy.dupefilter.RFPDupeFilter' DUPEFILTER_DEBUG  =  False JOBDIR  =  "保存范文记录的日志路径，如：/root/"   # 最终路径为 /root/requests.seen

 自定义URL去重操作
class RepeatUrl:
    def __init__(self):
        self.visited_url = set()

    @classmethod
    def from_settings(cls, settings):
        """
        初始化时，调用
        :param settings: 
        :return: 
        """
        return cls()

    def request_seen(self, request):
        """
        检测当前请求是否已经被访问过
        :param request: 
        :return: True表示已经访问过；False表示未访问过
        """
        if request.url in self.visited_url:
            return True
        self.visited_url.add(request.url)
        return False

    def open(self):
        """
        开始爬去请求时，调用
        :return: 
        """
        print('open replication')

    def close(self, reason):
        """
        结束爬虫爬取时，调用
        :param reason: 
        :return: 
        """
        print('close replication')

    def log(self, request, spider):
        """
        记录日志
        :param request: 
        :param spider: 
        :return: 
        """
        print('repeat', request.url)

10.其他

settings

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

# Scrapy settings for step8_king project
#
# For simplicity, this file contains only settings considered important or
# commonly used. You can find more settings consulting the documentation:
#
#     http://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html
#     http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html
#     http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html

# 1. 爬虫名称
BOT_NAME = 'step8_king'

# 2. 爬虫应用路径
SPIDER_MODULES = ['step8_king.spiders']
NEWSPIDER_MODULE = 'step8_king.spiders'

# Crawl responsibly by identifying yourself (and your website) on the user-agent
# 3. 客户端 user-agent请求头
# USER_AGENT = 'step8_king (+http://www.yourdomain.com)'

# Obey robots.txt rules
# 4. 禁止爬虫配置
# ROBOTSTXT_OBEY = False

# Configure maximum concurrent requests performed by Scrapy (default: 16)
# 5. 并发请求数
# CONCURRENT_REQUESTS = 4

# Configure a delay for requests for the same website (default: 0)
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html#download-delay
# See also autothrottle settings and docs
# 6. 延迟下载秒数
# DOWNLOAD_DELAY = 2


# The download delay setting will honor only one of:
# 7. 单域名访问并发数，并且延迟下次秒数也应用在每个域名
# CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN = 2
# 单IP访问并发数，如果有值则忽略：CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN，并且延迟下次秒数也应用在每个IP
# CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_IP = 3

# Disable cookies (enabled by default)
# 8. 是否支持cookie，cookiejar进行操作cookie
# COOKIES_ENABLED = True
# COOKIES_DEBUG = True

# Disable Telnet Console (enabled by default)
# 9. Telnet用于查看当前爬虫的信息，操作爬虫等...
#    使用telnet ip port ，然后通过命令操作
# TELNETCONSOLE_ENABLED = True
# TELNETCONSOLE_HOST = '127.0.0.1'
# TELNETCONSOLE_PORT = [6023,]


# 10. 默认请求头
# Override the default request headers:
# DEFAULT_REQUEST_HEADERS = {
#     'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8',
#     'Accept-Language': 'en',
# }


# Configure item pipelines
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.html
# 11. 定义pipeline处理请求
# ITEM_PIPELINES = {
#    'step8_king.pipelines.JsonPipeline': 700,
#    'step8_king.pipelines.FilePipeline': 500,
# }



# 12. 自定义扩展，基于信号进行调用
# Enable or disable extensions
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/extensions.html
# EXTENSIONS = {
#     # 'step8_king.extensions.MyExtension': 500,
# }


# 13. 爬虫允许的最大深度，可以通过meta查看当前深度；0表示无深度
# DEPTH_LIMIT = 3

# 14. 爬取时，0表示深度优先Lifo(默认)；1表示广度优先FiFo

# 后进先出，深度优先
# DEPTH_PRIORITY = 0
# SCHEDULER_DISK_QUEUE = 'scrapy.squeue.PickleLifoDiskQueue'
# SCHEDULER_MEMORY_QUEUE = 'scrapy.squeue.LifoMemoryQueue'
# 先进先出，广度优先

# DEPTH_PRIORITY = 1
# SCHEDULER_DISK_QUEUE = 'scrapy.squeue.PickleFifoDiskQueue'
# SCHEDULER_MEMORY_QUEUE = 'scrapy.squeue.FifoMemoryQueue'

# 15. 调度器队列
# SCHEDULER = 'scrapy.core.scheduler.Scheduler'
# from scrapy.core.scheduler import Scheduler


# 16. 访问URL去重
# DUPEFILTER_CLASS = 'step8_king.duplication.RepeatUrl'


# Enable and configure the AutoThrottle extension (disabled by default)
# See http://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/autothrottle.html

"""
17. 自动限速算法
    from scrapy.contrib.throttle import AutoThrottle
    自动限速设置
    1. 获取最小延迟 DOWNLOAD_DELAY
    2. 获取最大延迟 AUTOTHROTTLE_MAX_DELAY
    3. 设置初始下载延迟 AUTOTHROTTLE_START_DELAY
    4. 当请求下载完成后，获取其"连接"时间 latency，即：请求连接到接受到响应头之间的时间
    5. 用于计算的... AUTOTHROTTLE_TARGET_CONCURRENCY
    target_delay = latency / self.target_concurrency
    new_delay = (slot.delay + target_delay) / 2.0 # 表示上一次的延迟时间
    new_delay = max(target_delay, new_delay)
    new_delay = min(max(self.mindelay, new_delay), self.maxdelay)
    slot.delay = new_delay
"""

# 开始自动限速
# AUTOTHROTTLE_ENABLED = True
# The initial download delay
# 初始下载延迟
# AUTOTHROTTLE_START_DELAY = 5
# The maximum download delay to be set in case of high latencies
# 最大下载延迟
# AUTOTHROTTLE_MAX_DELAY = 10
# The average number of requests Scrapy should be sending in parallel to each remote server
# 平均每秒并发数
# AUTOTHROTTLE_TARGET_CONCURRENCY = 1.0

# Enable showing throttling stats for every response received:
# 是否显示
# AUTOTHROTTLE_DEBUG = True

# Enable and configure HTTP caching (disabled by default)
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html#httpcache-middleware-settings


"""
18. 启用缓存
    目的用于将已经发送的请求或相应缓存下来，以便以后使用
    
    from scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.httpcache import HttpCacheMiddleware
    from scrapy.extensions.httpcache import DummyPolicy
    from scrapy.extensions.httpcache import FilesystemCacheStorage
"""
# 是否启用缓存策略
# HTTPCACHE_ENABLED = True

# 缓存策略：所有请求均缓存，下次在请求直接访问原来的缓存即可
# HTTPCACHE_POLICY = "scrapy.extensions.httpcache.DummyPolicy"
# 缓存策略：根据Http响应头：Cache-Control、Last-Modified 等进行缓存的策略
# HTTPCACHE_POLICY = "scrapy.extensions.httpcache.RFC2616Policy"

# 缓存超时时间
# HTTPCACHE_EXPIRATION_SECS = 0

# 缓存保存路径
# HTTPCACHE_DIR = 'httpcache'

# 缓存忽略的Http状态码
# HTTPCACHE_IGNORE_HTTP_CODES = []

# 缓存存储的插件
# HTTPCACHE_STORAGE = 'scrapy.extensions.httpcache.FilesystemCacheStorage'


"""
19. 代理，需要在环境变量中设置
    from scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.httpproxy import HttpProxyMiddleware
    
    方式一：使用默认
        os.environ
        {
            http_proxy:http://root:[email protected]:9999/
            https_proxy:http://192.168.11.11:9999/
        }
    方式二：使用自定义下载中间件
    
    def to_bytes(text, encoding=None, errors='strict'):
        if isinstance(text, bytes):
            return text
        if not isinstance(text, six.string_types):
            raise TypeError('to_bytes must receive a unicode, str or bytes '
                            'object, got %s' % type(text).__name__)
        if encoding is None:
            encoding = 'utf-8'
        return text.encode(encoding, errors)
        
    class ProxyMiddleware(object):
        def process_request(self, request, spider):
            PROXIES = [
                {'ip_port': '111.11.228.75:80', 'user_pass': ''},
                {'ip_port': '120.198.243.22:80', 'user_pass': ''},
                {'ip_port': '111.8.60.9:8123', 'user_pass': ''},
                {'ip_port': '101.71.27.120:80', 'user_pass': ''},
                {'ip_port': '122.96.59.104:80', 'user_pass': ''},
                {'ip_port': '122.224.249.122:8088', 'user_pass': ''},
            ]
            proxy = random.choice(PROXIES)
            if proxy['user_pass'] is not None:
                request.meta['proxy'] = to_bytes（"http://%s" % proxy['ip_port']）
                encoded_user_pass = base64.encodestring(to_bytes(proxy['user_pass']))
                request.headers['Proxy-Authorization'] = to_bytes('Basic ' + encoded_user_pass)
                print "**************ProxyMiddleware have pass************" + proxy['ip_port']
            else:
                print "**************ProxyMiddleware no pass************" + proxy['ip_port']
                request.meta['proxy'] = to_bytes("http://%s" % proxy['ip_port'])
    
    DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
       'step8_king.middlewares.ProxyMiddleware': 500,
    }
    
"""

"""
20. Https访问
    Https访问时有两种情况：
    1. 要爬取网站使用的可信任证书(默认支持)
        DOWNLOADER_HTTPCLIENTFACTORY = "scrapy.core.downloader.webclient.ScrapyHTTPClientFactory"
        DOWNLOADER_CLIENTCONTEXTFACTORY = "scrapy.core.downloader.contextfactory.ScrapyClientContextFactory"
        
    2. 要爬取网站使用的自定义证书
        DOWNLOADER_HTTPCLIENTFACTORY = "scrapy.core.downloader.webclient.ScrapyHTTPClientFactory"
        DOWNLOADER_CLIENTCONTEXTFACTORY = "step8_king.https.MySSLFactory"
        
        # https.py
        from scrapy.core.downloader.contextfactory import ScrapyClientContextFactory
        from twisted.internet.ssl import (optionsForClientTLS, CertificateOptions, PrivateCertificate)
        
        class MySSLFactory(ScrapyClientContextFactory):
            def getCertificateOptions(self):
                from OpenSSL import crypto
                v1 = crypto.load_privatekey(crypto.FILETYPE_PEM, open('/Users/wupeiqi/client.key.unsecure', mode='r').read())
                v2 = crypto.load_certificate(crypto.FILETYPE_PEM, open('/Users/wupeiqi/client.pem', mode='r').read())
                return CertificateOptions(
                    privateKey=v1,  # pKey对象
                    certificate=v2,  # X509对象
                    verify=False,
                    method=getattr(self, 'method', getattr(self, '_ssl_method', None))
                )
    其他：
        相关类
            scrapy.core.downloader.handlers.http.HttpDownloadHandler
            scrapy.core.downloader.webclient.ScrapyHTTPClientFactory
            scrapy.core.downloader.contextfactory.ScrapyClientContextFactory
        相关配置
            DOWNLOADER_HTTPCLIENTFACTORY
            DOWNLOADER_CLIENTCONTEXTFACTORY

"""



"""
21. 爬虫中间件
    class SpiderMiddleware(object):

        def process_spider_input(self,response, spider):
            '''
            下载完成，执行，然后交给parse处理
            :param response: 
            :param spider: 
            :return: 
            '''
            pass
    
        def process_spider_output(self,response, result, spider):
            '''
            spider处理完成，返回时调用
            :param response:
            :param result:
            :param spider:
            :return: 必须返回包含 Request 或 Item 对象的可迭代对象(iterable)
            '''
            return result
    
        def process_spider_exception(self,response, exception, spider):
            '''
            异常调用
            :param response:
            :param exception:
            :param spider:
            :return: None,继续交给后续中间件处理异常；含 Response 或 Item 的可迭代对象(iterable)，交给调度器或pipeline
            '''
            return None
    
    
        def process_start_requests(self,start_requests, spider):
            '''
            爬虫启动时调用
            :param start_requests:
            :param spider:
            :return: 包含 Request 对象的可迭代对象
            '''
            return start_requests
    
    内置爬虫中间件：
        'scrapy.contrib.spidermiddleware.httperror.HttpErrorMiddleware': 50,
        'scrapy.contrib.spidermiddleware.offsite.OffsiteMiddleware': 500,
        'scrapy.contrib.spidermiddleware.referer.RefererMiddleware': 700,
        'scrapy.contrib.spidermiddleware.urllength.UrlLengthMiddleware': 800,
        'scrapy.contrib.spidermiddleware.depth.DepthMiddleware': 900,

"""
# from scrapy.contrib.spidermiddleware.referer import RefererMiddleware
# Enable or disable spider middlewares
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html
SPIDER_MIDDLEWARES = {
   # 'step8_king.middlewares.SpiderMiddleware': 543,
}


"""
22. 下载中间件
    class DownMiddleware1(object):
        def process_request(self, request, spider):
            '''
            请求需要被下载时，经过所有下载器中间件的process_request调用
            :param request:
            :param spider:
            :return:
                None,继续后续中间件去下载；
                Response对象，停止process_request的执行，开始执行process_response
                Request对象，停止中间件的执行，将Request重新调度器
                raise IgnoreRequest异常，停止process_request的执行，开始执行process_exception
            '''
            pass
    
    
    
        def process_response(self, request, response, spider):
            '''
            spider处理完成，返回时调用
            :param response:
            :param result:
            :param spider:
            :return:
                Response 对象：转交给其他中间件process_response
                Request 对象：停止中间件，request会被重新调度下载
                raise IgnoreRequest 异常：调用Request.errback
            '''
            print('response1')
            return response
    
        def process_exception(self, request, exception, spider):
            '''
            当下载处理器(download handler)或 process_request() (下载中间件)抛出异常
            :param response:
            :param exception:
            :param spider:
            :return:
                None：继续交给后续中间件处理异常；
                Response对象：停止后续process_exception方法
                Request对象：停止中间件，request将会被重新调用下载
            '''
            return None

    
    默认下载中间件
    {
        'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.robotstxt.RobotsTxtMiddleware': 100,
        'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.httpauth.HttpAuthMiddleware': 300,
        'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.downloadtimeout.DownloadTimeoutMiddleware': 350,
        'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.useragent.UserAgentMiddleware': 400,
        'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.retry.RetryMiddleware': 500,
        'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.defaultheaders.DefaultHeadersMiddleware': 550,
        'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.redirect.MetaRefreshMiddleware': 580,
        'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.httpcompression.HttpCompressionMiddleware': 590,
        'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.redirect.RedirectMiddleware': 600,
        'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.cookies.CookiesMiddleware': 700,
        'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.httpproxy.HttpProxyMiddleware': 750,
        'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.chunked.ChunkedTransferMiddleware': 830,
        'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.stats.DownloaderStats': 850,
        'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.httpcache.HttpCacheMiddleware': 900,
    }

"""
# from scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.httpauth import HttpAuthMiddleware
# Enable or disable downloader middlewares
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html
# DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
#    'step8_king.middlewares.DownMiddleware1': 100,
#    'step8_king.middlewares.DownMiddleware2': 500,
# }

settings

11. 大文件下载

示例文件：猛击下载

11.TinyScrapy

twisted示例一

from twisted.web.client import getPage
from twisted.internet import reactor
from twisted.internet import defer

url_list = ['http://www.bing.com', 'http://www.baidu.com', ]

def callback(arg):
　　print('回来一个', arg)

defer_list = []
for url in url_list:
　　ret = getPage(bytes(url, encoding='utf8'))
　　ret.addCallback(callback)
　　defer_list.append(ret)

def stop(arg):
　　print('已经全部现在完毕', arg)
　　reactor.stop()

d = defer.DeferredList(defer_list)
d.addBoth(stop)

reactor.run()

twisted示例二

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from twisted.web.client import getPage
from twisted.internet import reactor
from twisted.internet import defer


@defer.inlineCallbacks
def task(url):
    ret = getPage(bytes(url, encoding='utf8'))
    ret.addCallback(callback)
    yield ret


def callback(arg):
    print('回来一个', arg)


url_list = ['http://www.bing.com', 'http://www.baidu.com', ]
defer_list = []
for url in url_list:
    ret = task(url)
    defer_list.append(ret)


def stop(arg):
    print('已经全部现在完毕', arg)
    reactor.stop()


d = defer.DeferredList(defer_list)
d.addBoth(stop)
reactor.run()

twisted示例三

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from twisted.internet import defer
from twisted.web.client import getPage
from twisted.internet import reactor
import threading


def _next_request():
    _next_request_from_scheduler()


def _next_request_from_scheduler():
    ret = getPage(bytes('http://www.chouti.com', encoding='utf8'))
    ret.addCallback(callback)
    ret.addCallback(lambda _: reactor.callLater(0, _next_request))


_closewait = None

@defer.inlineCallbacks
def engine_start():
    global _closewait
    _closewait = defer.Deferred()
    yield _closewait


@defer.inlineCallbacks
def task(url):
    reactor.callLater(0, _next_request)
    yield engine_start()


counter = 0
def callback(arg):
    global counter
    counter +=1
    if counter == 10:
        _closewait.callback(None)
    print('one', len(arg))


def stop(arg):
    print('all done', arg)
    reactor.stop()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    url = 'http://www.cnblogs.com'

    defer_list = []
    deferObj = task(url)
    defer_list.append(deferObj)

    v = defer.DeferredList(defer_list)
    v.addBoth(stop)
    reactor.run()

模拟scrapy框架

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from twisted.web.client import getPage, defer
from twisted.internet import reactor
import queue


class Response(object):
    def __init__(self, body, request):
        self.body = body
        self.request = request
        self.url = request.url

    @property
    def text(self):
        return self.body.decode('utf-8')


class Request(object):
    def __init__(self, url, callback=None):
        self.url = url
        self.callback = callback


class Scheduler(object):
    def __init__(self, engine):
        self.q = queue.Queue()
        self.engine = engine

    def enqueue_request(self, request):
        self.q.put(request)

    def next_request(self):
        try:
            req = self.q.get(block=False)
        except Exception as e:
            req = None

        return req

    def size(self):
        return self.q.qsize()


class ExecutionEngine(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self._closewait = None
        self.running = True
        self.start_requests = None
        self.scheduler = Scheduler(self)

        self.inprogress = set()

    def check_empty(self, response):
        if not self.running:
            self._closewait.callback('......')

    def _next_request(self):
        while self.start_requests:
            try:
                request = next(self.start_requests)
            except StopIteration:
                self.start_requests = None
            else:
                self.scheduler.enqueue_request(request)

        while len(self.inprogress) < 5 and self.scheduler.size() > 0:  # 最大并发数为5

            request = self.scheduler.next_request()
            if not request:
                break

            self.inprogress.add(request)
            d = getPage(bytes(request.url, encoding='utf-8'))
            d.addBoth(self._handle_downloader_output, request)
            d.addBoth(lambda x, req: self.inprogress.remove(req), request)
            d.addBoth(lambda x: self._next_request())

        if len(self.inprogress) == 0 and self.scheduler.size() == 0:
            self._closewait.callback(None)

    def _handle_downloader_output(self, body, request):
        """
        获取内容，执行回调函数，并且把回调函数中的返回值获取，并添加到队列中
        :param response: 
        :param request: 
        :return: 
        """
        import types

        response = Response(body, request)
        func = request.callback or self.spider.parse
        gen = func(response)
        if isinstance(gen, types.GeneratorType):
            for req in gen:
                self.scheduler.enqueue_request(req)

    @defer.inlineCallbacks
    def start(self):
        self._closewait = defer.Deferred()
        yield self._closewait

    def open_spider(self, spider, start_requests):
        self.start_requests = start_requests
        self.spider = spider
        reactor.callLater(0, self._next_request)


class Crawler(object):
    def __init__(self, spidercls):
        self.spidercls = spidercls

        self.spider = None
        self.engine = None

    @defer.inlineCallbacks
    def crawl(self):
        self.engine = ExecutionEngine()
        self.spider = self.spidercls()
        start_requests = iter(self.spider.start_requests())
        start_requests = iter(start_requests)
        self.engine.open_spider(self.spider, start_requests)
        yield self.engine.start()


class CrawlerProcess(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self._active = set()
        self.crawlers = set()

    def crawl(self, spidercls, *args, **kwargs):
        crawler = Crawler(spidercls)

        self.crawlers.add(crawler)
        d = crawler.crawl(*args, **kwargs)
        self._active.add(d)
        return d

    def start(self):
        dl = defer.DeferredList(self._active)
        dl.addBoth(self._stop_reactor)
        reactor.run()

    def _stop_reactor(self, _=None):
        reactor.stop()


class Spider(object):
    def start_requests(self):
        for url in self.start_urls:
            yield Request(url)


class ChoutiSpider(Spider):
    name = "chouti"
    start_urls = [
        'http://dig.chouti.com/',
    ]

    def parse(self, response):
        print(response.text)


class CnblogsSpider(Spider):
    name = "cnblogs"
    start_urls = [
        'http://www.cnblogs.com/',
    ]

    def parse(self, response):
        print(response.text)


if __name__ == '__main__':

    spider_cls_list = [ChoutiSpider, CnblogsSpider]

    crawler_process = CrawlerProcess()
    for spider_cls in spider_cls_list:
        crawler_process.crawl(spider_cls)

    crawler_process.start()

参考版

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import types
from twisted.internet import defer
from twisted.web.client import getPage
from twisted.internet import reactor



class Request(object):
    def __init__(self, url, callback):
        self.url = url
        self.callback = callback
        self.priority = 0


class HttpResponse(object):
    def __init__(self, content, request):
        self.content = content
        self.request = request


class ChouTiSpider(object):

    def start_requests(self):
        url_list = ['http://www.cnblogs.com/', 'http://www.bing.com']
        for url in url_list:
            yield Request(url=url, callback=self.parse)

    def parse(self, response):
        print(response.request.url)
        # yield Request(url="http://www.baidu.com", callback=self.parse)




from queue import Queue
Q = Queue()


class CallLaterOnce(object):
    def __init__(self, func, *a, **kw):
        self._func = func
        self._a = a
        self._kw = kw
        self._call = None

    def schedule(self, delay=0):
        if self._call is None:
            self._call = reactor.callLater(delay, self)

    def cancel(self):
        if self._call:
            self._call.cancel()

    def __call__(self):
        self._call = None
        return self._func(*self._a, **self._kw)


class Engine(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.nextcall = None
        self.crawlling = []
        self.max = 5
        self._closewait = None

    def get_response(self,content, request):
        response = HttpResponse(content, request)
        gen = request.callback(response)
        if isinstance(gen, types.GeneratorType):
            for req in gen:
                req.priority = request.priority + 1
                Q.put(req)


    def rm_crawlling(self,response,d):
        self.crawlling.remove(d)

    def _next_request(self,spider):
        if Q.qsize() == 0 and len(self.crawlling) == 0:
            self._closewait.callback(None)

        if len(self.crawlling) >= 5:
            return
        while len(self.crawlling) < 5:
            try:
                req = Q.get(block=False)
            except Exception as e:
                req = None
            if not req:
                return
            d = getPage(req.url.encode('utf-8'))
            self.crawlling.append(d)
            d.addCallback(self.get_response, req)
            d.addCallback(self.rm_crawlling,d)
            d.addCallback(lambda _: self.nextcall.schedule())


    @defer.inlineCallbacks
    def crawl(self):
        spider = ChouTiSpider()
        start_requests = iter(spider.start_requests())
        flag = True
        while flag:
            try:
                req = next(start_requests)
                Q.put(req)
            except StopIteration as e:
                flag = False

        self.nextcall = CallLaterOnce(self._next_request,spider)
        self.nextcall.schedule()

        self._closewait = defer.Deferred()
        yield self._closewait

    @defer.inlineCallbacks
    def pp(self):
        yield self.crawl()

_active = set()
obj = Engine()
d = obj.crawl()
_active.add(d)

li = defer.DeferredList(_active)
li.addBoth(lambda _,*a,**kw: reactor.stop())

reactor.run()