Queue（结合例子一起看）
一、先说说Queue（队列对象）
队列queue 多应用在多线程应用中，多线程访问共享变量。对于多线程而言，访问共享变量时，队列queue是线程安全的。从queue队列的具体实现中，可以看出queue使用了1个线程互斥锁(pthread.Lock())，以及3个条件标量(pthread.condition()),来保证了线程安全。
queue队列的互斥锁和条件变量，可以参考另一篇文章：python线程中同步锁
queue的用法如下：
import Queque
a=[1,2,3]
device_que=Queque.queue()
device_que.put(a)
device=device_que.get()先看看它的初始化函数__init__(self,maxsize=0):
def __init__(self, maxsize=0):
self.maxsize = maxsize
self._init(maxsize)
# mutex must be held whenever the queue is mutating. All methods
# that acquire mutex must release it before returning. mutex
# is shared between the three conditions, so acquiring and
# releasing the conditions also acquires and releases mutex.
self.mutex = _threading.Lock()
# Notify not_empty whenever an item is added to the queue; a
# thread waiting to get is notified then.
self.not_empty = _threading.Condition(self.mutex)
# Notify not_full whenever an item is removed from the queue;
# a thread waiting to put is notified then.
self.not_full = _threading.Condition(self.mutex)
# Notify all_tasks_done whenever the number of unfinished tasks
# drops to zero; thread waiting to join() is notified to resume
self.all_tasks_done = _threading.Condition(self.mutex)
self.unfinished_tasks = 0定义队列时有一个默认的参数maxsize, 如果不指定队列的长度，即manxsize=0,那么队列的长度为无限长，如果定义了大于0的值，那么队列的长度就是maxsize。
self._init(maxsize)：使用了python自带的双端队列deque,来存储元素。
self.mutex互斥锁：任何获取队列的状态(empty(),qsize()等)，或者修改队列的内容的操作(get,put等)都必须持有该互斥锁。共有两种操作require获取锁，release释放锁。同时该互斥锁被三个共享变量同时享有，即操作conditiond时的require和release操作也就是操作了该互斥锁。
self.not_full条件变量：当队列中有元素添加后，会通知notify其他等待添加元素的线程，唤醒等待require互斥锁，或者有线程从队列中取出一个元素后，通知其它线程唤醒以等待require互斥锁。
self.not empty条件变量：线程添加数据到队列中后，会调用self.not_empty.notify()通知其它线程，唤醒等待require互斥锁后，读取队列。
self.all_tasks_done条件变量：消费者线程从队列中get到任务后，任务处理完成，当所有的队列中的任务处理完成后，会使调用queue.join()的线程返回，表示队列中任务以处理完毕。
下面是函数的介绍：
queue.put(self, item, block=True, timeout=None)函数:
申请获得互斥锁，获得后，如果队列未满，则向队列中添加数据，并通知notify其它阻塞的某个线程，唤醒等待获取require互斥锁。如果队列已满，则会wait等待。最后处理完成后释放互斥锁。其中还有阻塞block以及非阻塞，超时等逻辑，可以自己看一下:
def put(self, item, block=True, timeout=None):
"""Put an item into the queue.
If optional args 'block' is true and 'timeout' is None (the default),
block if necessary until a free slot is available. If 'timeout' is
a non-negative number, it blocks at most 'timeout' seconds and raises
the Full exception if no free slot was available within that time.
Otherwise ('block' is false), put an item on the queue if a free slot
is immediately available, else raise the Full exception ('timeout'
is ignored in that case).
"""
self.not_full.acquire()
try:
if self.maxsize > 0:
if not block:
if self._qsize() == self.maxsize:
raise Full
elif timeout is None:
while self._qsize() == self.maxsize:
self.not_full.wait()
elif timeout < 0:
raise ValueError("'timeout' must be a non-negative number")
else:
endtime = _time() + timeout
while self._qsize() == self.maxsize:
remaining = endtime - _time()
if remaining <= 0.0:
raise Full
self.not_full.wait(remaining)
self._put(item)
self.unfinished_tasks += 1
self.not_empty.notify()
finally:
self.not_full.release()
queue.get(self, block=True, timeout=None)函数:
从队列中获取任务，并且从队列中移除此任务。首先尝试获取互斥锁，获取成功则队列中get任务，如果此时队列为空，则wait等待生产者线程添加数据。get到任务后，会调用self.not_full.notify()通知生产者线程，队列可以添加元素了。最后释放互斥锁。
def get(self, block=True, timeout=None):
"""Remove and return an item from the queue.
If optional args 'block' is true and 'timeout' is None (the default),
block if necessary until an item is available. If 'timeout' is
a non-negative number, it blocks at most 'timeout' seconds and raises
the Empty exception if no item was available within that time.
Otherwise ('block' is false), return an item if one is immediately
available, else raise the Empty exception ('timeout' is ignored
in that case).
"""
self.not_empty.acquire()
try:
if not block:
if not self._qsize():
raise Empty
elif timeout is None:
while not self._qsize():
self.not_empty.wait()
elif timeout < 0:
raise ValueError("'timeout' must be a non-negative number")
else:
endtime = _time() + timeout
while not self._qsize():
remaining = endtime - _time()
if remaining <= 0.0:
raise Empty
self.not_empty.wait(remaining)
item = self._get()
self.not_full.notify()
return item
finally:
self.not_empty.release()queue.put_nowait():无阻塞的向队列中添加任务，当队列为满时，不等待，而是直接抛出full异常，重点是理解block=False:
def put_nowait(self, item):
"""Put an item into the queue without blocking.
Only enqueue the item if a free slot is immediately available.
Otherwise raise the Full exception.
"""
return self.put(item, False)
queue.get_nowait():无阻塞的向队列中get任务，当队列为空时，不等待，而是直接抛出empty异常，重点是理解block=False:
def get_nowait(self):
"""Remove and return an item from the queue without blocking.
Only get an item if one is immediately available. Otherwise
raise the Empty exception.
"""
return self.get(False)
queue.qsize empty full 分别获取队列的长度，是否为空，是否已满等：
def qsize(self):
"""Return the approximate size of the queue (not reliable!)."""
self.mutex.acquire()
n = self._qsize()
self.mutex.release()
return n
def empty(self):
"""Return True if the queue is empty, False otherwise (not reliable!)."""
self.mutex.acquire()
n = not self._qsize()
self.mutex.release()
return n
def full(self):
"""Return True if the queue is full, False otherwise (not reliable!)."""
self.mutex.acquire()
n = 0 < self.maxsize == self._qsize()
self.mutex.release()
return n
queue.join()阻塞等待队列中任务全部处理完毕，需要配合queue.task_done使用：
def task_done(self):
"""Indicate that a formerly enqueued task is complete.
Used by Queue consumer threads. For each get() used to fetch a task,
a subsequent call to task_done() tells the queue that the processing
on the task is complete.
If a join() is currently blocking, it will resume when all items
have been processed (meaning that a task_done() call was received
for every item that had been put() into the queue).
Raises a ValueError if called more times than there were items
placed in the queue.
"""
self.all_tasks_done.acquire()
try:
unfinished = self.unfinished_tasks - 1
if unfinished <= 0:
if unfinished < 0:
raise ValueError('task_done() called too many times')
self.all_tasks_done.notify_all()
self.unfinished_tasks = unfinished
finally:
self.all_tasks_done.release()
def join(self):
"""Blocks until all items in the Queue have been gotten and processed.
The count of unfinished tasks goes up whenever an item is added to the
queue. The count goes down whenever a consumer thread calls task_done()
to indicate the item was retrieved and all work on it is complete.
When the count of unfinished tasks drops to zero, join() unblocks.
"""
self.all_tasks_done.acquire()
try:
while self.unfinished_tasks:
self.all_tasks_done.wait()
finally:
self.all_tasks_done.release()Queue模块除了queue线性安全队列（先进先出），还有优先级队列LifoQueue(后进先出)，也就是新添加的先被get到。PriorityQueue具有优先级的队列，即队列中的元素是一个元祖类型，（优先级级别，数据）。
class PriorityQueue(Queue):
'''Variant of Queue that retrieves open entries in priority order (lowest first).
Entries are typically tuples of the form: (priority number, data).
'''
def _init(self, maxsize):
self.queue = []
def _qsize(self, len=len):
return len(self.queue)
def _put(self, item, heappush=heapq.heappush):
heappush(self.queue, item)
def _get(self, heappop=heapq.heappop):
return heappop(self.queue)
class LifoQueue(Queue):
'''Variant of Queue that retrieves most recently added entries first.'''
def _init(self, maxsize):
self.queue = []
def _qsize(self, len=len):
return len(self.queue)
def _put(self, item):
self.queue.append(item)
def _get(self):
return self.queue.pop()
至此queue模块介绍完毕，重点是理解互斥锁，条件变量如果协同工作，保证队列的线程安全。
下面是queue的完全代码：
class Queue:
"""Create a queue object with a given maximum size.
If maxsize is <= 0, the queue size is infinite.
"""
def __init__(self, maxsize=0):
self.maxsize = maxsize
self._init(maxsize)
# mutex must be held whenever the queue is mutating. All methods
# that acquire mutex must release it before returning. mutex
# is shared between the three conditions, so acquiring and
# releasing the conditions also acquires and releases mutex.
self.mutex = _threading.Lock()
# Notify not_empty whenever an item is added to the queue; a
# thread waiting to get is notified then.
self.not_empty = _threading.Condition(self.mutex)
# Notify not_full whenever an item is removed from the queue;
# a thread waiting to put is notified then.
self.not_full = _threading.Condition(self.mutex)
# Notify all_tasks_done whenever the number of unfinished tasks
# drops to zero; thread waiting to join() is notified to resume
self.all_tasks_done = _threading.Condition(self.mutex)
self.unfinished_tasks = 0
def task_done(self):
"""Indicate that a formerly enqueued task is complete.
Used by Queue consumer threads. For each get() used to fetch a task,
a subsequent call to task_done() tells the queue that the processing
on the task is complete.
If a join() is currently blocking, it will resume when all items
have been processed (meaning that a task_done() call was received
for every item that had been put() into the queue).
Raises a ValueError if called more times than there were items
placed in the queue.
"""
self.all_tasks_done.acquire()
try:
unfinished = self.unfinished_tasks - 1
if unfinished <= 0:
if unfinished < 0:
raise ValueError('task_done() called too many times')
self.all_tasks_done.notify_all()
self.unfinished_tasks = unfinished
finally:
self.all_tasks_done.release()
def join(self):
"""Blocks until all items in the Queue have been gotten and processed.
The count of unfinished tasks goes up whenever an item is added to the
queue. The count goes down whenever a consumer thread calls task_done()
to indicate the item was retrieved and all work on it is complete.
When the count of unfinished tasks drops to zero, join() unblocks.
"""
self.all_tasks_done.acquire()
try:
while self.unfinished_tasks:
self.all_tasks_done.wait()
finally:
self.all_tasks_done.release()
def qsize(self):
"""Return the approximate size of the queue (not reliable!)."""
self.mutex.acquire()
n = self._qsize()
self.mutex.release()
return n
def empty(self):
"""Return True if the queue is empty, False otherwise (not reliable!)."""
self.mutex.acquire()
n = not self._qsize()
self.mutex.release()
return n
def full(self):
"""Return True if the queue is full, False otherwise (not reliable!)."""
self.mutex.acquire()
n = 0 < self.maxsize == self._qsize()
self.mutex.release()
return n
def put(self, item, block=True, timeout=None):
"""Put an item into the queue.
If optional args 'block' is true and 'timeout' is None (the default),
block if necessary until a free slot is available. If 'timeout' is
a non-negative number, it blocks at most 'timeout' seconds and raises
the Full exception if no free slot was available within that time.
Otherwise ('block' is false), put an item on the queue if a free slot
is immediately available, else raise the Full exception ('timeout'
is ignored in that case).
"""
self.not_full.acquire()
try:
if self.maxsize > 0:
if not block:
if self._qsize() == self.maxsize:
raise Full
elif timeout is None:
while self._qsize() == self.maxsize:
self.not_full.wait()
elif timeout < 0:
raise ValueError("'timeout' must be a non-negative number")
else:
endtime = _time() + timeout
while self._qsize() == self.maxsize:
remaining = endtime - _time()
if remaining <= 0.0:
raise Full
self.not_full.wait(remaining)
self._put(item)
self.unfinished_tasks += 1
self.not_empty.notify()
finally:
self.not_full.release()
def put_nowait(self, item):
"""Put an item into the queue without blocking.
Only enqueue the item if a free slot is immediately available.
Otherwise raise the Full exception.
"""
return self.put(item, False)
def get(self, block=True, timeout=None):
"""Remove and return an item from the queue.
If optional args 'block' is true and 'timeout' is None (the default),
block if necessary until an item is available. If 'timeout' is
a non-negative number, it blocks at most 'timeout' seconds and raises
the Empty exception if no item was available within that time.
Otherwise ('block' is false), return an item if one is immediately
available, else raise the Empty exception ('timeout' is ignored
in that case).
"""
self.not_empty.acquire()
try:
if not block:
if not self._qsize():
raise Empty
elif timeout is None:
while not self._qsize():
self.not_empty.wait()
elif timeout < 0:
raise ValueError("'timeout' must be a non-negative number")
else:
endtime = _time() + timeout
while not self._qsize():
remaining = endtime - _time()
if remaining <= 0.0:
raise Empty
self.not_empty.wait(remaining)
item = self._get()
self.not_full.notify()
return item
finally:
self.not_empty.release()
def get_nowait(self):
"""Remove and return an item from the queue without blocking.
Only get an item if one is immediately available. Otherwise
raise the Empty exception.
"""
return self.get(False)
# Override these methods to implement other queue organizations
# (e.g. stack or priority queue).
# These will only be called with appropriate locks held
# Initialize the queue representation
def _init(self, maxsize):
self.queue = deque()
def _qsize(self, len=len):
return len(self.queue)
# Put a new item in the queue
def _put(self, item):
self.queue.append(item)
# Get an item from the queue
def _get(self):
return self.queue.popleft()二、multiprocessing中使用子进程概念
from multiprocessing import Process
可以通过Process来构造一个子进程
p = Process(target=fun,args=(args))
再通过p.start()来启动子进程
再通过p.join()方法来使得子进程运行结束后再执行父进程
from multiprocessing import Process
import os
# 子进程要执行的代码
def run_proc(name):
print 'Run child process %s (%s)...' % (name, os.getpid())
if __name__=='__main__':
print 'Parent process %s.' % os.getpid()
p = Process(target=run_proc, args=('test',))
print 'Process will start.'
p.start()
p.join()
print 'Process end.'
三、在multiprocessing中使用pool
如果需要多个子进程时可以考虑使用进程池(pool)来管理
from multiprocessing import Pool
import os, time
def long_time_task(name):
print 'Run task %s (%s)...' % (name, os.getpid())
start = time.time()
time.sleep(3)
end = time.time()
print 'Task %s runs %0.2f seconds.' % (name, (end - start))
if __name__=='__main__':
print 'Parent process %s.' % os.getpid()
p = Pool()
for i in range(5):
p.apply_async(long_time_task, args=(i,))
print 'Waiting for all subprocesses done...'
p.close()
p.join()
print 'All subprocesses done.'
pool创建子进程的方法与Process不同，是通过
p.apply_async(func,args=(args))实现，一个池子里能同时运行的任务是取决你电脑的cpu数量，如我的电脑现在是有4个cpu，那会子进程task0,task1,task2,task3可以同时启动，task4则在之前的一个某个进程结束后才开始
上面的程序运行后的结果其实是按照上图中1，2，3分开进行的，先打印1，3秒后打印2，再3秒后打印3
代码中的p.close()是关掉进程池子，是不再向里面添加进程了，对Pool对象调用join()方法会等待所有子进程执行完毕，调用join()之前必须先调用close()，调用close()之后就不能继续添加新的Process了。
当时也可以是实例pool的时候给它定义一个进程的多少
如果上面的代码中p=Pool(5)那么所有的子进程就可以同时进行
三、多个子进程间的通信
多个子进程间的通信就要采用第一步中说到的Queue，比如有以下的需求，一个子进程向队列中写数据，另外一个进程从队列中取数据，
#coding:gbk
from multiprocessing import Process, Queue
import os, time, random
# 写数据进程执行的代码:
def write(q):
for value in ['A', 'B', 'C']:
print 'Put %s to queue...' % value
q.put(value)
time.sleep(random.random())
# 读数据进程执行的代码:
def read(q):
while True:
if not q.empty():
value = q.get(True)
print 'Get %s from queue.' % value
time.sleep(random.random())
else:
break
if __name__=='__main__':
# 父进程创建Queue，并传给各个子进程：
q = Queue()
pw = Process(target=write, args=(q,))
pr = Process(target=read, args=(q,))
# 启动子进程pw，写入:
pw.start()
# 等待pw结束:
pw.join()
# 启动子进程pr，读取:
pr.start()
pr.join()
# pr进程里是死循环，无法等待其结束，只能强行终止:
print
print '所有数据都写入并且读完'
四、关于上面代码的几个有趣的问题
if __name__=='__main__':
# 父进程创建Queue，并传给各个子进程：
q = Queue()
p = Pool()
pw = p.apply_async(write,args=(q,))
pr = p.apply_async(read,args=(q,))
p.close()
p.join()
print
print '所有数据都写入并且读完'
如果main函数写成上面的样本，本来我想要的是将会得到一个队列，将其作为参数传入进程池子里的每个子进程，但是却得到
RuntimeError: Queue objects should only be shared between processes through inheritance
的错误，查了下，大意是队列对象不能在父进程与子进程间通信，这个如果想要使用进程池中使用队列则要使用multiprocess的Manager类
if __name__=='__main__':
manager = multiprocessing.Manager()
# 父进程创建Queue，并传给各个子进程：
q = manager.Queue()
p = Pool()
pw = p.apply_async(write,args=(q,))
time.sleep(0.5)
pr = p.apply_async(read,args=(q,))
p.close()
p.join()
print
print '所有数据都写入并且读完'
这样这个队列对象就可以在父进程与子进程间通信，不用池则不需要Manager，以后再扩展multiprocess中的Manager类吧
关于锁的应用，在不同程序间如果有同时对同一个队列操作的时候，为了避免错误，可以在某个函数操作队列的时候给它加把锁，这样在同一个时间内则只能有一个子进程对队列进行操作，锁也要在manager对象中的锁
#coding:gbk
from multiprocessing import Process,Queue,Pool
import multiprocessing
import os, time, random
# 写数据进程执行的代码:
def write(q,lock):
lock.acquire() #加上锁
for value in ['A', 'B', 'C']:
print 'Put %s to queue...' % value
q.put(value)
lock.release() #释放锁
# 读数据进程执行的代码:
def read(q):
while True:
if not q.empty():
value = q.get(False)
print 'Get %s from queue.' % value
time.sleep(random.random())
else:
break
if __name__=='__main__':
manager = multiprocessing.Manager()
# 父进程创建Queue，并传给各个子进程：
q = manager.Queue()
lock = manager.Lock() #初始化一把锁
p = Pool()
pw = p.apply_async(write,args=(q,lock))
pr = p.apply_async(read,args=(q,))
p.close()
p.join()
print
print '所有数据都写入并且读完'
Pipe
http://blog.51cto.com/rfyiamcool/1549857，过几天来更新
参考文章：