在初学python的阶段，笔者曾使用装饰器来实现计算程序运行的时间。慢慢地才知道，python中有更方便的模块——timeit，在本文结束后，笔者会把timeit源代码附带，只有短短的一百多行，so easy，大家都应该能读懂源代码。那就直接看使用吧！
基本用法
import timeit
# 待测试的函数
def add():
return sum(range(111))
# stmt 需要测试的函数或语句，字符串形式
# setup 运行的环境，本例子中表示 if __name__ == '__main__':
# number 被测试的函数或语句，执行的次数，本例表示执行100000次add()。省缺则默认是10000次
# 综上：此函数表示在if __name__ == '__main__'的条件下，执行100000次add()消耗的时间
t = timeit.timeit(stmt="add()", setup="from __main__ import add", number=100000)
print(t)
那么如果当下有这样的需求：测试add函数执行100k的时间，且把测试100遍，然后求平均值。timeit无论每次测试执行多少变，但这个测试只进行一遍。有的小伙伴说可以使用for 循环100次不就可以了，其实timeit中还有更有效的办法：repeat函数
# -*-coding:utf-8-*-
# AUTHOR:tyltr
# TIME :2018/10/11
import timeit
# 待测试的函数
def add():
return sum(range(111))
# stmt 需要测试的函数或语句，字符串形式
# setup 运行的环境，本例子中表示 if __name__ == '__main__':
# number 被测试的函数或语句，执行的次数，本例表示执行100000次add()。省缺则默认是10000次
# repeat 测试做100次
# 综上：此函数表示 测试 在if __name__ == '__main__'的条件下，执行100000次add()消耗的时间，并把这个测试做100次,并求出平均值
t = timeit.repeat(stmt="add()", setup="from __main__ import add", number=100000, repeat=100)
print(t)
print(sum(t) / len(t))
用法已经说完了！下面附的timeit模块的源代码。有兴趣的话，可以看一下。
#! /usr/bin/env python3
"""Tool for measuring execution time of small code snippets.
This module avoids a number of common traps for measuring execution
times. See also Tim Peters' introduction to the Algorithms chapter in
the Python Cookbook, published by O'Reilly.
Library usage: see the Timer class.
Command line usage:
python timeit.py [-n N] [-r N] [-s S] [-t] [-c] [-p] [-h] [--] [statement]
Options:
-n/--number N: how many times to execute 'statement' (default: see below)
-r/--repeat N: how many times to repeat the timer (default 3)
-s/--setup S: statement to be executed once initially (default 'pass').
Execution time of this setup statement is NOT timed.
-p/--process: use time.process_time() (default is time.perf_counter())
-t/--time: use time.time() (deprecated)
-c/--clock: use time.clock() (deprecated)
-v/--verbose: print raw timing results; repeat for more digits precision
-u/--unit: set the output time unit (usec, msec, or sec)
-h/--help: print this usage message and exit
--: separate options from statement, use when statement starts with -
statement: statement to be timed (default 'pass')
A multi-line statement may be given by specifying each line as a
separate argument; indented lines are possible by enclosing an
argument in quotes and using leading spaces. Multiple -s options are
treated similarly.
If -n is not given, a suitable number of loops is calculated by trying
successive powers of 10 until the total time is at least 0.2 seconds.
Note: there is a certain baseline overhead associated with executing a
pass statement. It differs between versions. The code here doesn't try
to hide it, but you should be aware of it. The baseline overhead can be
measured by invoking the program without arguments.
Classes:
Timer
Functions:
timeit(string, string) -> float
repeat(string, string) -> list
default_timer() -> float
"""
import gc
import sys
import time
import itertools
__all__ = ["Timer", "timeit", "repeat", "default_timer"]
dummy_src_name = "<timeit-src>"
default_number = 1000000
default_repeat = 3
default_timer = time.perf_counter
_globals = globals
# Don't change the indentation of the template; the reindent() calls
# in Timer.__init__() depend on setup being indented 4 spaces and stmt
# being indented 8 spaces.
template = """
def inner(_it, _timer{init}):
{setup}
_t0 = _timer()
for _i in _it:
{stmt}
_t1 = _timer()
return _t1 - _t0
"""
def reindent(src, indent):
"""Helper to reindent a multi-line statement."""
return src.replace("\n", "\n" + " "*indent)
class Timer:
"""Class for timing execution speed of small code snippets.
The constructor takes a statement to be timed, an additional
statement used for setup, and a timer function. Both statements
default to 'pass'; the timer function is platform-dependent (see
module doc string). If 'globals' is specified, the code will be
executed within that namespace (as opposed to inside timeit's
namespace).
To measure the execution time of the first statement, use the
timeit() method. The repeat() method is a convenience to call
timeit() multiple times and return a list of results.
The statements may contain newlines, as long as they don't contain
multi-line string literals.
"""
def __init__(self, stmt="pass", setup="pass", timer=default_timer,
globals=None):
"""Constructor. See class doc string."""
self.timer = timer
local_ns = {}
global_ns = _globals() if globals is None else globals
init = ''
if isinstance(setup, str):
# Check that the code can be compiled outside a function
compile(setup, dummy_src_name, "exec")
stmtprefix = setup + '\n'
setup = reindent(setup, 4)
elif callable(setup):
local_ns['_setup'] = setup
init += ', _setup=_setup'
stmtprefix = ''
setup = '_setup()'
else:
raise ValueError("setup is neither a string nor callable")
if isinstance(stmt, str):
# Check that the code can be compiled outside a function
compile(stmtprefix + stmt, dummy_src_name, "exec")
stmt = reindent(stmt, 8)
elif callable(stmt):
local_ns['_stmt'] = stmt
init += ', _stmt=_stmt'
stmt = '_stmt()'
else:
raise ValueError("stmt is neither a string nor callable")
src = template.format(stmt=stmt, setup=setup, init=init)
self.src = src # Save for traceback display
code = compile(src, dummy_src_name, "exec")
exec(code, global_ns, local_ns)
self.inner = local_ns["inner"]
def print_exc(self, file=None):
"""Helper to print a traceback from the timed code.
Typical use:
t = Timer(...) # outside the try/except
try:
t.timeit(...) # or t.repeat(...)
except:
t.print_exc()
The advantage over the standard traceback is that source lines
in the compiled template will be displayed.
The optional file argument directs where the traceback is
sent; it defaults to sys.stderr.
"""
import linecache, traceback
if self.src is not None:
linecache.cache[dummy_src_name] = (len(self.src),
None,
self.src.split("\n"),
dummy_src_name)
# else the source is already stored somewhere else
traceback.print_exc(file=file)
def timeit(self, number=default_number):
"""Time 'number' executions of the main statement.
To be precise, this executes the setup statement once, and
then returns the time it takes to execute the main statement
a number of times, as a float measured in seconds. The
argument is the number of times through the loop, defaulting
to one million. The main statement, the setup statement and
the timer function to be used are passed to the constructor.
"""
it = itertools.repeat(None, number)
gcold = gc.isenabled()
gc.disable()
try:
timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
finally:
if gcold:
gc.enable()
return timing
def repeat(self, repeat=default_repeat, number=default_number):
"""Call timeit() a few times.
This is a convenience function that calls the timeit()
repeatedly, returning a list of results. The first argument
specifies how many times to call timeit(), defaulting to 3;
the second argument specifies the timer argument, defaulting
to one million.
Note: it's tempting to calculate mean and standard deviation
from the result vector and report these. However, this is not
very useful. In a typical case, the lowest value gives a
lower bound for how fast your machine can run the given code
snippet; higher values in the result vector are typically not
caused by variability in Python's speed, but by other
processes interfering with your timing accuracy. So the min()
of the result is probably the only number you should be
interested in. After that, you should look at the entire
vector and apply common sense rather than statistics.
"""
r = []
for i in range(repeat):
t = self.timeit(number)
r.append(t)
return r
def timeit(stmt="pass", setup="pass", timer=default_timer,
number=default_number, globals=None):
"""Convenience function to create Timer object and call timeit method."""
return Timer(stmt, setup, timer, globals).timeit(number)
def repeat(stmt="pass", setup="pass", timer=default_timer,
repeat=default_repeat, number=default_number, globals=None):
"""Convenience function to create Timer object and call repeat method."""
return Timer(stmt, setup, timer, globals).repeat(repeat, number)
def main(args=None, *, _wrap_timer=None):
"""Main program, used when run as a script.
The optional 'args' argument specifies the command line to be parsed,
defaulting to sys.argv[1:].
The return value is an exit code to be passed to sys.exit(); it
may be None to indicate success.
When an exception happens during timing, a traceback is printed to
stderr and the return value is 1. Exceptions at other times
(including the template compilation) are not caught.
'_wrap_timer' is an internal interface used for unit testing. If it
is not None, it must be a callable that accepts a timer function
and returns another timer function (used for unit testing).
"""
if args is None:
args = sys.argv[1:]
import getopt
try:
opts, args = getopt.getopt(args, "n:u:s:r:tcpvh",
["number=", "setup=", "repeat=",
"time", "clock", "process",
"verbose", "unit=", "help"])
except getopt.error as err:
print(err)
print("use -h/--help for command line help")
return 2
timer = default_timer
stmt = "\n".join(args) or "pass"
number = 0 # auto-determine
setup = []
repeat = default_repeat
verbose = 0
time_unit = None
units = {"usec": 1, "msec": 1e3, "sec": 1e6}
precision = 3
for o, a in opts:
if o in ("-n", "--number"):
number = int(a)
if o in ("-s", "--setup"):
setup.append(a)
if o in ("-u", "--unit"):
if a in units:
time_unit = a
else:
print("Unrecognized unit. Please select usec, msec, or sec.",
file=sys.stderr)
return 2
if o in ("-r", "--repeat"):
repeat = int(a)
if repeat <= 0:
repeat = 1
if o in ("-t", "--time"):
timer = time.time
if o in ("-c", "--clock"):
timer = time.clock
if o in ("-p", "--process"):
timer = time.process_time
if o in ("-v", "--verbose"):
if verbose:
precision += 1
verbose += 1
if o in ("-h", "--help"):
print(__doc__, end=' ')
return 0
setup = "\n".join(setup) or "pass"
# Include the current directory, so that local imports work (sys.path
# contains the directory of this script, rather than the current
# directory)
import os
sys.path.insert(0, os.curdir)
if _wrap_timer is not None:
timer = _wrap_timer(timer)
t = Timer(stmt, setup, timer)
if number == 0:
# determine number so that 0.2 <= total time < 2.0
for i in range(1, 10):
number = 10**i
try:
x = t.timeit(number)
except:
t.print_exc()
return 1
if verbose:
print("%d loops -> %.*g secs" % (number, precision, x))
if x >= 0.2:
break
try:
r = t.repeat(repeat, number)
except:
t.print_exc()
return 1
best = min(r)
if verbose:
print("raw times:", " ".join(["%.*g" % (precision, x) for x in r]))
print("%d loops," % number, end=' ')
usec = best * 1e6 / number
if time_unit is not None:
print("best of %d: %.*g %s per loop" % (repeat, precision,
usec/units[time_unit], time_unit))
else:
if usec < 1000:
print("best of %d: %.*g usec per loop" % (repeat, precision, usec))
else:
msec = usec / 1000
if msec < 1000:
print("best of %d: %.*g msec per loop" % (repeat,
precision, msec))
else:
sec = msec / 1000
print("best of %d: %.*g sec per loop" % (repeat,
precision, sec))
return None
if __name__ == "__main__":
sys.exit(main())