Nginx应用优化

一、Nginx隐藏版本号;

二、网页缓存、连接超时、网页压缩传输;

三、访问控制、定义错误页面、自动索引、目录别名;

四、日志分割;

五、防盗链;

六、虚拟主机;

七、平滑升级;

八、UA实现手机电脑页面分离、拒绝http客户端测试、拒绝恶意请求;

九、加载第三方模块;

 

案例环境:

系统类型

IP地址

主机名

所需软件

Centos 6.5

192.168.100.150

www.linuxfan.cn

nginx-1.6.2.tar.gz

 

注:如若在此过程中出现DNS解析缓存问题,解决方式如下;

 

一、Nginx隐藏版本号;

方式一:修改配置文件

  • 安装Nginx;

[root@www ~]# yum -y install pcre-devel zlib-devel popt-devel openssl-devel openssl

[root@www ~]# useradd -M -s /sbin/nologin nginx

[root@www ~]# tar zxvf nginx-1.6.2.tar.gz -C /usr/src/

[root@www ~]# cd /usr/src/nginx-1.6.2/

[root@www nginx-1.6.2]#  ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/nginx --user=nginx --group=nginx --with-file-aio --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_gzip_static_module --with-http_flv_module --with-http_ssl_module --with-pcre && make && make install

[root@www nginx-1.6.2]# cd

[root@www ~]# ln -s /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx /usr/local/sbin/

[root@www ~]# nginx

[root@www ~]# netstat -utlpn |grep 80

tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:80                  0.0.0.0:*                   LISTEN      5618/nginx          

  • 配置版本号隐藏;

[root@www ~]# curl -I http://www.linuxfan.cn ##选项为-i

HTTP/1.1 200 OK

Server: nginx/1.6.2

Date: Wed, 11 Jul 2018 16:43:05 GMT

Content-Type: text/html

Content-Length: 612

Last-Modified: Wed, 11 Jul 2018 16:40:55 GMT

Connection: keep-alive

ETag: "5b463317-264"

Accept-Ranges: bytes 

[root@www ~]# vi  /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf   ##在http{}内添加即可

     20     server_tokens off;

:wq

[root@www ~]# nginx -t    ##检查nginx配置文件语法

nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok

nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful

[root@www ~]# killall  -9  nginx

[root@www ~]# nginx   

[root@www ~]# curl -I http://www.linuxfan.cn

HTTP/1.1 200 OK

Server: nginx    ##版本已经隐藏

Date: Fri, 08 Dec 2017 22:56:00 GMT

Content-Type: text/html

Content-Length: 612

Last-Modified: Fri, 08 Dec 2017 22:47:50 GMT

Connection: keep-alive

ETag: "5a2b1696-264"

Accept-Ranges: bytes

 

方式二:修改源码包;

[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install pcre-devel zlib-devel popt-devel openssl-*

[root@localhost ~]# useradd -M -s /sbin/nologin nginx

[root@localhost ~]# tar zxf nginx-1.6.2.tar.gz -C /usr/src/

[root@localhost ~]# cd /usr/src/nginx-1.6.2/

[root@localhost nginx-1.6.2]# vim src/core/nginx.h    ##修改源代码实现隐藏版本

 13 #define NGINX_VERSION      "6.6.6"

 14 #define NGINX_VER          "linuxfan.cn/" NGINX_VERSION

 15

 16 #define NGINX_VAR          "linuxfan.cn"

:wq

[root@localhost nginx-1.6.2]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/nginx --user=nginx --group=nginx --with-file-aio --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_gzip_static_module --with-http_flv_module --with-http_ssl_module --with-pcre && make && make install

[root@localhost nginx-1.6.2]# cd

[root@localhost ~]# ln -s /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx /usr/local/sbin/

[root@localhost ~]# nginx

[root@localhost ~]# curl  -I  http://www.linuxfan.cn

HTTP/1.1 200 OK

Server: linuxfan.cn/6.6.6

Date: Fri, 08 Dec 2017 23:06:20 GMT

Content-Type: text/html

Content-Length: 612

Last-Modified: Fri, 08 Dec 2017 23:05:45 GMT

Connection: keep-alive

ETag: "5a2b1ac9-264"

Accept-Ranges: bytes

 

二、网页缓存、连接超时、网页压缩传输;

1.网页缓存:

作用:页面缓存一般针对静态网页进行设置,对动态网页不用设置缓存时间。方便客户端

在日后进行相同内容的请求时直接返回,以避免重复请求,加快了访问速度。                              

配置nginx缓存:

[root@www ~]# cat <<END >/usr/local/nginx/html/index.html

<html>

<head>

<title>www.linuxfan.cn</title>

</head>

<body>

www.linuxfan.cn

<img src="./linux.jpg"/>

</body>

</html>

END

[root@www ~]# ls /usr/local/nginx/html/

index.html  linux.jpg

[root@www ~]# vi /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf

     55         location  ~  \.(gif|jpg|jpeg|png|bmp|ico)$   {

     56             expires 1d;

     57         }

     58         location  ~  .*\.(js|css)$   {     

     59             expires 1h;          

     60         }

:wq

[root@www ~]# nginx -t

nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok

nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful

[root@www ~]# killall  -9  nginx

[root@www ~]# nginx

客户端访问验证:

2.连接超时:

作用:在企业网站中,为了避免同一个客户长时间占用连接,造成服务器资源浪费,可以设置相应的连接超时参数,实现控制连接访问时间。

配置项:

keepalived_timeout

设置连接保持超时时间,一般可只设置该参数,默认为 65 秒,可根据网站的情况设置,或者关闭,可在 http 段、 server 段、或者 location 段设置。

client_header_timeout

指定等待客户端发送请求头的超时时间。

client_body_timeout

设置请求体读取超时时间。

注意: 若出现超时,会返回 408 报错

 

[root@www ~]# vi /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf

     32     keepalive_timeout  65;

     33     client_header_timeout 60;

     34     client_body_timeout 60;

:wq

[root@www ~]# killall  -9  nginx

[root@www ~]# nginx -t

nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok

nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful

[root@www ~]# nginx

 

3.网页压缩传输:

作用:将服务端传输的网页文件压缩传输,使其更加快速、减少带宽的占用;

配置:

[root@www ~]# vi /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf

     37     gzip on;  ##开启 gzip 压缩输出

     38     gzip_min_length 1k;  ##用于设置允许压缩的页面最小字节数

     39     gzip_buffers 4 16k; ##表示申请4 个单位为 16k 的内存作为压缩结果流缓存,默认值是申请与原始数据大小相同的内存空间来储存 gzip 压缩结果

     40     gzip_http_version 1.1; # #设置识别 http 协议版本,默认是 1.1

     41     gzip_comp_level 2; ##gzip 压缩比, 1-9 等级

     42   gzip_types text/plain text/javascript application/x-javascript text/css text/xml application/xml application/xml+rss;  ##压缩类型,是就对哪些网页文档启用压缩功能

[root@www ~]# nginx -t

nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok

nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful

[root@www ~]# killall nginx

[root@www ~]# nginx

 

三、访问控制、定义错误页面、自动索引、目录别名;

1.访问控制:

作用:限制访问网站资源;

配置项:

auth_basic "Nginx Status";

认证提示文字

auth_basic_user_file /usr/local/nginx/conf/user.conf;

认证用户文件,可以使用apache提供的htpasswd命令来生成文件

allow 192.168.100.1;

允许客户端ip地址

deny 192.168.100.0/24;

拒绝的网段

配置:

[root@www ~]# yum -y install httpd-tools

[root@www ~]# htpasswd -c /usr/local/nginx/conf/user.conf zs

[root@www ~]# cat /usr/local/nginx/conf/user.conf

zs:VJVdQdVHEIvZo

[root@www ~]# vi /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf

     70         location /status        {

     71                 stub_status on;

     72                 access_log off;

     73                 auth_basic "Nginx Status";

     74                 auth_basic_user_file /usr/local/nginx/conf/user.conf;

     75                 allow 192.168.100.1;

     76                 deny 192.168.100.0/24;

     77         }

[root@ www ~]# killall -9 nginx

[root@ www ~]# nginx

客户端访问验证:

 

2.定义错误页面:

作用:根据客户端的访问网站的返回状态码,为其指定到特定的错误页面;

配置:

[root@ www ~]# vi /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf

     78         error_page 403 404 /404.html;     

     79         location = /404.html {

     80         root html;

     81         }

[root@ www ~]# echo "deny" >>/usr/local/nginx/html/404.html

[root@ www ~]# killall -9 nginx

[root@www ~]# nginx

客户端访问验证:

3.自动索引:

作用:将网站转化为类似ftp的站点,作为共享文件的工具;

配置:

[root@www ~]# mkdir  -p  /usr/local/nginx/html/download/haha/

[root@www ~]# touch /usr/local/nginx/html/download/haha/{1..10}.txt

[root@www ~]# vi /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf

     82         location /download {

     83                 autoindex on;

     84         }

[root@www ~]# killall -9 nginx

[root@www ~]# nginx

客户端访问测试:

4.目录别名:

作用:将域名后缀的路径设置一个别名,通过多种方式访问;

配置:

[root@www ~]# vi /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf

     85         location /dw {

     86                 alias /usr/local/nginx/html/haha/;

     87         }

[root@www ~]# mkdir /usr/local/nginx/html/haha

[root@www ~]# echo "haha" >/usr/local/nginx/html/haha/index.html

[root@www ~]# killall -9 nginx

[root@www ~]# nginx

客户端访问测试:

 

四、日志分割;

方式:脚本方式

技术要点:

a.剪切日志后,使用kill  -USR1发送信号重新生成日志文件,同时还不影响网站请求处理进程。

b.错误时通过echo和tee -a命令将错误显示的同时写入到日志文件/var/log/messages。

[root@www ~]# vi /root/cut_nginx_log.sh

#!/bin/bash

# by www.linuxfan.cn cut_nginx_log.sh

datetime=$(date -d "-1 day" "+%Y%m%d")

log_path="/usr/local/nginx/logs"

pid_path="/usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx.pid"

mkdir -p $log_path/backup

if [ -f $pid_path ]

then

mv $log_path/access.log $log_path/backup/access.log-$datetime

kill -USR1 $(cat $pid_path)

##USR1通常被用来告知应用程序重载配置文件;

find $log_path/backup -mtime +30 | xargs rm -f

else

echo "Error,Nginx is not working!"  >> /var/log/messages

fi

:wq

[root@www ~]# chmod +x /root/cut_nginx_log.sh

[root@www ~]# echo "0 0 * * * /root/cut_nginx_log.sh" >>/var/spool/cron/root

[root@www ~]# crontab -l

0 0 * * * /root/cut_nginx_log.sh

[root@www ~]# sh -x /root/cut_nginx_log.sh

[root@www ~]# ls /usr/local/nginx/logs/

access.log  backup  error.log  nginx.pid

[root@www ~]# ls /usr/local/nginx/logs/backup/

access.log-20171208

 

五、防盗链;

作用:防盗链就是防止别人盗用服务器中的图片、文件、视频等相关资源。防盗链:是通过location  +  rewrite实现的;

应用举例:

location ~* \.(wma|wmv|asf|mp3|mmf|zip|rar|jpg|gif|png|swf|flv)$ {

valid_referers none blocked *.linuxfan.cn  linuxfan.cn;

if ($invalid_referer) {

rewrite ^/ http://www.linuxfan.cn/error.jpg;

第一行: wma|wmv|asf|mp3|mmf|zip|rar|jpg|gif|png|swf|flv 表示对这些后缀的文件进行防盗链。

第二行:valid_referers表示被允许的URL,none表示浏览器中 referer(Referer 是 header 的一部分,当浏览器向 web 服务器发送请求的时候,一般会带上 Referer,告诉服务器我是从哪个页面链接过来的,服务器基此可以获得一些信息用于处理) 为空的情况,就直接在浏览器访问图片,blocked referer 不为空的情况,但是值被代理或防火墙删除了,这些值不以http://或 https://开头,*.linuxfan是匹配URL的域名。

第三行:if{}判断如果是来自于invalid_referer(不被允许的URL)链接,即不是来自第二行指定的URL,就强制跳转到错误页面,当然直接返回 404 (return 404)也是可以的,也可以是图片。

注意:防盗链测试时,不要和expires配置一起使用。

案例环境:

系统类型

IP地址

主机名

所需软件

Centos 6.5

192.168.100.150

www.linuxfan.cn

nginx-1.6.2.tar.gz

Centos 6.5

192.168.100.151

www.linuxren.cn

nginx-1.6.2.tar.gz

 

1.搭建并配置www.linuxfan.cn;

[root@linuxfan ~]# yum -y install pcre-devel zlib-devel popt-devel openssl-devel openssl

[root@linuxfan ~]# useradd -M -s /sbin/nologin nginx

[root@linuxfan ~]# tar zxvf nginx-1.6.2.tar.gz -C /usr/src/

[root@linuxfan ~]# cd /usr/src/nginx-1.6.2/

[root@linuxfan nginx-1.6.2]#  ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/nginx --user=nginx --group=nginx --with-file-aio --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_gzip_static_module --with-http_flv_module --with-http_ssl_module --with-pcre && make && make install

[root@linuxfan nginx-1.6.2]# cd

[root@linuxfan ~]# ln -s /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx /usr/local/sbin/

[root@linuxfan ~]# nginx

[root@linuxfan ~]# netstat -utlpn |grep 80

tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:80                  0.0.0.0:*                   LISTEN      5618/nginx          

[root@linuxfan ~]# vi /usr/local/nginx/html/index.html

<html>

<head>

<title>www.linuxfan.cn</title>

</head>

<body>

www.lunuxfan.cn

<img src="./linux.jpg"/>

</body>

</html>

[root@linuxfan ~]# ls /usr/local/nginx/html/

index.html  linux.jpg

客户端访问测试:

 

2.搭建并配置www.linuxren.cn;

[root@linuxren ~]# yum -y install pcre-devel zlib-devel popt-devel openssl-devel openssl

[root@linuxren ~]# useradd -M -s /sbin/nologin nginx

[root@linuxren ~]# tar zxvf nginx-1.6.2.tar.gz -C /usr/src/

[root@linuxren ~]# cd /usr/src/nginx-1.6.2/

[root@linuxren nginx-1.6.2]#  ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/nginx --user=nginx --group=nginx --with-file-aio --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_gzip_static_module --with-http_flv_module --with-http_ssl_module --with-pcre && make && make install

[root@linuxren nginx-1.6.2]# cd

[root@linuxren ~]# ln -s /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx /usr/local/sbin/

[root@linuxren ~]# nginx

[root@linuxren ~]# netstat -utlpn |grep 80

tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:80                  0.0.0.0:*                   LISTEN      5618/nginx          

[root@linuxren ~]# vi /usr/local/nginx/html/index.html

<html>

<head>

<title>www.linuxren.cn</title>

</head>

<body>

www.linuxren.cn

<img src="http://www.linuxfan.cn/linux.jpg"/>

</body>

</html>

客户端访问测试:

3.为linuxfan主机设置防盗链;

[root@linuxfan ~]# vi /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf

      location ~* \.(wma|wmv|asf|mp3|mmf|zip|rar|jpg|gif|png|swf|flv|jpeg) {

                  valid_referers nonde blocked  *.linuxfan.cn  linuxfan.cn;

                  if  ($invalid_referer){

                          rewrite  ^/  http://www.linuxfan.cn/error.jpg;

                      }

              }

##注意:不得存在以下配置:

     55         location  ~  \.(gif|jpg|jpeg|png|bmp|ico)$   {

     56             expires 1d;

     57         }

[root@linuxfan ~]# killall -9 nginx

[root@ linuxfan ~]# nginx

 

4.清空浏览器的缓存,再次访问网站测试;

六、虚拟主机;

作用:在同一台服务器上部署多个网站,减免资源的占用;

实现方式:

1.不同IP,不同域名,相同端口;

2.相同IP,相同域名,不同端口;

3.相同IP,相同端口,不同域名;

 

案例环境:

系统类型

IP地址

主机名

所需软件

Centos 6.5

192.168.100.151

www.linuxren.cn

nginx-1.6.2.tar.gz

 

方式一:不同IP,不同域名,相同端口;

[root@linuxren ~]# ip a |grep 192.168.100

    inet 192.168.100.151/24 brd 192.168.100.255 scope global eth0

    inet 192.168.100.200/24 brd 192.168.100.255 scope global secondary eth0:0

[root@linuxren ~]# vi /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf

worker_processes 1;

        events {

           use epoll;

           worker_connections 4096;

                }

http {

        include mime.types;

        default_type application/octet-stream;

        log_format main '$remote_addr -$remote_user [$time_local] "$request"'

                        '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '

                        '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for" ';

        access_log logs/access.log main;

        sendfile  on;

        keepalive_timeout 65;

  server {

    listen 192.168.100.151:80;

    server_name www.linuxfan.cn;

    charset utf-8;

    access_log logs/linuxfan.access.log main;

    location / {

     root /var/www/linuxfan/;

     index index.html index.php;

       }

     }

  server {

    listen 192.168.100.200:80;

    server_name www.linuxren.cn;

    charset utf-8;

    access_log logs/linuxren.access.log main;

    location / {

     root  /var/www/linuxren/;

     index index.html index.php;

       }

     }

  }

[root@linuxren ~]# mkdir -p /var/www/linuxfan

[root@linuxren ~]# mkdir -p /var/www/linuxren

[root@linuxren ~]# echo "www.linuxfan.cn" >/var/www/linuxfan/index.html

[root@linuxren ~]# echo "www.linuxren.cn" >/var/www/linuxren/index.html

[root@linuxren ~]# killall -9 nginx

[root@linuxren ~]# nginx

客户端访问测试:

 

方式二:相同IP,不同域名,相同端口;

[root@linuxren ~]# vi /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf

worker_processes 1;

        events {

           use epoll;

           worker_connections 4096;

                }

http {

        include mime.types;

        default_type application/octet-stream;

        log_format main '$remote_addr -$remote_user [$time_local] "$request"'

                        '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '

                        '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for" ';

        access_log logs/access.log main;

        sendfile  on;

        keepalive_timeout 65;

  server {

    listen 192.168.100.151:80;

    server_name www.linuxfan.cn;

    charset utf-8;

    access_log logs/linuxfan.access.log main;

    location / {

     root /var/www/linuxfan/;

     index index.html index.php;

       }

     }

  server {

    listen 192.168.100.151:80;

    server_name www.linuxren.cn;

    charset utf-8;

    access_log logs/linuxren.access.log main;

    location / {

     root  /var/www/linuxren/;

     index index.html index.php;

       }

     }

  }

[root@linuxren ~]# killall -9 nginx

[root@linuxren ~]# nginx

客户端访问测试:

 

方式三:相同IP,不同端口,相同域名;

[root@linuxren ~]# vi /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf

worker_processes 1;

        events {

           use epoll;

           worker_connections 4096;

                }

http {

        include mime.types;

        default_type application/octet-stream;

        log_format main '$remote_addr -$remote_user [$time_local] "$request"'

                        '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '

                        '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for" ';

        access_log logs/access.log main;

        sendfile  on;

        keepalive_timeout 65;

  server {

    listen 192.168.100.151:80;

    server_name www.linuxfan.cn;

    charset utf-8;

    access_log logs/linuxfan.access.log main;

    location / {

     root /var/www/linuxfan/;

     index index.html index.php;

       }

     }

  server {

    listen 192.168.100.151:8080;

    server_name www.linuxfan.cn;

    charset utf-8;

    access_log logs/linuxren.access.log main;

    location / {

     root  /var/www/linuxren/;

     index index.html index.php;

       }

     }

  }

[root@linuxren ~]# killall -9 nginx

[root@linuxren ~]# nginx

客户端访问测试:

 

七、平滑升级;

原理:

1.Nginx 的主进程( master process)启动后完成配置加载和端口绑定等动作, fork 出指定数量的工作进程( worker process),这些子进程会持有监听端口的文件描述符( fd),并通过在该描述符上添加监听事件来接受连接( accept);

2.Nginx 主进程在启动完成后会进入等待状态,负责响应各类系统消息,如 SIGCHLD、 SIGHUP、SIGUSR2 等;

3.主进程支持的信号:

TERM, INT: 立刻退出;              QUIT: 等待工作进程结束后再退出

KILL: 强制终止进程;               HUP: 重新加载配置文件,使用新的配置启动工作进程,并逐步关闭旧进程。

USR1: 重新打开日志文件;     USR2: 启动新的主进程,实现热升级

WINCH: 逐步关闭工作进程及工作进程支持的信号;

 

过程:

1.查看旧版 nginx 的编译参数;

2.编译新版本 Nginx 源码包,安装路径需与旧版一致,注意:不要执行 make install;

3.备份二进制文件,用新版本的替换;

4.确保配置文件无报错;

5.发送 USR2 信号:向主进程( master)发送 USR2 信号, Nginx 会启动一个新版本的 master 进程和对应工作进程,和旧版一起处理请求;

6.发送 WINCH 信号:向旧的 Nginx 主进程( master)发送 WINCH 信号,它会逐步关闭自己的工作进程(主进程不退出),这时所有请求都会由新版 Nginx 处理;

7.发送 QUIT 信号:升级完毕,可向旧的 Nginx 主进程( master)发送( QUIT、 TERM、或者 KILL)信号,使旧的主进程退出;

8.验证 nginx 版本号,并访问测试;

 

配置:

  • 准备软件包并查看旧版安装选项;

[root@linuxren ~]# ls nginx-1.*

nginx-1.12.0.tar.gz  nginx-1.6.2.tar.gz

[root@linuxren ~]# nginx -V

nginx version: nginx/1.6.2

built by gcc 4.4.7 20120313 (Red Hat 4.4.7-4) (GCC)

TLS SNI support enabled

configure arguments: --prefix=/usr/local/nginx --user=nginx --group=nginx --with-file-aio --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_gzip_static_module --with-http_flv_module --with-http_ssl_module --with-pcre

 

  • 安装新版本Nginx;

[root@linuxren ~]# tar zxvf nginx-1.12.0.tar.gz -C /usr/src/

[root@linuxren ~]# cd /usr/src/nginx-1.12.0/

[root@linuxren nginx-1.12.0]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/nginx --user=nginx --group=nginx --with-file-aio --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_gzip_static_module --with-http_flv_module --with-http_ssl_module --with-pcre && make ##不能加make install,如若添加,则覆盖了

[root@linuxren nginx-1.12.0]# mv /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx   /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx.old

[root@linuxren nginx-1.12.0]# cp objs/nginx /usr/local/nginx/sbin/

[root@linuxren nginx-1.12.0]# nginx -t

nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok

nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful

[root@linuxren nginx-1.12.0]# cd

 

  • 使用信号实现热升级;

[root@linuxren ~]# ps aux |grep nginx  |grep -v grep

root       6059(老版本主进程)  0.0  0.2  45000  1032 ?        Ss   13:03   0:00 nginx: master process nginx

nginx      6060  0.0  0.3  45432  1624 ?        S    13:03   0:00 nginx: worker process

[root@linuxren ~]# kill -USR2 6059    ##发送 USR2 信号:向主进程( master)发送 USR2 信号, Nginx 会启动一个新版本的 master 进程和对应工作进程,和旧版一起处理请求。

[root@linuxren ~]# kill -WINCH $(cat /usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx.pid) ##关闭老版本的worker进程

[root@linuxren ~]# kill -QUIT $(cat /usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx.pid) ##关闭老版本的master进程

[root@linuxren ~]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx ##重新加载新版本的命令

[root@linuxren ~]# ps aux |grep nginx |grep -v grep

root      3864  0.0  0.2  45192  1188 ?        Ss   03:24   0:00 nginx: master process /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx

nginx     3865  0.0  0.6  46904  3052 ?        S    03:24   0:00 nginx: worker process

[root@linuxren ~]# nginx -V

nginx version: nginx/1.12.0

built by gcc 4.4.7 20120313 (Red Hat 4.4.7-4) (GCC)

built with OpenSSL 1.0.1e-fips 11 Feb 2013

TLS SNI support enabled

configure arguments: --prefix=/usr/local/nginx --user=nginx --group=nginx --with-file-aio --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_gzip_static_module --with-http_flv_module --with-http_ssl_module --with-pcre

 

八、UA实现手机电脑页面分离、拒绝http客户端测试、拒绝恶意请求;

作用:网站适配PC和手机设备,首先要能做出准确的判断。HTTP请求的Header中的User-Agent可以区分客户端的浏览器类型,可以通过User-Agent来判断客户端的设备。在国外有一套开源的通过User-Agent区分PC和手机的解决方案,可以直接使用:

配置:

[root@linuxfan ~]# mkdir -p /var/www/shouji

[root@linuxfan ~]# mkdir -p /var/www/diannao

[root@linuxfan ~]# cat <<END >>/var/www/shouji/index.html

my name is iphone!!!

END

[root@linuxfan ~]# cat <<END >>/var/www/diannao/index.html

my name is computer!!!

END

[root@linuxfan ~]# vi /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf

worker_processes 1;

        events {

           use epoll;

           worker_connections 4096;

                }

http {

        include mime.types;

        default_type application/octet-stream;

        log_format main '$remote_addr -$remote_user [$time_local] "$request"'

                        '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '

                        '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for" ';

        access_log logs/access.log main;

        sendfile  on;

        keepalive_timeout 65;

  server {

    listen 192.168.100.150:80;

    server_name www.linuxfan.cn;

    charset utf-8;

    access_log logs/linuxfan.access.log main;

 

#禁止Scrapy等工具的抓取

if ($http_user_agent ~* (Scrapy|Curl|HttpClient)) {

  return 403;

}

#禁止指定UA及UA为空的访问

if ($http_user_agent ~ "FeedDemon|JikeSpider|Indy Library|Alexa Toolbar|AskTbFXTV|AhrefsBot|CrawlDaddy|CoolpadWebkit|Java|Feedly|UniversalFeedParser|ApacheBench|Microsoft URL Control|Swiftbot|ZmEu|oBot|jaunty|Python-urllib|lightDeckReports Bot|YYSpider|DigExt|YisouSpider|HttpClient|MJ12bot|heritrix|EasouSpider|LinkpadBot|Ezooms|^$" )

{

  return 403;

}

#禁止非GET|HEAD|POST方式的抓取

if ($request_method !~ ^(GET|HEAD|POST)$) {

  return 403;

}

 

##配置UA页面移动端和PC端页面分离;

    set $mobile_rewrite do_not_perform;

 

if ($http_user_agent ~* "(android|bb\d+|meego).+mobile|avantgo|bada\/|blackberry|blazer|compal|elaine|fennec|hiptop|iemobile|ip(hone|od)|iris|kindle|lge|maemo|midp|mmp|mobile.+firefox|netfront|operam(ob|in)i|palm(os)?|phone|p(ixi|re)\/|plucker|pocket|psp|series(4|6)0|symbian|treo|up\.(browser|link)|vodafone|wap|windows ce|xda|xiino") {

  set $mobile_rewrite perform;

}

 

if ($http_user_agent ~* "^(1207|6310|6590|3gso|4thp|50[1-6]i|770s|802s|a wa|abac|ac(er|oo|s\-)|ai(ko|rn)|al(av|ca|co)|amoi|an(ex|ny|yw)|aptu|ar(ch|go)|as(te|us)|attw|au(di|\-m|r|s )|avan|be(ck|ll|nq)|bi(lb|rd)|bl(ac|az)|br(e|v)w|bumb|bw\-(n|u)|c55\/|capi|ccwa|cdm\-|cell|chtm|cldc|cmd\-|co(mp|nd)|craw|da(it|ll|ng)|dbte|dc\-s|devi|dica|dmob|do(c|p)o|ds(12|\-d)|el(49|ai)|em(l2|ul)|er(ic|k0)|esl8|ez([4-7]0|os|wa|ze)|fetc|fly(\-|_)|g1 u|g560|gene|gf\-5|g\-mo|go(\.w|od)|gr(ad|un)|haie|hcit|hd\-(m|p|t)|hei\-|hi(pt|ta)|hp( i|ip)|hs\-c|ht(c(\-||_|a|g|p|s|t)|tp)|hu(aw|tc)|i\-(20|go|ma)|i230|iac( |\-|\/)|ibro|idea|ig01|ikom|im1k|inno|ipaq|iris|ja(t|v)a|jbro|jemu|jigs|kddi|keji|kgt(|\/)|klon|kpt|kwc\-|kyo(c|k)|le(no|xi)|lg( g|\/(k|l|u)|50|54|\-[a-w])|libw|lynx|m1\-w|m3ga|m50\/|ma(te|ui|xo)|mc(01|21|ca)|m\-cr|me(rc|ri)|mi(o8|oa|ts)|mmef|mo(01|02|bi|de|do|t(\-||o|v)|zz)|mt(50|p1|v )|mwbp|mywa|n10[0-2]|n20[2-3]|n30(0|2)|n50(0|2|5)|n7(0(0|1)|10)|ne((c|m)\-|on|tf|wf|wg|wt)|nok(6|i)|nzph|o2im|op(ti|wv)|oran|owg1|p800|pan(a|d|t)|pdxg|pg(13|\-([1-8]|c))|phil|pire|pl(ay|uc)|pn\-2|po(ck|rt|se)|prox|psio|pt\-g|qa\-a|qc(07|12|21|32|60|\-[2-7]|i\-)|qtek|r380|r600|raks|rim9|ro(ve|zo)|s55\/|sa(ge|ma|mm|ms|ny|va)|sc(01|h\-|oo|p\-)|sdk\/|se(c(\-|0|1)|47|mc|nd|ri)|sgh\-|shar|sie(\-|m)|sk\-0|sl(45|id)|sm(al|ar|b3|it|t5)|so(ft|ny)|sp(01|h\-|v\-|v )|sy(01|mb)|t2(18|50)|t6(00|10|18)|ta(gt|lk)|tcl\-|tdg\-|tel(i|m)|tim\-|t\-mo|to(pl|sh)|ts(70|m\-|m3|m5)|tx\-9|up(\.b|g1|si)|utst|v400|v750|veri|vi(rg|te)|vk(40|5[0-3]|\-v)|vm40|voda|vulc|vx(52|53|60|61|70|80|81|83|85|98)|w3c(\-|)|webc|whit|wi(g|nc|nw)|wmlb|wonu|x700|yas\-|your|zeto|zte\-)") {

  set $mobile_rewrite perform;

}

    location / {

     root /var/www/diannao/;

     index index.html index.php;

        if ($mobile_rewrite = perform) {

                root /var/www/shouji/;

        }

     }

  }

}

[root@linuxfan ~]# killall -9 nginx

[root@linuxfan ~]# nginx

客户端访问测试:

 

九、加载第三方模块;

第三方模块下载地址:https://www.nginx.com/resources/wiki/modules/

模块一:echo-nginx-module-0.60.tar.gz

[root@linuxfan ~]# ls

echo-nginx-module-0.60.tar.gz  nginx-1.6.2.tar.gz

[root@linuxfan ~]# tar zxvf echo-nginx-module-0.60.tar.gz -C /usr/src/

[root@linuxfan ~]# tar zxvf nginx-1.6.2.tar.gz -C /usr/src/

[root@linuxfan ~]# cd /usr/src/nginx-1.6.2/

[root@linuxfan nginx-1.6.2# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/nginx --user=nginx --group=nginx --with-file-aio --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_gzip_static_module --with-http_flv_module --with-http_ssl_module --with-pcre --add-module=/usr/src/echo-nginx-module-0.60/  &&make &&make install

[root@linuxfan nginx-1.6.2# cd

[root@linuxfan ~]# ln -s /usr/local/nginx/sbin/* /usr/local/sbin/

[root@linuxfan ~] # vi /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf

worker_processes 1;

        events {

           use epoll;

           worker_connections 4096;

                }

http {

        include mime.types;

        default_type application/octet-stream;

        log_format main '$remote_addr -$remote_user [$time_local] "$request"'

                        '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '

                        '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for" ';

        access_log logs/access.log main;

        sendfile  on;

        keepalive_timeout 65;

  server {

    listen 192.168.100.150:80;

    server_name www.linuxfan.cn;

    charset utf-8;

    access_log logs/linuxfan.access.log main;

 

    location / {

        echo "nginx";

  }

 }

}

[root@linuxfan ~]# killall -9 nginx

[root@linuxfan ~]# nginx

[root@linuxfan ~]# curl 192.168.100.150

nginx

[root@linuxfan ~]# curl -I 192.168.100.150

HTTP/1.1 200 OK

Server: nginx/1.6.2

Date: Fri, 13 Jul 2018 18:06:42 GMT

Content-Type: application/octet-stream

Connection: keep-alive

 

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转载自blog.csdn.net/Richardlygo/article/details/82466769