苏浪浪 201771010120《面向对象程序设计(java)》第六章学习总结

第五章

主要学习OOP另一个部分----继承,继承使程序员可以使用现有的类,并根据需要进行修改。这是Java程序设计中的一个基础设计。

1.类、超类和子类; 

(1) 已有类称为:超类(superclass)、基类(base class) 或父类(parent  class)

新类称作:子类(subclass)、派生类(derived  class)或孩子类(child class)

(2).super是一个指示编译器调用超类方法的特有关键字,它不是一个对象的引用,不能将super赋给另一个对象变量

注:Java不支持多继承。

(3).多态性:多态性泛指在程序中同一个符号在不同的情况 下具有不同解释的现象。

(4). 不允许继承的类称为final类,在类的定义中用final修饰符加以说明

(5).抽象类:抽象方法充当着占位的角色,它们的具体实现在子类中。(  抽象类不能被实例化,即不能创建对象,只能产生子类。)

2.Object:所有类的超类;

1. Object类是Java中所有类的始祖——每一个类都由它扩展而来。

2.可以使用类型为Object的变量指向任意类型的对象。但要对它们进行专门的操作都要进行类型转换。

3. Object类中的equals方法用于测试某个对象是否同另一个对象相等。

4. Object类中的hashCode方法导出某个对象的散列码。散列码是任意整数,表示对象的存储地址。

两个相等对象的散列码相等。

3.泛型数组列表;

1. Java中,利用ArrayList类,可允许程序在运行时确定数组的大小。.

2.ArryList是一个采用类型参数的泛型类。为指定数组列表保存元素的对象类型,需要用一对尖括号将数组元素对象类名括起来加在后面。

ArryList<Employee> staff=new ArrayList<Employee>();

4.对象包装器和自动打包;

1. 所有基本数据类型都有着与之对应的预定义类,它们被称为对象包装器。

2. 对象包装器类是不可变的,即一旦构造了包装器,就不允更改包装在其中的值。且对象包装器类还是final,因此不能定义它们的子类。

3. 在JavaSE5.0中,可以自动的将基本数据类型转换为包装器类的对象,将这种变换称为自动打包

5.参数数量可变的方法;

1 在Java SE 5.0以前的版本中,每个Java方法都有固定数量的参数。然而,现在的版本提供了可以用可变的参数数量调用的方法(称为“可变参 ”方法)。

2. 用户自己可以定义可变参数的方法,并将参数指定为任意类型,甚至是基本类型。

6.枚举类;

1. 声明枚举类

 publicenumGrade{A,B,C,D,E};

它包括一个关键字enum,一个新枚举类型的名字 Grade以及为Grade定义的一组值,这里的值既非整型,亦非字符型。

2. 枚举类是一个类,它的隐含超类是java.lang.Enum。

3枚举值并不是整数或其它类型,是被声明的枚举类的自身实例

1、实验目的与要求

(1) 理解继承的定义;

(2) 掌握子类的定义要求

(3) 掌握多态性的概念及用法;

(4) 掌握抽象类的定义及用途;

(5) 掌握类中4个成员访问权限修饰符的用途;

(6) 掌握抽象类的定义方法及用途;

(7)掌握Object类的用途及常用API;

(8) 掌握ArrayList类的定义方法及用法;

(9) 掌握枚举类定义方法及用途。

2、实验内容和步骤

实验1: 导入第5章示例程序,测试并进行代码注释。

测试程序1:

Ÿ   在elipse IDE中编辑、调试、运行程序5-1 (教材152页-153页) ;

Ÿ   掌握子类的定义及用法;

Ÿ   结合程序运行结果,理解并总结OO风格程序构造特点,理解Employee和Manager类的关系子类的用途,并在代码中添加注释。

ManagerTest:类:

package inheritance;

/**
 * This program demonstrates inheritance.
 * @version 1.21 2004-02-21
 * @author Cay Horstmann
 */
public class ManagerTest
{
   public static void main(String[] args)
   {
      // 构建管理器对象
      Manager boss = new Manager("Carl Cracker", 80000, 1987, 12, 15);
      boss.setBonus(5000);

      Employee[] staff = new Employee[3];

      // 用Manager和Employee对象填充staff数组

      staff[0] = boss;
      staff[1] = new Employee("Harry Hacker", 50000, 1989, 10, 1);
      staff[2] = new Employee("Tommy Tester", 40000, 1990, 3, 15);

      // 打印所有Employee对象的信息
      for (Employee e : staff)
         System.out.println("name=" + e.getName() + ",salary=" + e.getSalary());
   }
}

employee类:

1 package inheritance;
 2 
 3 import java.time.*;
 4 
 5 public class Employee
 6 {
 7    private String name;//构建三个私有对象
 8    private double salary;
 9    private LocalDate hireDay;
10 
11    public Employee(String name, double salary, int year, int month, int day)
12    {
13       this.name = name;
14       this.salary = salary;
15       hireDay = LocalDate.of(year, month, day);
16    }
17 
18    public String getName()
19    {
20       return name;
21    }
22 
23    public double getSalary()
24    {
25       return salary;
26    }
27 
28    public LocalDate getHireDay()
29    {
30       return hireDay;
31    }
32 
33    public void raiseSalary(double byPercent)
34    {
35       double raise = salary * byPercent / 100;
36       salary += raise;
37    }
38 }

Manager类:

package inheritance;

import java.time.*;

public class Employee
{
   private String name;
   private double salary;
   private LocalDate hireDay;

   public Employee(String name, double salary, int year, int month, int day)
   {
      this.name = name;
      this.salary = salary;
      hireDay = LocalDate.of(year, month, day);
   }

   public String getName()
   {
      return name;
   }

   public double getSalary()
   {
      return salary;
   }

   public LocalDate getHireDay()
   {
      return hireDay;
   }

   public void raiseSalary(double byPercent)
   {
      double raise = salary * byPercent / 100;
      salary += raise;
   }
}

测试程序2:

Ÿ   编辑、编译、调试运行教材PersonTest程序(教材163页-165页);

Ÿ   掌握超类的定义及其使用要求;

Ÿ   掌握利用超类扩展子类的要求;

Ÿ   在程序中相关代码处添加新知识的注释。

PersonTest类:

package abstractClasses;

/**
 * This program demonstrates abstract classes.
 * @version 1.01 2004-02-21
 * @author Cay Horstmann
 */
public class PersonTest
{
   public static void main(String[] args)
   {
      Person[] people = new Person[2];

      // 用Student和Employee对象填充人员数组
      people[0] = new Employee("Harry Hacker", 50000, 1989, 10, 1);
      people[1] = new Student("Maria Morris", "computer science");

      // 打印所有Person对象的名称和描述
      for (Person p : people)
         System.out.println(p.getName() + ", " + p.getDescription());
   }
}

Person类:

package abstractClasses;

public abstract class Person//定义抽象类型Person
{
   public abstract String getDescription();//定义抽象描述
   private String name;

   public Person(String name)
   {
      this.name = name;
   }

   public String getName()
   {
      return name;
   }
}

Employee类

package abstractClasses;

import java.time.*;

public class Employee extends Person//子类Employee继承父类Person
{
   private double salary;
   private LocalDate hireDay;

   public Employee(String name, double salary, int year, int month, int day)
   {
      super(name);//继承父类的方法
      this.salary = salary;
      hireDay = LocalDate.of(year, month, day);//hireDay使用LocalDate的方法
   }

   public double getSalary()
   {
      return salary;
   }

   public LocalDate getHireDay()
   {
      return hireDay;
   }

   public String getDescription()
   {
      return String.format("an employee with a salary of $%.2f", salary);
   }

   public void raiseSalary(double byPercent)
   {
      double raise = salary * byPercent / 100;
      salary += raise;
   }
}

Student:

package abstractClasses;

public class Student extends Person
//子类Student继承父类Person { private String major; /** * @param nama the student's name * @param major the student's major */ public Student(String name, String major) { // 将name传递给父类构造函数 super(name); this.major = major; } public String getDescription() { return "a student majoring in " + major; } }

测试程序3:

Ÿ   编辑、编译、调试运行教材程序5-8、5-9、5-10,结合程序运行结果理解程序(教材174页-177页);

Ÿ   掌握Object类的定义及用法;

Ÿ   在程序中相关代码处添加新知识的注释。

EqualsTest

package equals;

/**
 * This program demonstrates the equals method.
 * @version 1.12 2012-01-26
 * @author Cay Horstmann
 */
public class EqualsTest
{
   public static void main(String[] args)
   {
      Employee alice1 = new Employee("Alice Adams", 75000, 1987, 12, 15);
      Employee alice2 = alice1;
      Employee alice3 = new Employee("Alice Adams", 75000, 1987, 12, 15);
      Employee bob = new Employee("Bob Brandson", 50000, 1989, 10, 1);

      System.out.println("alice1 == alice2: " + (alice1 == alice2));

      System.out.println("alice1 == alice3: " + (alice1 == alice3));

      System.out.println("alice1.equals(alice3): " + alice1.equals(alice3));

      System.out.println("alice1.equals(bob): " + alice1.equals(bob));

      System.out.println("bob.toString(): " + bob);

      Manager carl = new Manager("Carl Cracker", 80000, 1987, 12, 15);
      Manager boss = new Manager("Carl Cracker", 80000, 1987, 12, 15);
      boss.setBonus(5000);
      System.out.println("boss.toString(): " + boss);
      System.out.println("carl.equals(boss): " + carl.equals(boss));
      System.out.println("alice1.hashCode(): " + alice1.hashCode());
      System.out.println("alice3.hashCode(): " + alice3.hashCode());
      System.out.println("bob.hashCode(): " + bob.hashCode());
      System.out.println("carl.hashCode(): " + carl.hashCode());
   }
}

Employee:

package equals;

import java.time.*;
import java.util.Objects;

public class Employee
{
   private String name;
   private double salary;
   private LocalDate hireDay;

   public Employee(String name, double salary, int year, int month, int day)
   {
      this.name = name;
      this.salary = salary;
      hireDay = LocalDate.of(year, month, day);
   }

   public String getName()
   {
      return name;
   }

   public double getSalary()
   {
      return salary;
   }

   public LocalDate getHireDay()
   {
      return hireDay;
   }

   public void raiseSalary(double byPercent)
   {
      double raise = salary * byPercent / 100;
      salary += raise;
   }

   public boolean equals(Object otherObject)
   {
      // 快速测试,看看这些对象是否相同
      if (this == otherObject) return true;
      // 如果显式参数为空,则必须返回false
      if (otherObject == null) return false;
      // 如果类不匹配,它们就不能相等
      if (getClass() != otherObject.getClass()) return false;
      Employee other = (Employee) otherObject;
      // 测试字段是否具有相同的值
      return Objects.equals(name, other.name) && salary == other.salary && Objects.equals(hireDay, other.hireDay);
   }

   public int hashCode()
   {
      return Objects.hash(name, salary, hireDay); 
   }

   public String toString()
   {
      return getClass().getName() + "[name=" + name + ",salary=" + salary + ",hireDay=" + hireDay
            + "]";
   }
}

Manager:

package equals;

public class Manager extends Employee//子类Manager继承父类Employee
{
   private double bonus;

   public Manager(String name, double salary, int year, int month, int day)
   {
      super(name, salary, year, month, day);
      bonus = 0;
   }

   public double getSalary()
   {
      double baseSalary = super.getSalary();
      return baseSalary + bonus;
   }

   public void setBonus(double bonus)
   {
      this.bonus = bonus;
   }

   public boolean equals(Object otherObject)
   {
      if (!super.equals(otherObject)) return false;
      Manager other = (Manager) otherObject;
      // super.equals检查这个和其他属于同一个类
      return bonus == other.bonus;
   }

   public int hashCode()
   {
      return java.util.Objects.hash(super.hashCode(), bonus);
   }

   public String toString()
   {
      return super.toString() + "[bonus=" + bonus + "]";
   }
}

测试程序4:

Ÿ   在elipse IDE中调试运行程序5-11(教材182页),结合程序运行结果理解程序;

Ÿ   掌握ArrayList类的定义及用法;

Ÿ   在程序中相关代码处添加新知识的注释。

package arrayList;

import java.util.*;

/**
 * This program demonstrates the ArrayList class.
 * @version 1.11 2012-01-26
 * @author Cay Horstmann
 */
public class ArrayListTest
{
   public static void main(String[] args)
   {
      // 用三个Employee对象填充staff数组列表
      ArrayList<Employee> staff = new ArrayList<>();

      staff.add(new Employee("Carl Cracker", 75000, 1987, 12, 15));
      staff.add(new Employee("Harry Hacker", 50000, 1989, 10, 1));
      staff.add(new Employee("Tony Tester", 40000, 1990, 3, 15));
      for (Employee e : staff)
         e.raiseSalary(5);

      // 打印所有Employee对象的信息
      for (Employee e : staff)
         System.out.println("name=" + e.getName() + ",salary=" + e.getSalary() + ",hireDay="
               + e.getHireDay());
   }
}

Employee

package arrayList;

import java.time.*;

public class Employee
{
   private String name;
   private double salary;
   private LocalDate hireDay;

   public Employee(String name, double salary, int year, int month, int day)
   {
      this.name = name;
      this.salary = salary;
      hireDay = LocalDate.of(year, month, day);
   }

   public String getName()
   {
      return name;
   }

   public double getSalary()
   {
      return salary;
   }

   public LocalDate getHireDay()
   {
      return hireDay;
   }

   public void raiseSalary(double byPercent)
   {
      double raise = salary * byPercent / 100;
      salary += raise;
   }
}

测试程序5:

Ÿ   编辑、编译、调试运行程序5-12(教材189页),结合运行结果理解程序;

Ÿ   掌握枚举类的定义及用法;

Ÿ   在程序中相关代码处添加新知识的注释。

package enums;

import java.util.*;

/**
 * This program demonstrates enumerated types.
 * @version 1.0 2004-05-24
 * @author Cay Horstmann
 */
public class EnumTest
{  
   public static void main(String[] args)
   {  
      Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
      System.out.print("Enter a size: (SMALL, MEDIUM, LARGE, EXTRA_LARGE) ");
      String input = in.next().toUpperCase();
      Size size = Enum.valueOf(Size.class, input);
      System.out.println("size=" + size);
      System.out.println("abbreviation=" + size.getAbbreviation());
      if (size == Size.EXTRA_LARGE)//判断语句
         System.out.println("Good job--you paid attention to the _.");      
   }
}

enum Size
{
   SMALL("S"), MEDIUM("M"), LARGE("L"), EXTRA_LARGE("XL");

   private Size(String abbreviation) { this.abbreviation = abbreviation; }
   public String getAbbreviation() { return abbreviation; }

   private String abbreviation;
}

实验2编程练习1

Ÿ   定义抽象类Shape:

属性:不可变常量double PI,值为3.14;

方法:public double getPerimeter();public double getArea())。

Ÿ   让Rectangle与Circle继承自Shape类。

Ÿ   编写double sumAllArea方法输出形状数组中的面积和和double sumAllPerimeter方法输出形状数组中的周长和。

Ÿ   main方法中

1)输入整型值n,然后建立n个不同的形状。如果输入rect,则再输入长和宽。如果输入cir,则再输入半径。
2) 然后输出所有的形状的周长之和,面积之和。并将所有的形状信息以样例的格式输出。
3) 最后输出每个形状的类型与父类型,使用类似shape.getClass()(获得类型),shape.getClass().getSuperclass()(获得父类型);

思考sumAllArea和sumAllPerimeter方法放在哪个类中更合适?

输入样例:

3

rect

1 1

rect

2 2

cir

1

输出样例:

18.28

8.14

[Rectangle [width=1, length=1], Rectangle [width=2, length=2], Circle [radius=1]]

class Rectangle,class Shape

class Rectangle,class Shape

class Circle,class Shape

Test类:

package bbb;
    abstract class Shape { //定义抽象父类Shape
    abstract double getPerimeter(); //定义求解周长的方法
    abstract double getArea(); //定义求解面积的方法
    }

    class Rectangle extends Shape{ 
    private int length;
    private int width;
    public Rectangle(int length, int width) {
        this.length = length;
        this.width = width;
    }
    //继承父类
    double getPerimeter(){ //调用父类求周长的方法
    return 2*(length+width);
    }
    double getArea(){
    return length*width; //调用父类求面积的方法
    }
    }

    class Circle extends Shape{
    private int radius;
    public Circle(int radius) {
        this.radius = radius;
    }
    double getPerimeter(){
    return 2 * Math.PI * radius;
    }
    double getArea(){
    return Math.PI * radius * radius;
    }
    }

shape类

package bbb;
    abstract class Shape { //定义抽象父类Shape
    abstract double getPerimeter(); //定义求解周长的方法
    abstract double getArea(); //定义求解面积的方法
    }

    class Rectangle extends Shape{ 
    private int length;
    private int width;
    public Rectangle(int length, int width) {
        this.length = length;
        this.width = width;
    }
    //继承父类
    double getPerimeter(){ //调用父类求周长的方法
    return 2*(length+width);
    }
    double getArea(){
    return length*width; //调用父类求面积的方法
    }
    }

    class Circle extends Shape{
    private int radius;
    public Circle(int radius) {
        this.radius = radius;
    }
    double getPerimeter(){
    return 2 * Math.PI * radius;
    }
    double getArea(){
    return Math.PI * radius * radius;
    }
    }

实验3编程练习2

编制一个程序,将身份证号.txt 中的信息读入到内存中,输入一个身份证号或姓名,查询显示查询对象的姓名、身份证号、年龄、性别和出生地。

package 实验6;

import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Scanner;

public class Demo3{
    private static ArrayList<Student> studentlist;
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        studentlist = new ArrayList<>();
        Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
        File file = new File("E:\\身份证号.txt");
        try {
            FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(file);
            BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(fis));
            String temp = null;
            while ((temp = in.readLine()) != null) {
                
                Scanner linescanner = new Scanner(temp);
                
                linescanner.useDelimiter(" ");    
                String name = linescanner.next();
                String number = linescanner.next();
                String sex = linescanner.next();
                String year = linescanner.next();
                String province =linescanner.nextLine();
                Student student = new Student();
                student.setName(name);
                student.setnumber(number);
                student.setsex(sex);
                student.setyear(year);
                student.setprovince(province);
                studentlist.add(student);

            }
        } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
            System.out.println("学生信息文件找不到");
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (IOException e) {
            System.out.println("学生信息文件读取错误");
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        boolean isTrue = true;
        while (isTrue) {

            System.out.println("1.按姓名查询");
            System.out.println("2.按身份证号查询");
            System.out.println("3.退出");
            int nextInt = scanner.nextInt();
            switch (nextInt) {
            case 1:
                System.out.println("请输入姓名");
                String studentname = scanner.next();
                int nameint = findStudentByname(studentname);
                if (nameint != -1) {
                    System.out.println("查找信息为:身份证号:"
                            + studentlist.get(nameint).getnumber() + "    姓名:"
                            + studentlist.get(nameint).getName() +"    性别:"
                            +studentlist.get(nameint).getsex()   +"    年龄:"
                            +studentlist.get(nameint).getyaer()+"  地址:"
                            +studentlist.get(nameint).getprovince()
                            );
                } else {
                    System.out.println("不存在该学生");
                }
                break;
            case 2:
                System.out.println("请输入身份证号");
                String studentid = scanner.next();
                int idint = findStudentByid(studentid);
                if (idint != -1) {
                    System.out.println("查找信息为:身份证号:"
                            + studentlist.get(idint ).getnumber() + "    姓名:"
                            + studentlist.get(idint ).getName() +"    性别:"
                            +studentlist.get(idint ).getsex()   +"    年龄:"
                            +studentlist.get(idint ).getyaer()+"   地址:"
                            +studentlist.get(idint ).getprovince()
                            );
                } else {
                    System.out.println("不存在该学生");
                }
                break;
            case 3:
                isTrue = false;
                System.out.println("程序已退出!");
                break;
            default:
                System.out.println("输入有误");
            }
        }
    }

    public static int findStudentByname(String name) {
        int flag = -1;
        int a[];
        for (int i = 0; i < studentlist.size(); i++) {
            if (studentlist.get(i).getName().equals(name)) {
                flag= i;
            }
        }
        return flag;
    }

    public static int findStudentByid(String id) {
        int flag = -1;

        for (int i = 0; i < studentlist.size(); i++) {
            if (studentlist.get(i).getnumber().equals(id)) {
                flag = i;
            }
        }
        return flag;
    }   
}
package 实验6;    
    public class Student {

    private String name;
    private String number ;
    private String sex ;
    private String year;
    private String province;
   
    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }
    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }
    public String getnumber() {
        return number;
    }
    public void setnumber(String number) {
        this.number = number;
    }
    public String getsex() {
        return sex ;
    }
    public void setsex(String sex ) {
        this.sex =sex ;
    }
    public String getyaer() {
        return year;
    }
    public void setyear(String year ) {
        this.year=year ;
    }
    public String getprovince() {
    return province;
    }
    public void setprovince(String province) {
        this.province=province ;
    }
}

实验总结:

 理解继承的定义; 掌握了子类的定义要求 、多态性的概念及用法; 掌握了抽象类的定义及用途、Object类的用途及常用API、ArrayList类的定义方法及用法、枚举类定义方法及用途。并且在同学的帮助下成功完成了两个实验练习题,我相信我会慢慢的不再需要别人的帮助,独立的做出一些练习题。

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转载自www.cnblogs.com/xiaolangoxiaolang/p/9750141.html