尚学堂Oracle 课堂笔记(收藏)

1.desc(描述) emp    描述emp这张表
2.desc    dept       部门表
3.desc salgrade      薪水等级
4.select *from table 查找表中的元素
5.dual     是系统中的一张空表
6.select *from dual 
7.select sysdate from dual 取出系统时间
8.select ename,sal*12 "annul sal"(取的别名) from emp; 查找用户姓名和用户的年薪
9.任何含有空值的数学表达式的值都是空值
select ename,sal*12+comm from emp;
10.select ename||sal from emp 其中的||相当于将sal全部转化为字符串
11.表示字符串的方法
select ename ||'ajjf' from emp;
12.如果其中有一个单引号就用2个单引号来代替他
select ename||'sakj' 'lds'from emp;
13.select distinct deptno from emp     (去除部门字段中重复的部分,关键字distinct)
14.select distinct deptno,job from emp;(去除这2个字段中重复的组合)
15.select *from dept where deptno=10;     取出条件(取出部门编号为10的记录)
16.select * from emp where ename='CLIRK'; 取出部门中姓名为clirk的记录(注意取出过程中ename用单引号隔开)
17.select ename,sal from emp where sal>1500; 取出部门中薪水大于1500的人的姓名
18.select ename,sal,deptno from emp where deptno<> 10 取出部门中的部门号不等于10的
19.select ename,sal,deptno from emp where ename>'CBA' 取出部门中员工名字大于CBA的员工(实际比较的是ACIIS码)
20.select ename,sal from emp where sal between 800 and 1500
   select ename,sal from emp where sal>=800 and sal<=1500;   (取出800和1500之间的数)
21.select ename,sal,comm from emp where comm is null (选出其中的空值)
   select enmae,sal,comm from emp where comm is not null(选出其中的非空值)
22.select ename,sal,comm from emp where sal in (800,1500,2000);取出这3者之中的
   select ename,sal,comm from emp where ename in('simth');
23.select ename,sal,hiredate from emp where hiredata>'3-04月-81';宣传符合条件的日期
24.select ename,sal,from emp where sal>1000 or deptno=10;       找出工资薪水大于1000或者部门号等于10的员工
25.select ename,sal from emp where sal not in(500,1000);        查找薪水不在500到1000的员工姓名和月薪
26.select ename,sal from emp where ename like '%ALL%';
   select ename,sal from emp where ename like '_%A%';         查找姓名中含有ALL的客户信息,一个横线代表一个通配符
27.select ename,sal from emp where ename like '_%$%%' escape '$'; 自己指定转易字符
   select ename,sal from emp where ename like '_%/%%';             查找中间含有%相匹配的客户信息,运用转易字符
28.select * from dept order by deptno                            对表中元素按部门号排序
   select *from dept order by deptno desc                        默认为升序,可以用desc按降序
29.select ename,sal from emp where sal <>1000 order by sal desc   按照查询条件来查询,并排序(asc升序排列)
30.select ename,sal*12 from emp where ename not like '_%A%' and sal>800 order by sal desc 
31.select lower(ename) from emp 将ename都转化为小写    lower是函数能将字母转化为小写
32.select ename from emp where lower(ename) like '_%a%'; 找出ename 中所有的含有a的字符
33.select substr(ename,2,3) form emp            从第2个字符开始截取3个字符
34.select chr(65) from dual;          将65转化为字符
35.select ascii('A') from dual         将ACSII码转化为字符串
36.select round(23.565)from dual     四舍五入
36.select round(23,4565,2)from dual 四舍五入到第二位
37.select to_char(sal,'$99.999.9999') from emp 按指定格式输出
   select to_char(sal,'L99,999,9999') form emp L代表本地字符
38.select hiredate from emp
   select to_char(hiredate,'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS) from emp;          时间格式的显示
   select to_char(sysdate,'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:ss) from dual;          十二小时制显示系统时间
   select to_char(sysdate,'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS) from dual         二四小时制显示系统时间
39.select ename,hiredate from emp where hiredate > to_date('2005-2-3 12:32:23','YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS');
40 select sal from emp where sal>to_number('$1,250.00','$9,999.99'); 取出比它大的一切字符串(把特定格式的数字转化成字符)
41 select ename,sal+nvl(comm,0) from emp;     讲comm值为空的用0来替换,单行函数(以一条记录为条件)一条对一条
42.select Max(sal) from emp;
   select Min(sal) from emp;
   select avg(sal) from emp;
   select sum(sal) from emp;
   select count(*) from emp;                          查看表中一共有多少条记录
   select count(*) from emp where deptno=10;          查找部门10一共有多少人;
43.select avg(sal),deptno from emp group by deptno;   按部门号进行分组
   select deptno,job,max(sal) from emp group by job,deptno; 按工作和部门号进行分组;
44.select ename from emp where sal=(select max(sal) from emp); 子查询,查找部门中薪水最高的员工姓名
45.group by 注意:出现在select列表中的字段,如果没有出现在组函数中必须出现在group by子句中
46.select avg(sal),deptno from emp group by deptno having avg(sal)>2000;    选出部门中平均薪水大于2000的部门,
47.select * from emp where sal>100 group by deptno having ..........order by........
   先取数据--过滤数据------分组----对分组限制-------排序
48.select avg(sal) from emp where sal>2000 group by deptno having avg(sal)>1500 order by avg(sal) desc;
   查找部门中平均薪水打印2000的员工并按部门号进行排序,查询分组后的平均薪水必须大于1500,查询结果按平均薪水从低到高排列
49.select ename from emp where sal>(select avg(sal) from emp);
   查找出员工中薪水位于部门平均薪水之上的所有员工
50.select ename,sal from emp join(select max(sal) max_sal from emp group by deptno) t on(emp.sal=t,max_sal and emp.deptno=t.deptno);
   查找每个部门中薪水最高的
51.select e1.ename,e2.ename from emp e1,emp e2 where e1.mgr=e2.empno;           表的自连接
52.select dname,ename from emp cross join dept         交叉连接,笛卡尔 
SQL99中的新语法
53.select ename,dname from emp join dept on(emp.deptno=dept.deptno); 
54.select ename,dname from emp join dept using(deptno);            查找emp和dept表中deptno相同的部分。
55.select ename,dname,grade from emp e join dept d on(e.deptno=d.depno)
                                       join salgrade s(e.sal between s.losal and s.hisal)   (三表查找)
                                       where ename not like '_%A%';
56.select e1.ename,e2.ename from emp e1 join emp e2 on(e1.mgr=e2.deptno); 表的自连接
57.select e1.ename,e2.ename from emp e1 left join emp e2 on(e1.mgr=e2.deptno) 左外表连接
   select ename,dname from emp e right join dept d on(e.deptno=d.deptno)右外连接
   select ename,dname from emp e full join dept d on(e.deptno=d.deptno)全连接
58.求部门中薪水最高的
   select ename,sal from emp join (select max(sal) max_sal, deptno from emp group by deptno) t
   on (emp.sal=t.max_sal and emp.deptno=t.deptno);
59.求部门中薪水等级的平均值
   select deptno,avg(grade) from(select deptno,ename,grade,from emp join salgrade s on(emp.sal between s.losal and s.hisal))t group by deptno;
60.查找雇员中哪些是经理人
   select ename from emp where empno in(select mgr from emp);
61.select distinct e1.sal from emp e1 join emp e2 on(e1.sal<e2.sal); 自连接(不用组函数求出最高薪水)
   select distinct sal from emp where not in (select ename from e1.sal from emp e1 join emp e2 on(e1.sal<e2.sal));
62.select deptno from (select avg(sal) max_sal deptno from emp group by deptno) where max_sal=(select max(avg_sal) from (select 
avg(sal) avg_sal deptno from emp group by deptno));           查找部门中部门薪水最大的部门号
63.求平均薪水最大的部门的部门编号
   select deptno,avg_sal from(select avg(sal) avg_sal,deptno from emp group by
   deptno)where avg_sal=(select max(avg(sal)) from emp group by deptno);
DML语句:更、删、改、查
创建权限, conn sys/admin as sysdba
           grant create table,create view to scott;
首先在C:下面建个文件夹备份文件
1.createNewUser方法
1.--backup scott
     exp
2.create user(创建用户)用超级管理员模式进入
   create user yun identified by kang1234 default tablespace users quota 10M on users;
   grant create session,create table,create view to kafei(给kafei这个用户授予权限)
3.import the data(导入备份数据)
   imp
2.insert
insert into dept values (50,'game','bj') 插入一条记录
insert into dept2 (deptno,dname) values (78,'games'); 插入指定的几条记录
insert into dept2 select *from dept      插入指定的表(表结构要一样)
rollback;         回退
create table emp2 as select * from emp;    创建数据库表2来备份emp这张表
3.update emp2 set sal=sal*12 where deptno=10;    update的用法
4.delete from dept2 where deptno<25 ;           删除语句的用法
DDL语言
1.创建表:create table t(a varchar2(10));
2.drop table t    删除表
3.commit   所有的提交,所有修改都结束了。对于rollback无效,一个事务开始于第1条DML语句
碰到执行DDL DCL语句事务自动提交 对于rollback无效
建表语句
建学生信息表:
create table stu
(id number(6),
name varchar2(20) constraint stu_name_nn not null,
sex number(1),
age number(3),
sdate date,
grade number(2) default 1,
class number(4),
email varchar2(50) unique    (唯一约束)
);
 
非空 唯一 主键 外键 chick
 
create table stu
(id number(6) primary key,(主键约束)
name varchar2(20) constraint stu_name_nn not null,(非空约束)
sex number(1),
age number(3),
sdate date,
grade number(2) default 1,
class number(4),
email varchar2(50),
constraint stu_name_uui unique(email,name) 组合性约束
); 
主键约束方法二
create table stu
(id number(6),
name varchar2(20) constraint stu_name_nn not null,(非空约束)
sex number(1),
age number(3),
sdate date,
grade number(2) default 1,
class number(4) references class(id),(参考class 这张表,参考字段)
email varchar2(50), 
constraint stu_id_pk primary key(id),
constraint stu_name_uui unique(email,name) 组合性约束
); 
外键约束
create table class
(id number(4) primary key,(id为被参考字段,被参考的字段必须是主键)
name varchar2(20) not null
)
 
create table stu
(
id number(6),
name varchar2(20) constraint stu_name_nn not null,(非空约束)
sex number(1),
age number(3),
sdate date,
grade number(2) default 1,
class number(4) 
email varchar2(50), 
constraint stu_class_fk foreign key(class) references class(id),
constraint stu_id_pk primary key(id),
constraint stu_name_uui unique(email,name) 组合性约束
);
 
像外键中插入关键字,
1.insert into class values(1000,'c1');
2.insert into stu(id,name,class,email) values(1,'a',1000,'a');
3.alter table stu add(addr varchar(20));添加表的结构
4.alter table stu drop(addr); 删除表结构
5.alter table stu modify(addr varchar2(150));修改精度
6.alter table stu drop constraint stu_class_fk; 删除约束条件
7.alter table stu add constraint stu_class_fk forengn key(class) references class(id),添加约束条件
查找当前用户下有哪些表和哪些视图及哪些约束
8.select table_name from user_names
9.select view_name from view_names
10.select constraint_name,table_name from user_constraints;
desc dictionary数据字典表
desc user_tables当前用户下面有多少张表
select table_name from user_tables; 查找当前用户有多少张表
索引:
创建索引
create index idx_stu_email on stu(email);
drop index idx_stu_email;
查找索引
select index_name from user_indexes;
索引读的速度快了,插入速度变慢
view 视图
视图赠加了维护的量
序列:
create table arcticle
(id number,
title varchar2(1024),
cont long
);
序列的创建sequence产生独一无二的序列,而且是oracle独有的
create sequence seq;
select seq.nextval from dual; 查找序列号
insert into arcticle values(seq.nextval,'a','b');往表中插入序列
数据库设计的3范式
第一范式: 设计任何表都要有主键,列不可分
第二范式: 如果有2个主键的话,不能存在部分依赖
第三范式, 不能存在传递依赖
 
PL-sql
例子1:
SQL> set serveroutput on;
SQL> begin(必要的--程序开始执行)
2 dbms_output.put_line('hello world');
3 end;(结束)
4 /
例子2:
SQL> declare
2 v_name varchar2(20);
3 begin
4 v_name:='myname';
5 dbms_output.put_line(v_name);
6 end;
7 /
myname
 
例子3:
SQL> declare
2 v_num number:=0;
3 begin
4 v_num:=2/v_num;
5 dbms_output.put_line(v_num);
6 end;
7 /
declare
*
ERROR 位于第 1 行:
ORA-01476: 除数为 0
ORA-06512: 在line 4
 
例子4:
declare
v_num number:=0;
begin 
v_num:=2/v_num;
dbms_output.put_line(v_num);
exception
when others then
dbms_output.put_line('error');
end;
/
变量声明的规则
1.变量名不能够使用保留字,如from,select等
2.第一字符必须是字母。
3.变量名最多包含30个字符
4.不要与数据库的表或者列同名
5.每一行只能声明一个变量
 
常用变量类型
1. binary_interger,整数,主要用来计数,而不是用来表示字段类型
2. number 数字类型
3. char   定长字符串
4. varchar2 变长字符串
5. date     日期
6.long     长字符串,最长2GB
7.boolean   布尔类型,可以取true false 和null的值
 
例5:
declare
    v_temp number(1);
    v_count binary_integer:=0;
    v_sal number(7,2):=4000.00;
    v_date date:=sysdate;
    v_pi constant number(3,2):=3.14;
    v_valid boolean:=false;
    v_name varchar2(20) not null:='myname';
begin
    dbms_output.put_line('v_temp value:'||v_temp);
end;
用--可以注释一行
例6:
declare
    v_empno number(4);
    v_empno2 emp.empno%type;
    v_empno3 v_empno2%type;
begin
    dbms_output.put_line('test');
end;
例7
table变量类型
set serveroutput on;
declare
     type type_table_emp_empno is table of emp.empno%type index by binary_integer;
     v_empnos type_table_emp_empno;
begin 
     v_empnos(0):=7369;
     v_empnos(2):=7869;
     v_empnos(-1):=9999;
     dbms_output.put_line(v_empnos(-1));
end;
例8
Record 变量类型
set serveroutput on;
declare
   type type_record_dept is record
   ( 
      deptno dept.deptno%type,
      dname   dept.dname%type,
      loc     dept.loc%type
    );
    v_temp type_record_dept;
begin
    v_temp.deptno:=50;
    v_temp.loc:='aaaa';
    v_temp.loc:='bj';
    dbms_output.put_line(v_temp.deptno||' '||v_temp.dname);
end;
例9:
使用%rowtype声明record变量(表结构的变化同时也能代理储存过程的变化)
set serveroutput on;
declare
    v_temp dept%rowtype;
begin
    v_temp.deptno:=50;
    v_temp.loc:='aaaa';
    v_temp.loc:='bj';
    dbms_output.put_line(v_temp.deptno||' '||v_temp.dname);
end;
例10;
 
declare
v_name emp.ename%type;
v_sal emp.sal%type;
begin
select ename,sal into v_name,v_sal from emp where empno=7369;(将ename和sal的值放在v_name和v_sal里面)
 
例11:
declare
v_name emp.ename%type;
v_sal emp.sal%type;
begin
select ename,sal into v_name,v_sal from emp where empno=7369;
dbms_output.put_line(v_name||' '||v_sal);
end;
dbms_output.put_line(v_name||' '||v_sal);
end;
 
例12:
declare
v_deptno dept.deptno%type:=50;
v_dname dept.dname%type:='aaaa';
v_loc    dept.loc%type:='bj';
begin
insert into dept2 values(v_deptno,v_dname,v_loc);
commit;
end;
 
例13:
declare
v_deptno emp2.deptno%type:=50;
v_count number;
begin
update emp2 set sal=sal/2 where deptno=v_deptno;
dbms_output.put_line(sql%rowcount ||'条记录被影响');(sql为关键字,代表上一条语句
commit;
end;
/
 
 
 
例14:
declare
v_deptno emp2.deptno%type:=50;
v_count number;
begin
--update emp2 set sal=sal/2 where deptno=v_deptno;
   select deptno into v_deptno from emp2 where empno=7369;
dbms_output.put_line(sql%rowcount ||'条记录被影响');(sql为关键字,代表上一条语句
commit;
end;
/
 
例15
declare
v_deptno emp2.deptno%type:=50;
v_count number;
begin
--update emp2 set sal=sal/2 where deptno=v_deptno;
--select deptno into v_deptno from emp2 where empno=7369;
select count(*) into v_count from emp2;                        (select必须和into一起使用)
dbms_output.put_line(sql%rowcount ||'条记录被影响');
commit;
end;
/
PL/SQL里面执行DDL语句
begin
execute immediate 'create table T(nnn varchar2(20) default ''aaa'')';
end;
 
PL/SQL的分支语句:
declare 
   v_sal emp.sal%type;
begin
   select sal into v_sal from emp
    where empno=7369;
   if(v_sal<1200) then
     dbms_output.put_line('low');
   elsif(v_sal<2000) then
     dbms_output.put_line('middle');
   else
    dbms_output.put_line('high');
   end if;
end;
 
pL/Sql循环
declare
   i binary_integer:=1;
begin
   loop
      dbms_output.put_line(i);
      i:=i+1;
      exit when(i>=11);
   end loop;
end;
 
PL/SQL for循环
begin
for k in 1..10 loop
    dbms_output.put_line(k);
end loop;

for k in reverse 1..10 loop
    dbms_output.put_line(k);
end loop;
end;
 
exception 捕获异常
declare
   v_temp number(4);
begin
   select empno into v_temp from emp where deptno=10;
exception
   when too_many_rows then
   dbms_output.put_line('太多记录了');
when others then
   dbms_output.put_line('error');
end;
 
没有数据错误
declare
   v_temp number(4);
begin
   select empno into v_temp from emp where deptno=2222;
exception
   when no_data_found then
   dbms_output.put_line('没数据');
when others then
   dbms_output.put_line('error');
end;
/
错误处理
create table errorlog
(
id number primary key,
errcode number,
errmsg varchar2(1024),
errdate date
);

create sequence seq_errorlog_id start with 1 increment by 1;
 
declare
v_deptno dept.deptno%type:=10;
v_errcode number;
v_errmsg varchar2(1024);
begin
delete from dept where deptno=v_deptno;
exception
when others then
    rollback;
    v_errcode:=SQLCODE;
    v_errmsg:=SQLERRN;
    insert into errorlog values(seq_errorlog_id.nextval,v_errcode,v_errmsg,sysdate);
    commit;
end;
 
游标
declare
   cursor c is 
          select * from emp;
   v_emp c%rowtype;
   begin 
      open c;
      fetch c into v_emp;           --(取游标的第一个值插入v_emp,在不断的循环)
      dbms_output.put_line(v_emp.ename);
      close c;
   end;
 
例子
declare
   cursor c is
       select * from emp;
       v_emp c%rowtype;
    begin
       open c;
    loop
       fetch c into v_emp;
       exit when(c%notfound);
       dbms_output.put_line(v_emp.ename);
     end loop;
    close c;
end;
 

declare
   cursor c is
       select * from emp;
       v_emp c%rowtype;
    begin
       open c;
       fetch c into v_emp;
    while(c%found) loop
       dbms_output.put_line(v_emp.ename);
       fetch c into v_emp;
     end loop;
    close c;
end;
 

declare 
   cursor c is
         select * from emp;
   begin
         for v_emp in c loop
         dbms_output.put_line(v_emp.ename);
    end loop;
end;
 
带参数的游标
declare
   cursor c(v_deptno emp.deptno%type,v_job emp.job%type)
   is
    select ename,sal from emp where deptno=v_deptno and job=v_job;
begin
   for v_temp in c(30,'chick') loop
        dbms_output.put_line(v_temp.ename);
   end loop;
end;
 
可更新的游标
 

存储过程
create or replace procedure p
is
   cursor c is
        select * from emp2 for update;
begin
   for v_emp in c loop
        if (v_emp.deptno=10) then
         update emp2 set sal=sal+10 where current of c;
       elsif(v_emp.deptno=20) then
         update emp2 set sal=sal+20 where current of c;
       else
         update emp2 set sal=sal+50 where current of c;
       end if;
    end loop;
    commit;
end;
 
exec p执行存储过程

begin 
p:
end;
 
带参数的存储过程
create or replace procedure p
(v_a in number,v_b number,v_ret out number, v_temp in out number)
is
begin
if(v_a>v_b) then
    v_ret:=v_a;
   else
    v_ret:=v_b;
end if;
    v_temp:=v_temp+1;
end;
 
调用存储过程
declare
v_a number:=3;
v_b number:=4;
v_ret number;
v_temp number:=5;
begin
   p(v_a,v_b,v_ret,v_temp);
   dbms_output.put_line(v_ret);
   dbms_output.put_line(v_temp);
end;
 
show error返回错误信息
 
删除存储过程
 
存储过程中的函数
create or replace function sal_tax
     (v_sal number)
     return number
is
begin 
if(v_sal<2000) then
    return 0.10;
elsif(v_sal<2750) then
    return 0.5;
else 
    return 0.20;
end if;
end;
/
 
触发器
 
create or replace trigger trig
after update on dept
for each row
begin
update emp set deptno=:NEW.deptno where deptno=:OLD.deptno;
end;
/

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转载自forlab.iteye.com/blog/1847037
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