1、线程池的工作原理？
- 线程池刚创建时，里面没有一个线程。任务队列是作为参数传进来的。不过，就算队列里面有任务，线程池也不会马上执行它们。
-
当调用 execute() 方法添加一个任务时，线程池会做如下判断：
- 如果正在运行的线程数量小于 corePoolSize，那么马上创建线程运行这个任务；
- 如果正在运行的线程数量大于或等于 corePoolSize，那么将这个任务放入队列。
- 如果这时候队列满了，而且正在运行的线程数量小于 maximumPoolSize，那么还是要创建线程运行这个任务；
- 如果队列满了，而且正在运行的线程数量大于或等于 maximumPoolSize，那么线程池会抛出异常，告诉调用者“我不能再接受任务了”。
3，当一个线程完成任务时，它会从队列中取下一个任务来执行。
4，当一个线程无事可做，超过一定的时间（keepAliveTime）时，线程池会判断，如果当前运行的线程数大于 corePoolSize，那么这个线程就被停掉。所以线程池的所有任务完成后，它最终会收缩到 corePoolSize 的大小。
这样的过程说明，并不是先加入任务就一定会先执行。假设队列大小为 10，corePoolSize 为 3，maximumPoolSize 为 6，那么当加入 20 个任务时，执行的顺序就是这样的：首先执行任务 1、2、3，然后任务 4~13 被放入队列。这时候队列满了，任务 14、15、16 会被马上执行，而任务 17~20 则会抛出异常。最终顺序是：1、2、3、14、15、16、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13。
2、线程池有哪些配置项？
线程池可以使用java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor来创建，在该类中包含最全参数的构造函数如下：
相应的入参就是线程池可以配置的参数：
/**
* Creates a new {@code ThreadPoolExecutor} with the given initial
* parameters.
*
* @param corePoolSize the number of threads to keep in the pool, even
* if they are idle, unless {@code allowCoreThreadTimeOut} is set
* @param maximumPoolSize the maximum number of threads to allow in the
* pool
* @param keepAliveTime when the number of threads is greater than
* the core, this is the maximum time that excess idle threads
* will wait for new tasks before terminating.
* @param unit the time unit for the {@code keepAliveTime} argument
* @param workQueue the queue to use for holding tasks before they are
* executed. This queue will hold only the {@code Runnable}
* tasks submitted by the {@code execute} method.
* @param threadFactory the factory to use when the executor
* creates a new thread
* @param handler the handler to use when execution is blocked
* because the thread bounds and queue capacities are reached
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if one of the following holds:<br>
* {@code corePoolSize < 0}<br>
* {@code keepAliveTime < 0}<br>
* {@code maximumPoolSize <= 0}<br>
* {@code maximumPoolSize < corePoolSize}
* @throws NullPointerException if {@code workQueue}
* or {@code threadFactory} or {@code handler} is null
*/
public ThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,
int maximumPoolSize,
long keepAliveTime,
TimeUnit unit,
BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue,
ThreadFactory threadFactory,
RejectedExecutionHandler handler) {
if (corePoolSize < 0 ||
maximumPoolSize <= 0 ||
maximumPoolSize < corePoolSize ||
keepAliveTime < 0)
throw new IllegalArgumentException();
if (workQueue == null || threadFactory == null || handler == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
this.corePoolSize = corePoolSize;
this.maximumPoolSize = maximumPoolSize;
this.workQueue = workQueue;
this.keepAliveTime = unit.toNanos(keepAliveTime);
this.threadFactory = threadFactory;
this.handler = handler;
}corePoolSize ：核心池的大小，如果调用了prestartAllCoreThreads()或者prestartCoreThread()方法，会直接预先创建corePoolSize的线程，否则当有任务来之后，就会创建一个线程去执行任务，当线程池中的线程数目达到corePoolSize后，就会把到达的任务放到缓存队列当中；这样做的好处是，如果任务量很小，那么甚至就不需要缓存任务，corePoolSize的线程就可以应对；
maximumPoolSize：线程池最大线程数，表示在线程池中最多能创建多少个线程，如果运行中的线程超过了这个数字，那么相当于线程池已满，新来的任务会使用RejectedExecutionHandler 进行处理；
keepAliveTime：表示线程没有任务执行时最多保持多久时间会终止，然后线程池的数目维持在corePoolSize 大小；
unit：参数keepAliveTime的时间单位；
workQueue：一个阻塞队列，用来存储等待执行的任务，如果当前对线程的需求超过了corePoolSize大小，才会放在这里；
threadFactory：线程工厂，主要用来创建线程，比如可以指定线程的名字；
handler：如果线程池已满，新的任务的处理方式
3、线程池的阻塞队列包含哪几种选择？
如果线程数超过了corePoolSize，则开始把线程先放到阻塞队列里，相当于生产者消费者的一个数据通道，有以下一些阻塞队列可供选择：
- ArrayBlockingQueue
- DelayQueue
- LinkedBlockingQueue
- PriorityBlockingQueue
- SynchronousQueue
ArrayBlockingQueue是一个有边界的阻塞队列，它的内部实现是一个数组。有边界的意思是它的容量是有限的，我们必须在其初始化的时候指定它的容量大小，容量大小一旦指定就不可改变。
DelayQueue阻塞的是其内部元素，DelayQueue中的元素必须实现 java.util.concurrent.Delayed接口，该接口只有一个方法就是long getDelay(TimeUnit unit)，返回值就是队列元素被释放前的保持时间，如果返回0或者一个负值，就意味着该元素已经到期需要被释放，此时DelayedQueue会通过其take()方法释放此对象，DelayQueue可应用于定时关闭连接、缓存对象，超时处理等各种场景；
LinkedBlockingQueue阻塞队列大小的配置是可选的，如果我们初始化时指定一个大小，它就是有边界的，如果不指定，它就是无边界的。说是无边界，其实是采用了默认大小为Integer.MAX_VALUE的容量 。它的内部实现是一个链表。
PriorityBlockingQueue是一个没有边界的队列，它的排序规则和 java.util.PriorityQueue一样。需要注意，PriorityBlockingQueue中允许插入null对象。所有插入PriorityBlockingQueue的对象必须实现 java.lang.Comparable接口，队列优先级的排序规则就是按照我们对这个接口的实现来定义的。
SynchronousQueue队列内部仅允许容纳一个元素。当一个线程插入一个元素后会被阻塞，除非这个元素被另一个线程消费。
使用的最多的应该是LinkedBlockingQueue，注意一般情况下要配置一下队列大小，设置成有界队列，否则JVM内存会被撑爆！
4、如果线程池已经满了可是还有新的任务提交怎么办？
线程池已满的定义，是指运行线程数==maximumPoolSize，并且workQueue是有界队列并且已满（如果是无界队列当然永远不会满）；
这时候再提交任务怎么办呢？线程池会将任务传递给最后一个参数RejectedExecutionHandler来处理，比如打印报错日志、抛出异常、存储到Mysql/redis用于后续处理等等，线程池默认也提供了几种处理方式见第5条目；
5、有哪些饱和策略可以使用？
饱和策略指的就是线程池已满情况下任务的处理策略，默认有以下几种：
在默认的 ThreadPoolExecutor.AbortPolicy 中，处理程序遭到拒绝将抛出运行时RejectedExecutionException。
在 ThreadPoolExecutor.CallerRunsPolicy 中，线程调用运行该任务的execute 本身。此策略提供简单的反馈控制机制，能够减缓新任务的提交速度。
在 ThreadPoolExecutor.DiscardPolicy 中，不能执行的任务将被删除。
在 ThreadPoolExecutor.DiscardOldestPolicy 中，如果执行程序尚未关闭，则位于工作队列头部的任务将被删除，然后重试执行程序（如果再次失败，则重复此过程）
当然也可以自己实现处理策略类，继承RejectedExecutionHandler接口即可，该接口只有一个方法：
void rejectedExecution(Runnable r, ThreadPoolExecutor executor);
void rejectedExecution(Runnable r, ThreadPoolExecutor executor);
6、怎样优化线程池的配置？
如何合理配置线程池大小，仅供参考。
一般需要根据任务的类型来配置线程池大小：
如果是CPU密集型任务，就需要尽量压榨CPU，参考值可以设为 NCPU+1
如果是IO密集型任务，参考值可以设置为2*NCPU
当然，这只是一个参考值，具体的设置还需要根据实际情况进行调整，比如可以先将线程池大小设置为参考值，
再观察任务运行情况和系统负载、资源利用率来进行适当调整。
其中NCPU的指的是CPU的核心数，可以使用Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors()来获取；
参考文章：
java多线程详解(7)-线程池的使用 http://www.cnblogs.com/weiguo21/p/4813678.html
ThreadPoolExecutor中策略的选择与工作队列的选择（java线程池） http://blog.csdn.net/longeremmy/article/details/8231184
【Java并发之】BlockingQueue http://blog.csdn.net/suifeng3051/article/details/48807423
。
7. ThreadPoolExecutor 构造方法
/**
* Creates a new {@code ThreadPoolExecutor} with the given initial
* parameters.
*
* @param corePoolSize the number of threads to keep in the pool, even
* if they are idle, unless {@code allowCoreThreadTimeOut} is set
* @param maximumPoolSize the maximum number of threads to allow in the
* pool
* @param keepAliveTime when the number of threads is greater than
* the core, this is the maximum time that excess idle threads
* will wait for new tasks before terminating.
* @param unit the time unit for the {@code keepAliveTime} argument
* @param workQueue the queue to use for holding tasks before they are
* executed. This queue will hold only the {@code Runnable}
* tasks submitted by the {@code execute} method.
* @param threadFactory the factory to use when the executor
* creates a new thread
* @param handler the handler to use when execution is blocked
* because the thread bounds and queue capacities are reached
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if one of the following holds:<br>
* {@code corePoolSize < 0}<br>
* {@code keepAliveTime < 0}<br>
* {@code maximumPoolSize <= 0}<br>
* {@code maximumPoolSize < corePoolSize}
* @throws NullPointerException if {@code workQueue}
* or {@code threadFactory} or {@code handler} is null
*/
public ThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,
int maximumPoolSize,
long keepAliveTime,
TimeUnit unit,
BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue,
ThreadFactory threadFactory,
RejectedExecutionHandler handler) {
if (corePoolSize < 0 ||
maximumPoolSize <= 0 ||
maximumPoolSize < corePoolSize ||
keepAliveTime < 0)
throw new IllegalArgumentException();
if (workQueue == null || threadFactory == null || handler == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
this.corePoolSize = corePoolSize;
this.maximumPoolSize = maximumPoolSize;
this.workQueue = workQueue;
this.keepAliveTime = unit.toNanos(keepAliveTime);
this.threadFactory = threadFactory;
this.handler = handler;
}参数：
corePoolSize 核心线程池大小
maximumPoolSize 最大线程池大小
keepAliveTime 线程池中超过corePoolSize数目的空闲线程最大存活时间；可以
allowCoreThreadTimeOut(true)使得核心线程有效时间
unit 时间单位
workQueue 保存任务的阻塞队列
threadFactory 创建线程的工厂
handler 当提交任务数超过maxmumPoolSize+workQueue之和时，任务会交给RejectedExecutionHandler来处理
1.当线程池小于corePoolSize时，新提交任务将创建一个新线程执行任务，即使此时线程池中存在空闲线程。
2.当线程池达到corePoolSize时，新提交任务将被放入workQueue中，等待线程池中任务调度执行
3.当workQueue已满，且maximumPoolSize>corePoolSize时，新提交任务会创建新线程执行任务
4.当提交任务数超过maximumPoolSize时，新提交任务由RejectedExecutionHandler处理
5.当线程池中超过corePoolSize线程，空闲时间达到keepAliveTime时，关闭空闲线程
6.当设置allowCoreThreadTimeOut(true)时，线程池中corePoolSize线程空闲时间达到keepAliveTime也将关闭
8. ThreadPoolExecutor 默认有四个拒绝策略：
1、ThreadPoolExecutor.AbortPolicy 直接抛出异常RejectedExecutionException
/**
* A handler for rejected tasks that throws a
* {@code RejectedExecutionException}.
*/
public static class AbortPolicy implements RejectedExecutionHandler {
/**
* Creates an {@code AbortPolicy}.
*/
public AbortPolicy() { }
/**
* Always throws RejectedExecutionException.
*
* @param r the runnable task requested to be executed
* @param e the executor attempting to execute this task
* @throws RejectedExecutionException always
*/
public void rejectedExecution(Runnable r, ThreadPoolExecutor e) {
throw new RejectedExecutionException("Task " + r.toString() +
" rejected from " +
e.toString());
}
}2、ThreadPoolExecutor.CallerRunsPolicy 直接调用run方法并且阻塞执行
/**
* A handler for rejected tasks that runs the rejected task
* directly in the calling thread of the {@code execute} method,
* unless the executor has been shut down, in which case the task
* is discarded.
*/
public static class CallerRunsPolicy implements RejectedExecutionHandler {
/**
* Creates a {@code CallerRunsPolicy}.
*/
public CallerRunsPolicy() { }
/**
* Executes task r in the caller's thread, unless the executor
* has been shut down, in which case the task is discarded.
*
* @param r the runnable task requested to be executed
* @param e the executor attempting to execute this task
*/
public void rejectedExecution(Runnable r, ThreadPoolExecutor e) {
if (!e.isShutdown()) {
r.run();
}
}
}3、ThreadPoolExecutor.DiscardPolicy 直接丢弃后来的任务
/**
* A handler for rejected tasks that silently discards the
* rejected task.
*/
public static class DiscardPolicy implements RejectedExecutionHandler {
/**
* Creates a {@code DiscardPolicy}.
*/
public DiscardPolicy() { }
/**
* Does nothing, which has the effect of discarding task r.
*
* @param r the runnable task requested to be executed
* @param e the executor attempting to execute this task
*/
public void rejectedExecution(Runnable r, ThreadPoolExecutor e) {
}
}4、ThreadPoolExecutor.DiscardOldestPolicy 丢弃在队列中队首的任务
/**
* A handler for rejected tasks that discards the oldest unhandled
* request and then retries {@code execute}, unless the executor
* is shut down, in which case the task is discarded.
*/
public static class DiscardOldestPolicy implements RejectedExecutionHandler {
/**
* Creates a {@code DiscardOldestPolicy} for the given executor.
*/
public DiscardOldestPolicy() { }
/**
* Obtains and ignores the next task that the executor
* would otherwise execute, if one is immediately available,
* and then retries execution of task r, unless the executor
* is shut down, in which case task r is instead discarded.
*
* @param r the runnable task requested to be executed
* @param e the executor attempting to execute this task
*/
public void rejectedExecution(Runnable r, ThreadPoolExecutor e) {
if (!e.isShutdown()) {
e.getQueue().poll();
e.execute(r);
}
}
}3. Executors提供的线程池配置方案
/**
* Creates a thread pool that reuses a fixed number of threads
* operating off a shared unbounded queue. At any point, at most
* {@code nThreads} threads will be active processing tasks.
* If additional tasks are submitted when all threads are active,
* they will wait in the queue until a thread is available.
* If any thread terminates due to a failure during execution
* prior to shutdown, a new one will take its place if needed to
* execute subsequent tasks. The threads in the pool will exist
* until it is explicitly {@link ExecutorService#shutdown shutdown}.
*
* @param nThreads the number of threads in the pool
* @return the newly created thread pool
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code nThreads <= 0}
*/
public static ExecutorService newFixedThreadPool(int nThreads) {
return new ThreadPoolExecutor(nThreads, nThreads,
0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>());
}构造一个固定线程数目的线程池，配置的corePoolSize与maximumPoolSize大小相同，同时使用了一个无界LinkedBlockingQueue存放阻塞任务，因此多余的任务将存在再阻塞队列，不会由RejectedExecutionHandler处理
/**
* Creates a thread pool that creates new threads as needed, but
* will reuse previously constructed threads when they are
* available. These pools will typically improve the performance
* of programs that execute many short-lived asynchronous tasks.
* Calls to {@code execute} will reuse previously constructed
* threads if available. If no existing thread is available, a new
* thread will be created and added to the pool. Threads that have
* not been used for sixty seconds are terminated and removed from
* the cache. Thus, a pool that remains idle for long enough will
* not consume any resources. Note that pools with similar
* properties but different details (for example, timeout parameters)
* may be created using {@link ThreadPoolExecutor} constructors.
*
* @return the newly created thread pool
*/
public static ExecutorService newCachedThreadPool() {
return new ThreadPoolExecutor(0, Integer.MAX_VALUE,
60L, TimeUnit.SECONDS,
new SynchronousQueue<Runnable>());
}构造一个缓冲功能的线程池，配置corePoolSize=0，maximumPoolSize=Integer.MAX_VALUE，keepAliveTime=60s,以及一个无容量的阻塞队列 SynchronousQueue，因此任务提交之后，将会创建新的线程执行；线程空闲超过60s将会销毁
/**
* Creates an Executor that uses a single worker thread operating
* off an unbounded queue. (Note however that if this single
* thread terminates due to a failure during execution prior to
* shutdown, a new one will take its place if needed to execute
* subsequent tasks.) Tasks are guaranteed to execute
* sequentially, and no more than one task will be active at any
* given time. Unlike the otherwise equivalent
* {@code newFixedThreadPool(1)} the returned executor is
* guaranteed not to be reconfigurable to use additional threads.
*
* @return the newly created single-threaded Executor
*/
public static ExecutorService newSingleThreadExecutor() {
return new FinalizableDelegatedExecutorService
(new ThreadPoolExecutor(1, 1,
0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>()));
}
构造一个只支持一个线程的线程池，配置corePoolSize=maximumPoolSize=1，无界阻塞队列LinkedBlockingQueue；保证任务由一个线程串行执行
/**
* Creates a thread pool that can schedule commands to run after a
* given delay, or to execute periodically.
* @param corePoolSize the number of threads to keep in the pool,
* even if they are idle
* @return a newly created scheduled thread pool
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code corePoolSize < 0}
*/
public static ScheduledExecutorService newScheduledThreadPool(int corePoolSize) {
return new ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(corePoolSize);
}构造有定时功能的线程池，配置corePoolSize，无界延迟阻塞队列DelayedWorkQueue；有意思的是：maximumPoolSize=Integer.MAX_VALUE，由于DelayedWorkQueue是无界队列，所以这个值是没有意义的