一、Django框架之查漏补缺
1）models，字段概况
name = models.CharField(max_length=32) age = models.IntegerField() price = models.FloatField() pub_date = models.DateField() author = models.CharField(max_length=32,null=False) gender = models.BooleanField # 布尔类型 gender = models.NullBooleanField # 可以为空的布尔类型 cs = models.ForeignKey("Class") # 一对多的外键
2）csrf_token 的运用，在form表单中运用
<form action="addbook.html" method="POST"> {% csrf_token %} <input type="text" name="title"> <input type="submit" name="提交"> </form>
3）根据唯一键 id 删除（视图不传id方式）
<td> <a href="/del_classes.html?nid={{ row.id }}">删除</a> </td>
url(r'^del.html$',views.del),
def del(request):
nid = request.GET.get('nid')
models.Classes.objects.filter(id=nid).delete()
return redirect('/class.html')
4）根据唯一键 id 删除（视图传id方式）
<th> <a href="/books/delete/{{ book.id }}" class="btn-sm btn-danger">删除</a> </th>
url(r'^book_index/delete/(?P<id>\d+)/',views.deletebooks),
def deletebooks(request,id):
Book.objects.filter(id=id).delete()
return redirect("/book_index")
5）根据唯一键 id 编辑
<th> <a href="del_classes.html?nid={{ row.id }}">删除</a> | <a href="edit_classes.html?nid={{ row.id }}">编辑</a> </th
url(r'^edit_classes.html$',views.edit),
def edit(request):
if request.method == 'GET':
nid = request.GET.get(nid)
obj = models.Classes.objects.filter(id=nid).first()
return render(request,'edit.html',{'obj':obj})
elif request.method == 'POST':
nid = request.GET.get('nid')
title = request.POST.get('xxoo')
models.Classes.objects.filter(id=nid).update(title=title)
return redirect('classes.html')
第一种,推荐第一种 <form method="POST" action="/edit.html?nid={{ obj.id }}"> <input type="text" name="xxoo" value="{{ obj.title }}"> {#显示默认值#} <input type="submit" value="提交"> </form> 第二种 <form method="POST" action="/edit.html"> <input type="text" name="id" value="{{ obj.id }}" style="display: none"> <input type="text" name="xxoo" value="{{ obj.title }}"> {#显示默认值#} <input type="submit" value="提交"> </form>
6）互斥框，用于bool类型
<p> 男:<input type="radio" name="gender" value="1"> 女:<input type="radio" name="gender" value="0"> </p>
7）下拉框，用于选择
下拉框，提交get，name=>cs=row.id <p> <select name="cs"> {% for row in cs_list %} <option value="{{ row.id }}">{{ row.title }}</option> {% endfor %} </select> </p>
7.1）下拉框，显示默认值
<form method="POST" action="/set_teacher.html?nid={{ nid }}"> <select multiple size="10" name="teacher_ids"> {% for item in all_teacher_list %} {% if item.id in id_list %} 默认选择的老师 <option value="{{ item.id }}" selected="selected">{{ item.name }}</option> {% else %} <option value="{{ item.id }}">{{ item.name }}</option> {% endif %} {% endfor %} </select> <input type="submit" value="提交"> </form>
二、前端之ajax 应用
1）ajax 使用方法（GET）
Ajax的应用：下载引入jquery
对话框添加，删除，修改
添加：
$.ajax({
url:'/add_classes.html',
type:'POST',
data:{'username':'root','password':'123'},
success:function(arg){
// 回调函数，arg是服务端返回的数据
}
})
2）ajax 在Django框架中的基本使用
第一步：路由
url(r'^ajax1.html$',viems.ajax1),
第二部：设置视图函数
def ajax1(request):
return render(request,'ajax1.html')
第三部：前端网页，ajax1.html的编写
编写第三步，视图返回的前端页面代码
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> <style> .btn{ display: inline-block; padding: 5px 15px; background: darkgoldenrod; color: white; cursor:pointer ; } </style> </head> <body> <div> <input placeholder="用户名" type="text" id="username"> <input placeholder="密码" type="password" id="password"> <div class="btn" onclick="submitForm();">提交</div> </div> <script src="/static/jquery-3.2.1.min.js"></script> <script> function submitForm() { var u = $('#username').val(); var p = $('#password').val(); $.ajax({ url:'/ajax2.html', type:'GET', data:{username:u,password:p}, success:function (arg) { console.log(arg); } }) } </script> </body> </html>
使用ajax方法，悄悄的往ajax2.html发送数据
url(r'^ajax2.html$',views.ajax2),
最后，ajax视图返回数据
def ajax2(request):
user = request.GET.get('username')
pwd = request.GET.get('password')
import time
time.sleep(5)
return HttpResponse('ok')
3）ajax的POST请求
接第三步，视图返回的前端页面代码
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> <style> .btn{ display: inline-block; padding: 5px 15px; background: darkgoldenrod; color: white; cursor:pointer ; } </style> </head> <body> <div> <input placeholder="数字" type="text" id="i1"> + <input placeholder="数字" type="text" id="i2"> <div class="btn" onclick="addForm();">等于</div> <input placeholder="数字" type="text" id="i3"> </div> <script src="/static/jquery-3.2.1.min.js"></script> <script> function addForm() { var v1 = $('#i1').val(); var v2= $('#i2').val(); $.ajax({ url:'/ajax3.html', type:'POST', data:{"v1":v1,"v2":v2}, success:function (arg) { {# console.log(arg);#} $('#i3').val(arg); } }) } </script> </body> </html>
ajax请求 url:'/ajax3.html',则
url(r'^ajax3.html$',views.ajax3),
最后视图返回数据
def ajax3(request):
v1 = request.POST.get('v1')
v2 = request.POST.get('v2')
try:
v3 = int(v1) + int(v2)
except Exception as e:
v3 = "输入格式错误"
return HttpResponse(v3)
4）ajax删除，使用js删除。减少获取数据库资源
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <div> <a href="/add_students.html">添加</a> </div> <div> <table border="1"> <thead> <tr> <th>ID</th> <th>姓名</th> <th>年龄</th> <th>性别</th> <th>班级</th> <th>操作</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> {% for row in stu_list %} <tr nid="{{ row.id }}"> <td> {{ row.id }} </td> <td> {{ row.username }} </td> <td> {{ row.age }} </td> <td> {{ row.gender }} </td> <td> {{ row.cs.titile }} </td> <td> <a href="/del_students.html?nid={{ row.id }}">删除</a> | <a onclick="removeStudent(this);" href="javascript:void();">Ajax删除</a> | <a href="/edit_students.html?nid={{ row.id }}">编辑</a> </td> </tr> {% endfor %} </tbody> </table> </div> <script src="/static/jquery-3.1.1.js"></script> <script> function removeStudent(ths) { var nid = $(ths).parent().parent().attr('nid'); $.ajax({ url: '/ajax4.html', type: 'GET', data: {nid: nid}, success:function (arg) { if(arg == '成功'){ // window.location.reload(); 页面刷新，意味着重新获取数据库的资源，即增加了数据库的压力 $(ths).parent().parent().remove(); // 根据 arg 的值，说明数据库操作执行成功了，就移除了相应的标签 }else{ alert(arg); } } }) } </script> </body> </html>
def ajax4(request):
nid = request.GET.get('nid')
msg = '成功'
try:
models.Student.objects.filter(id=nid).delete()
except Exception as e:
msg = str(e)
return HttpResponse(msg)
5）使用ajax对模态对话框新增数据。window.location.reload() 简单版
html的模态对话框的编写
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/plugins/bootstrap/css/bootstrap.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/plugins/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.css"/> <style> .icon { margin: 0 5px; } </style> </head> <body> <div class="container"> <div style="padding: 20px 0;"> <a class="btn btn-primary" id="addBtn">添加</a> <a class="btn btn-danger">删除</a> </div> <div> <table class="table table-bordered table-striped"> <thead> <tr> <th>ID</th> <th>姓名</th> <th>年龄</th> <th>性别</th> <th>班级</th> <th>操作</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> {% for row in stu_list %} <tr> <td>{{ row.id }}</td> <td>{{ row.username }}</td> <td>{{ row.age }}</td> <td>{{ row.gender }}</td> <td>{{ row.cs.title }}</td> <td> <a class="glyphicon glyphicon-remove icon"></a><a class="fa fa-pencil-square-o icon"></a> </td> </tr> {% endfor %} </tbody> </table> </div> </div> <!-- Modal --> <div class="modal fade" id="addModal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="myModalLabel"> <div class="modal-dialog" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> <h4 class="modal-title" id="myModalLabel">创建学生</h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <form class="form-horizontal"> <div class="form-group"> <label for="username" class="col-sm-2 control-label">姓名</label> <div class="col-sm-10"> <input type="text" class="form-control" name="username" placeholder="姓名"> </div> </div> <div class="form-group"> <label for="age" class="col-sm-2 control-label">年龄</label> <div class="col-sm-10"> <input type="text" class="form-control" name="age" placeholder="年龄"> </div> </div> <div class="form-group"> <label for="age" class="col-sm-2 control-label">性别</label> <div class="col-sm-10"> <label class="radio-inline"> <input type="radio" name="gender" value="1"> 男 </label> <label class="radio-inline"> <input type="radio" name="gender" value="0"> 女 </label> </div> </div> <div class="form-group"> <label for="age" class="col-sm-2 control-label">班级</label> <div class="col-sm-10"> <select class="form-control" name="cls_id"> {% for row in cls_list %} <option value="{{ row.id }}">{{ row.title }}</option> {% endfor %} </select> </div> </div> </form> </div> <div class="modal-footer"> <span id="errorMsg" style="color: red;"></span> <button type="button" class="btn btn-default" data-dismiss="modal">取消</button> <button type="button" class="btn btn-primary" id="btnSave">保存</button> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="/static/js/jquery-3.1.1.js"></script> <script src="/static/plugins/bootstrap/js/bootstrap.js"></script>
js代码，触发显示对话框，并触发ajax请求
<script> $(function () { bindEvent(); bindSave(); }); // 点击事件，触发显示对话框 function bindEvent() { $('#addBtn').click(function () { $('#addModal').modal('show'); }) } // 点击保存，触发数据库请求保存事件 function bindSave() { $('#btnSave').click(function () { var postData = {}; // 新增数据的字典 // each 循环寻找每一个input 和select标签 $('#addModal').find('input,select').each(function () { var v = $(this).val(); var n = $(this).attr('name'); if(n=='gender'){ if($(this).prop('checked')){ postData[n] = v; } }else{ postData[n] = v; } }); $.ajax({ url: '/add_student/', type: 'POST', data: postData, success:function (arg) { // arg是字符串 // JSON.parse将字符串转换成字典， json.loads var dict = JSON.parse(arg); if(dict.status){ window.location.reload(); }else { $('#errorMsg').text(dict.message); } } }) }); } </script>
django路由设置
url(r'^students/', views.students), url(r'^add_student/', views.add_student),
针对ajax请求的视图函数
# ajax 请求返回数据 def add_student(request): response = {'status':True,'message': None} try: u = request.POST.get('username') a = request.POST.get('age') g = request.POST.get('gender') c = request.POST.get('cls_id') models.Student.objects.create( username=u, age=a, gender=g, cs_id=c ) except Exception as e: response['status'] = False response['message'] = '用户输入错误' import json result = json.dumps(response,ensure_ascii=False) return HttpResponse(result)
缺陷，ajax请求使用的是window.location.reload() ，会再次请求数据库
6）使用ajax对模态对话框新增数据。获取到新增的数据，主动添加标签。复杂版
针对ajax代码的修改
function bindEvent() { $('#addBtn').click(function () { $('#addModal').modal('show'); }) } function bindSave() { $('#btnSave').click(function () { var postData = {}; $('#addModal').find('input,select').each(function () { var v = $(this).val(); var n = $(this).attr('name'); if(n=='gender'){ if($(this).prop('checked')){ postData[n] = v; } }else{ postData[n] = v; } }); /* postData = { username: 'asdf', age:18, gender: 1, cls_id: 2 } */ $.ajax({ url: '/add_student/', type: 'POST', data: postData, success:function (arg) { // arg是字符串 // JSON.parse将字符串转换成字典， json.loads var dict = JSON.parse(arg); if(dict.status){ /* postData = { username: 'asdf', age:18, gender: 1, cls_id: 2 } 自增id = dict.data */ createRow(postData,dict.data); $('#addModal').modal('hide'); // window.location.reload(); }else { $('#errorMsg').text(dict.message); } } }) }); } function createRow(postData,nid) { var tr = document.createElement('tr'); $(tr).attr('nid',nid); var tdId = document.createElement('td'); tdId.innerHTML = nid; $(tr).append(tdId); var tdUser = document.createElement('td'); tdUser.innerHTML = postData.username; $(tr).append(tdUser); var tdAge = document.createElement('td'); tdAge.innerHTML = postData.age; $(tr).append(tdAge); var tdGender = document.createElement('td'); if(postData.gender == "0"){ tdGender.innerHTML = 'False'; }else{ tdGender.innerHTML = 'True'; } $(tr).append(tdGender); var tdClass = document.createElement('td'); var text = $('select[name="cls_id"]').find('option[value="'+ postData.cls_id +'"]').text(); tdClass.innerHTML = text; $(tr).append(tdClass); var tdHandle = '<td> <a class="glyphicon glyphicon-remove icon del-row"></a><a class="fa fa-pencil-square-o icon edit-row"></a> </td>'; $(tr).append(tdHandle); $('#tb').append(tr); }
def add_student(request): response = {'status':True,'message': None,'data':None} try: u = request.POST.get('username') a = request.POST.get('age') g = request.POST.get('gender') c = request.POST.get('cls_id') obj = models.Student.objects.create( username=u, age=a, gender=g, cs_id=c ) response['data'] = obj.id # 传送id 给前端 except Exception as e: response['status'] = False response['message'] = '用户输入错误' result = json.dumps(response,ensure_ascii=False) return HttpResponse(result)
7）对于删除事件的方法，事件委托
事件委托的语法 $('要绑定标签的上级标签').on('click','要绑定的标签',function(){}) 在jQuery版本1和2时，还有下面的用法 $('要绑定标签的上级标签').delegate('要绑定的标签','click',function(){})
前端标签代码如下
<table class="table table-bordered table-striped"> <thead> <tr> <th>ID</th> <th>姓名</th> <th>年龄</th> <th>性别</th> <th>班级</th> <th>操作</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody id="tb"> {% for row in stu_list %} <tr nid="{{ row.id }}"> <td na="nid">{{ row.id }}</td> <td na="user">{{ row.username }}</td> <td na="age">{{ row.age }}</td> <td na="gender">{{ row.gender }}</td> <td na="cls_id" cid="{{ row.cs_id }}">{{ row.cs.title }}</td> <td> <a class="glyphicon glyphicon-remove icon del-row"></a><a class="fa fa-pencil-square-o icon edit-row"></a> </td> </tr> {% endfor %} </tbody> </table>
在不使用事件委托时，如果不刷新页面，则新增加的标签，没有绑定方法
function bindDel() { $('.del-row').click(function () { $('#delModal').modal('show'); // 回去当前行的ID var rowId = $(this).parent().parent().attr('nid'); $('#delNid').val(rowId); }) }
使用事件委托的绑定事件方法
function bindDel() { $('#tb').on('click','.del-row',function () { // #tb标签是del-row标签的父标签，click事件委托给了父标签 $('#delModal').modal('show'); // 回去当前行的ID var rowId = $(this).parent().parent().attr('nid'); $('#delNid').val(rowId); }) }
8）模态对话框的标签获取方式优化
复杂版 var postData = {}; $('#addModal').find('input,select').each(function () { var v = $(this).val(); var n = $(this).attr('name'); if(n=='gender'){ if($(this).prop('checked')){ postData[n] = v; } }else{ postData[n] = v; } }); 优化版 - var data = $('#fmForm表单的ID').serialize(); $.ajax({ data: $('#fm').serialize() })
9）ajax使用总结
1. json虚拟化 Python序列化 字符串 = json.dumps(对象) 对象->字符串 对象 = json.loads(字符串) 字符串->对象 JavaScript: 字符串 = JSON.stringify(对象) 对象->字符串 对象 = JSON.parse(字符串) 字符串->对象 应用场景： 数据传输时， 发送：字符串 接收：字符串 -> 对象 2. ajax $.ajax({ url: 'http//www.baidu.com', type: 'GET', data: {'k1':'v1'}, success:function(arg){ // arg是字符串类型 // var obj = JSON.parse(arg) } }) $.ajax({ url: 'http//www.baidu.com', type: 'GET', data: {'k1':'v1'}, dataType: 'JSON', success:function(arg){ // arg是对象 } }) $.ajax({ url: 'http//www.baidu.com', type: 'GET', data: {'k1':[1,2,3,4]}, dataType: 'JSON', success:function(arg){ // arg是对象 } }) 发送数据时： data中的v a. 只是字符串或数字 $.ajax({ url: 'http//www.baidu.com', type: 'GET', data: {'k1':'v1'}, dataType: 'JSON', success:function(arg){ // arg是对象 } }) b. 包含属组 $.ajax({ url: 'http//www.baidu.com', type: 'GET', data: {'k1':[1,2,3,4]}, dataType: 'JSON', traditional: true, success:function(arg){ // arg是对象 } }) c. 传字典 b. 包含属组 $.ajax({ url: 'http//www.baidu.com', type: 'GET', data: {'k1': JSON.stringify({}) }, dataType: 'JSON', success:function(arg){ // arg是对象 } }) 3. 事件委托 $('要绑定标签的上级标签').on('click','要绑定的标签',function(){}) $('要绑定标签的上级标签').delegate('要绑定的标签','click',function(){}) 4. 总结 新URL方式： - 独立的页面 - 数据量大或条目多 对话框方式： - 数据量小或条目少 -增加，编辑 - Ajax: 考虑，当前页；td中自定义属性 - 页面（***） 删除： 对话框
三、django的form组件：表单验证，错误提示，生成 html
1）Form组件：最基本功能
- 对用户请求的验证 - AJax - Form - 生成HTML代码 a. 创建一个类 b. 类中创建字段（包含正则表达式） c. GET obj = Fr() obj.user = > 自动生成HTML d. POST obj = Fr(request.POST) if obj.is_valid(): obj.cleaned_data else: obj.errors return .... obj
2）Form的基本运用
前端代码编写（form组件生产的的html）
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <form id="fm" action="/f1.html" method="POST"> <p>{{ obj.user }}{{ obj.errors.user.0 }}</p> <p>{{ obj.pwd }}{{ obj.errors.pwd.0 }}</p> <p>{{ obj.age }}{{ obj.errors.age.0 }}</p> <p>{{ obj.email }}{{ obj.errors.email.0 }}</p> <input type="submit" value="提交" /> </form> <script src="/static/jquery-3.1.1.js"></script> </body> </html>
路由映射至视图函数
url(r'^f1.html$', views.f1),
视图函数（form组件运用）
from django.shortcuts import render from django.shortcuts import redirect from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse from django import forms from django.forms import fields class F1Form(forms.Form): user = fields.CharField( max_length=18, min_length=6, required=True, error_messages={ 'required': '用户名不能为空', 'max_length': '太长了', 'min_length': '太短了', 'invalid':'..' } ) pwd = fields.CharField(required=True,min_length=32) age = fields.IntegerField( required=True， error_messages={ 'required':'年龄不能为空', 'invalid':'年龄必须为数字' } ) email = fields.EmailField( required=True, min_length=8, error_messages={ 'required':'邮箱不能为空' 'invalid':'邮箱格式错误' } ) def f1(request): if request.method == 'GET': obj = F1Form() return render(request,'f1.html',{'obj':obj}) else: obj = F1Form(request.POST) # 是否全部验证成功 if obj.is_valid(): # 用户提交的数据 print('验证成功',obj.cleaned_data) return redirect('http://www.xiaohuar.com') else: print('验证失败',obj.errors) return render(request, 'f1.html',{'obj':obj})
3）Form组件生成前端代码，可获取编辑默认值
model模型表设计
from django.db import models class UserInfo(models.Model): username = models.CharField(max_length=32) email = models.EmailField(max_length=32)
创建forms表单验证类
from django import forms as dforms from django.forms import fields class UserForm(dforms.Form): username = fields.CharField() email = fields.EmailField()
urls路由定义
urlpatterns = [ url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls), url(r'^users/', views.users), url(r'^add_user/', views.add_user), url(r'^edit_user-(\d+)/', views.edit_user), ]
视图函数
from django.shortcuts import render from django.shortcuts import redirect from app01 import models def users(request): user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all() return render(request,'users.html',{'user_list':user_list}) from app01.forms import UserForm def add_user(request): if request.method == 'GET': obj = UserForm() print('==>前端代码',obj) # 生成html代码传给前端 return render(request,'add_user.html',{'obj':obj}) else: obj = UserForm(request.POST) if obj.is_valid(): models.UserInfo.objects.create(**obj.cleaned_data) return redirect('/users/') else: return render(request,'add_user.html',{'obj':obj}) def edit_user(request,nid): if request.method == "GET": data = models.UserInfo.objects.filter(id=nid).first() obj = UserForm({'username':data.username,'email':data.email}) return render(request,'edit_user.html',{'obj':obj,'nid':nid}) else: obj = UserForm(request.POST) if obj.is_valid(): models.UserInfo.objects.filter(id=nid).update(**obj.cleaned_data) return redirect('/users/') else: return render(request,'edit_user.html',{'obj':obj,'nid':nid})
templates前端文件创建
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <a href="/add_user/">添加</a> <ul> {% for row in user_list %} <li>{{ row.id }}-{{ row.username }}-{{ row.email }} <a href="/edit_user-{{ row.id }}/">编辑</a></li> {% endfor %} </ul> </body> </html>
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <form action="/add_user/" method="post" novalidate> {% csrf_token %} <p>{{ obj.username }}{{ obj.errors.username.0 }}</p> <p>{{ obj.email }}{{ obj.errors.email.0 }}</p> <input type="submit" value="提交" /> </form> </body> </html>
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <form action="/edit_user-{{ nid }}/" method="POST" novalidate> {% csrf_token %} <p>{{ obj.username }}{{ obj.errors.username.0 }}</p> <p>{{ obj.email }}{{ obj.errors.email.0 }}</p> <input type="submit" value="提交" /> </form> </body> </html>
使用流程信息归纳总结
定义表单验证规则 form.py from django import forms as dforms from django.forms import fields class UserForm(dforms.Form): username = fields.CharField() email = fields.EmailField() ------------------------------------------------------------------ 对于添加： views.py from app01.forms import UserForm def add_user(request): if request.method == 'GET': obj = UserForm() print('==>前端代码',obj) # 生成html代码传给前端 return render(request,'add_user.html',{'obj':obj}) else: obj = UserForm(request.POST) if obj.is_valid(): models.UserInfo.objects.create(**obj.cleaned_data) return redirect('/users/') else: return render(request,'add_user.html',{'obj':obj}) add_user.html <body> <form action="/add_user/" method="post" novalidate> # novalidate 取消默认的浏览器的验证 {% csrf_token %} <p>{{ obj.username }}{{ obj.errors.username.0 }}</p> <p>{{ obj.email }}{{ obj.errors.email.0 }}</p> <input type="submit" value="提交" /> </form> </body> ------------------------------------------------------------------ 对于编辑： views.py： def edit_user(request,nid): if request.method == "GET": data = models.UserInfo.objects.filter(id=nid).first() obj = UserForm({'username':data.username,'email':data.email}) return render(request,'edit_user.html',{'obj':obj,'nid':nid}) else: obj = UserForm(request.POST) if obj.is_valid(): models.UserInfo.objects.filter(id=nid).update(**obj.cleaned_data) return redirect('/users/') else: return render(request,'edit_user.html',{'obj':obj,'nid':nid}) edit_user.html： <body> <form action="/edit_user-{{ nid }}/" method="POST" novalidate> {% csrf_token %} <p>{{ obj.username }}{{ obj.errors.username.0 }}</p> <p>{{ obj.email }}{{ obj.errors.email.0 }}</p> <input type="submit" value="提交" /> </form> </body> 特别注意：模型生成的字段名最好与表单验证名一致，使用的html的变量名也应该使用模型的字段名
四、深入了解Form组件
1）Django的Form主要具有一下几大功能：
1）生成HTML标签 2）验证用户数据（显示错误信息） 3）HTML Form提交保留上次提交数据 4）初始化页面显示内容
2）对Form功能小测试
2.1）创建Form类
from django.forms import Form from django.forms import widgets from django.forms import fields class MyForm(Form): user = fields.CharField( widget=widgets.TextInput(attrs={'id': 'i1', 'class': 'c1'}) ) gender = fields.ChoiceField( choices=((1, '男'), (2, '女'),), initial=2, widget=widgets.RadioSelect ) city = fields.CharField( initial=2, widget=widgets.Select(choices=((1,'上海'),(2,'北京'),)) ) pwd = fields.CharField( widget=widgets.PasswordInput(attrs={'class': 'c1'}, render_value=True) )
2.2) View函数处理
from django.shortcuts import render, redirect from .forms import MyForm def index(request): if request.method == "GET": obj = MyForm() return render(request, 'index.html', {'form': obj}) elif request.method == "POST": obj = MyForm(request.POST, request.FILES) if obj.is_valid(): values = obj.clean() print(values) else: errors = obj.errors print(errors) return render(request, 'index.html', {'form': obj}) else: return redirect('http://www.google.com')
2.3）生成html
<form action="/" method="POST" enctype="multipart/form-data"> <p>{{ form.user }} {{ form.user.errors }}</p> <p>{{ form.gender }} {{ form.gender.errors }}</p> <p>{{ form.city }} {{ form.city.errors }}</p> <p>{{ form.pwd }} {{ form.pwd.errors }}</p> <input type="submit"/> </form>
<form method="POST" enctype="multipart/form-data"> {% csrf_token %} {{ form.xxoo.label }} {{ form.xxoo.id_for_label }} {{ form.xxoo.label_tag }} {{ form.xxoo.errors }} <p>{{ form.user }} {{ form.user.errors }}</p> <input type="submit" /> </form>
2.3）前端另一种简单写法，但不推荐，无法定制css属性
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <h3>test2</h3> {# 不推荐，无法定制标签 #} {{ obj.as_p }} <br> <ul>{{ obj.as_ul }}</ul> <br> <table>{{ obj.as_table }}</table> </bo
3）创建Form类时，主要涉及到 【字段】 和 【插件】，字段用于对用户请求数据的验证，插件用于自动生成HTML;
Field required=True, 是否允许为空 widget=None, HTML插件 label=None, 用于生成Label标签或显示内容 initial=None, 初始值 help_text='', 帮助信息(在标签旁边显示) error_messages=None, 错误信息 {'required': '不能为空', 'invalid': '格式错误'} show_hidden_initial=False, 是否在当前插件后面再加一个隐藏的且具有默认值的插件（可用于检验两次输入是否一直） validators=[], 自定义验证规则 localize=False, 是否支持本地化 disabled=False, 是否可以编辑 label_suffix=None Label内容后缀 CharField(Field) max_length=None, 最大长度 min_length=None, 最小长度 strip=True 是否移除用户输入空白 IntegerField(Field) max_value=None, 最大值 min_value=None, 最小值 FloatField(IntegerField) ... DecimalField(IntegerField) max_value=None, 最大值 min_value=None, 最小值 max_digits=None, 总长度 decimal_places=None, 小数位长度 BaseTemporalField(Field) input_formats=None 时间格式化 DateField(BaseTemporalField) 格式：2015-09-01 TimeField(BaseTemporalField) 格式：11:12 DateTimeField(BaseTemporalField)格式：2015-09-01 11:12 DurationField(Field) 时间间隔：%d %H:%M:%S.%f ... RegexField(CharField) regex, 自定制正则表达式 max_length=None, 最大长度 min_length=None, 最小长度 error_message=None, 忽略，错误信息使用 error_messages={'invalid': '...'} EmailField(CharField) ... FileField(Field) allow_empty_file=False 是否允许空文件 ImageField(FileField) ... 注：需要PIL模块，pip3 install Pillow 以上两个字典使用时，需要注意两点： - form表单中 enctype="multipart/form-data" - view函数中 obj = MyForm(request.POST, request.FILES) URLField(Field) ... BooleanField(Field) ... NullBooleanField(BooleanField) ... ChoiceField(Field) ... choices=(), 选项，如：choices = ((0,'上海'),(1,'北京'),) required=True, 是否必填 widget=None, 插件，默认select插件 label=None, Label内容 initial=None, 初始值 help_text='', 帮助提示 ModelChoiceField(ChoiceField) ... django.forms.models.ModelChoiceField queryset, # 查询数据库中的数据 empty_label="---------", # 默认空显示内容 to_field_name=None, # HTML中value的值对应的字段 limit_choices_to=None # ModelForm中对queryset二次筛选 ModelMultipleChoiceField(ModelChoiceField) ... django.forms.models.ModelMultipleChoiceField TypedChoiceField(ChoiceField) coerce = lambda val: val 对选中的值进行一次转换 empty_value= '' 空值的默认值 MultipleChoiceField(ChoiceField) ... TypedMultipleChoiceField(MultipleChoiceField) coerce = lambda val: val 对选中的每一个值进行一次转换 empty_value= '' 空值的默认值 ComboField(Field) fields=() 使用多个验证，如下：即验证最大长度20，又验证邮箱格式 fields.ComboField(fields=[fields.CharField(max_length=20), fields.EmailField(),]) MultiValueField(Field) PS: 抽象类，子类中可以实现聚合多个字典去匹配一个值，要配合MultiWidget使用 SplitDateTimeField(MultiValueField) input_date_formats=None, 格式列表：['%Y--%m--%d', '%m%d/%Y', '%m/%d/%y'] input_time_formats=None 格式列表：['%H:%M:%S', '%H:%M:%S.%f', '%H:%M'] FilePathField(ChoiceField) 文件选项，目录下文件显示在页面中 path, 文件夹路径 match=None, 正则匹配 recursive=False, 递归下面的文件夹 allow_files=True, 允许文件 allow_folders=False, 允许文件夹 required=True, widget=None, label=None, initial=None, help_text='' GenericIPAddressField protocol='both', both,ipv4,ipv6支持的IP格式 unpack_ipv4=False 解析ipv4地址，如果是::ffff:192.0.2.1时候，可解析为192.0.2.1， PS：protocol必须为both才能启用 SlugField(CharField) 数字，字母，下划线，减号（连字符） ... UUIDField(CharField) uuid类型
注：UUID是根据MAC以及当前时间等创建的不重复的随机字符串
>>> import uuid # make a UUID based on the host ID and current time >>> uuid.uuid1() # doctest: +SKIP UUID('a8098c1a-f86e-11da-bd1a-00112444be1e') # make a UUID using an MD5 hash of a namespace UUID and a name >>> uuid.uuid3(uuid.NAMESPACE_DNS, 'python.org') UUID('6fa459ea-ee8a-3ca4-894e-db77e160355e') # make a random UUID >>> uuid.uuid4() # doctest: +SKIP UUID('16fd2706-8baf-433b-82eb-8c7fada847da') # make a UUID using a SHA-1 hash of a namespace UUID and a name >>> uuid.uuid5(uuid.NAMESPACE_DNS, 'python.org') UUID('886313e1-3b8a-5372-9b90-0c9aee199e5d') # make a UUID from a string of hex digits (braces and hyphens ignored) >>> x = uuid.UUID('{00010203-0405-0607-0809-0a0b0c0d0e0f}') # convert a UUID to a string of hex digits in standard form >>> str(x) '00010203-0405-0607-0809-0a0b0c0d0e0f' # get the raw 16 bytes of the UUID >>> x.bytes b'\x00\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x08\t\n\x0b\x0c\r\x0e\x0f' # make a UUID from a 16-byte string >>> uuid.UUID(bytes=x.bytes) UUID('00010203-0405-0607-0809-0a0b0c0d0e0f')
重点字段
- 字段 用于保存正则表达式 ChoiceField ***** MultipleChoiceField CharField IntegerField DecimalField DateField DateTimeField EmailField GenericIPAddressField FileField RegexField - HTML插件 用于生成HTML标签
4）Django内置插件，生成html属性
TextInput(Input)
NumberInput(TextInput)
EmailInput(TextInput)
URLInput(TextInput)
PasswordInput(TextInput)
HiddenInput(TextInput)
Textarea(Widget)
DateInput(DateTimeBaseInput)
DateTimeInput(DateTimeBaseInput)
TimeInput(DateTimeBaseInput)
CheckboxInput
Select
NullBooleanSelect
SelectMultiple
RadioSelect
CheckboxSelectMultiple
FileInput
ClearableFileInput
MultipleHiddenInput
SplitDateTimeWidget
SplitHiddenDateTimeWidget
SelectDateWidget
4.1）常用选择插件
# 单radio，值为字符串 # user = fields.CharField( # initial=2, # widget=widgets.RadioSelect(choices=((1,'上海'),(2,'北京'),)) # ) # 单radio，值为字符串 # user = fields.ChoiceField( # choices=((1, '上海'), (2, '北京'),), # initial=2, # widget=widgets.RadioSelect # ) # 单select，值为字符串 # user = fields.CharField( # initial=2, # widget=widgets.Select(choices=((1,'上海'),(2,'北京'),)) # ) # 单select，值为字符串 # user = fields.ChoiceField( # choices=((1, '上海'), (2, '北京'),), # initial=2, # widget=widgets.Select # ) # 多选select，值为列表 # user = fields.MultipleChoiceField( # choices=((1,'上海'),(2,'北京'),), # initial=[1,], # widget=widgets.SelectMultiple # ) # 单checkbox # user = fields.CharField( # widget=widgets.CheckboxInput() # ) # 多选checkbox,值为列表 # user = fields.MultipleChoiceField( # initial=[2, ], # choices=((1, '上海'), (2, '北京'),), # widget=widgets.CheckboxSelectMultiple # )
5）在使用选择标签时，需要注意choices的选项可以从数据库中获取，但是由于是静态字段 ***获取的值无法实时更新***，那么需要自定义构造方法从而达到此目的。
重点。数据库更新，html获取到的数据库，存在内存，下次访问并没有更新。需要重启数据库。下面是解决方法
5.1）方法一
from django.forms import Form from django.forms import widgets from django.forms import fields from django.core.validators import RegexValidator class MyForm(Form): user = fields.ChoiceField( # choices=((1, '上海'), (2, '北京'),), initial=2, widget=widgets.Select ) def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): super(MyForm,self).__init__(*args, **kwargs) # self.fields['user'].widget.choices = ((1, '上海'), (2, '北京'),) # 或 self.fields['user'].widget.choices = models.Classes.objects.all().value_list('id','caption')
5.2）方法二：使用django提供的ModelChoiceField和ModelMultipleChoiceField字段来实现
from django import forms from django.forms import fields from django.forms import widgets from django.forms import models as form_model from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError from django.core.validators import RegexValidator class FInfo(forms.Form): authors = form_model.ModelMultipleChoiceField(queryset=models.NNewType.objects.all()) # authors = form_model.ModelChoiceField(queryset=models.NNewType.objects.all())
6）自定义验证规则
6.1）方法一：
from django.forms import Form from django.forms import widgets from django.forms import fields from django.core.validators import RegexValidator class MyForm(Form): user = fields.CharField( validators=[RegexValidator(r'^[0-9]+$', '请输入数字'), RegexValidator(r'^159[0-9]+$', '数字必须以159开头')], )
6.2）方法二
import re from django.forms import Form from django.forms import widgets from django.forms import fields from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError # 自定义验证规则 def mobile_validate(value): mobile_re = re.compile(r'^(13[0-9]|15[012356789]|17[678]|18[0-9]|14[57])[0-9]{8}$') if not mobile_re.match(value): raise ValidationError('手机号码格式错误') class PublishForm(Form): title = fields.CharField(max_length=20, min_length=5, error_messages={'required': '标题不能为空', 'min_length': '标题最少为5个字符', 'max_length': '标题最多为20个字符'}, widget=widgets.TextInput(attrs={'class': "form-control", 'placeholder': '标题5-20个字符'})) # 使用自定义验证规则 phone = fields.CharField(validators=[mobile_validate, ], error_messages={'required': '手机不能为空'}, widget=widgets.TextInput(attrs={'class': "form-control", 'placeholder': u'手机号码'})) email = fields.EmailField(required=False, error_messages={'required': u'邮箱不能为空','invalid': u'邮箱格式错误'}, widget=widgets.TextInput(attrs={'class': "form-control", 'placeholder': u'邮箱'}))
6.3）方法三，自定义方法
from django import forms from django.forms import fields from django.forms import widgets from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError from django.core.validators import RegexValidator class FInfo(forms.Form): username = fields.CharField(max_length=5, validators=[RegexValidator(r'^[0-9]+$', 'Enter a valid extension.', 'invalid')], ) email = fields.EmailField() def clean_username(self): """ Form中字段中定义的格式匹配完之后，执行此方法进行验证 :return: """ value = self.cleaned_data['username'] if "666" in value: raise ValidationError('666已经被玩烂了...', 'invalid') return value
6.4）同时生成多个标签进行验证
from django.forms import Form from django.forms import widgets from django.forms import fields from django.core.validators import RegexValidator ############## 自定义字段 ############## class PhoneField(fields.MultiValueField): def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): # Define one message for all fields. error_messages = { 'incomplete': 'Enter a country calling code and a phone number.', } # Or define a different message for each field. f = ( fields.CharField( error_messages={'incomplete': 'Enter a country calling code.'}, validators=[ RegexValidator(r'^[0-9]+$', 'Enter a valid country calling code.'), ], ), fields.CharField( error_messages={'incomplete': 'Enter a phone number.'}, validators=[RegexValidator(r'^[0-9]+$', 'Enter a valid phone number.')], ), fields.CharField( validators=[RegexValidator(r'^[0-9]+$', 'Enter a valid extension.')], required=False, ), ) super(PhoneField, self).__init__(error_messages=error_messages, fields=f, require_all_fields=False, *args, **kwargs) def compress(self, data_list): """ 当用户验证都通过后，该值返回给用户 :param data_list: :return: """ return data_list ############## 自定义插件 ############## class SplitPhoneWidget(widgets.MultiWidget): def __init__(self): ws = ( widgets.TextInput(), widgets.TextInput(), widgets.TextInput(), ) super(SplitPhoneWidget, self).__init__(ws) def decompress(self, value): """ 处理初始值，当初始值initial不是列表时，调用该方法 :param value: :return: """ if value: return value.split(',') return [None, None, None] 初始化数据
7）form组件使用ajax提交数据验证
7.1）ajax普通验证
from django.core.exceptions import NON_FIELD_ERRORS, ValidationError class AjaxForm(forms.Form): username = fields.CharField() user_id = fields.IntegerField( widget=widgets.Select(choices=[(0,'alex'),(1,'刘皓宸'),(2,'杨建'),]) ) # 自定义方法 clean_字段名 # 必须返回值self.cleaned_data['username'] # 如果出错：raise ValidationError('用户名已存在') def clean_username(self): v = self.cleaned_data['username'] if models.UserInfo.objects.filter(username=v).count(): # 整体错了 # 自己详细错误信息 raise ValidationError('用户名已存在') return v def clean_user_id(self): return self.cleaned_data['user_id']
def ajax(request): if request.method == 'GET': obj = AjaxForm() return render(request,'ajax.html',{'obj':obj}) else: ret = {'status':'杨建','message':None} import json obj = AjaxForm(request.POST) if obj.is_valid(): # 跳转到百度 # return redirect('http://www.baidu.com') # if .... # obj.errors['username'] = ['用户名已经存在',] # if .... # obj.errors['email'] = ['用户名已经存在',] ret['status'] = '钱' return HttpResponse(json.dumps(ret)) else: # print(type(obj.errors)) # print(obj.errors) from django.forms.utils import ErrorDict # print(obj.errors.as_ul()) # print(obj.errors.as_json()) # print(obj.errors.as_data()) ret['message'] = obj.errors # 错误信息显示在页面上 return HttpResponse(json.dumps(ret))
前端ajax代码实现
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <form id="fm" method="POST" action="/ajax/"> {% csrf_token %} {{ obj.as_p }} <input type="button" value="Ajax提交" id="btn" /> </form> <script src="/static/jquery-3.1.1.js"></script> <script> $(function () { $('#btn').click(function () { $.ajax({ url: '/ajax/', type: 'POST', data: $('#fm').serialize(), dataType: 'JSON', success:function (arg) { // arg: 状态，错误信息 if (arg.status == '钱'){ window.location.href = "http://www.baidu.com" } console.log(arg); } }) }) }) </script> </body> </html>
7.2）对于数据库单字段验证验证
定义form规则，单字段验证
from django.core.exceptions import NON_FIELD_ERRORS, ValidationError class AjaxForm(forms.Form): username = fields.CharField() user_id = fields.IntegerField( widget=widgets.Select(choices=[(0,'alex'),(1,'刘皓宸'),(2,'杨建'),]) ) # 自定义方法 clean_字段名 # 必须返回值self.cleaned_data['username'] # 如果出错：raise ValidationError('用户名已存在') def clean_username(self): v = self.cleaned_data['username'] if models.UserInfo.objects.filter(username=v).count(): # 整体错了 # 自己详细错误信息 raise ValidationError('用户名已存在') return v def clean_user_id(self): return self.cleaned_data['user_id']
7.3）对于数据库多字段的唯一验证
from django.core.exceptions import NON_FIELD_ERRORS, ValidationError class AjaxForm(forms.Form): username = fields.CharField() user_id = fields.IntegerField( widget=widgets.Select(choices=[(0,'alex'),(1,'刘皓宸'),(2,'杨建'),]) ) # 自定义方法 clean_字段名 # 必须返回值self.cleaned_data['username'] # 如果出错：raise ValidationError('用户名已存在') def clean_username(self): v = self.cleaned_data['username'] if models.UserInfo.objects.filter(username=v).count(): # 整体错了 # 自己详细错误信息 raise ValidationError('用户名已存在') return v def clean_user_id(self): return self.cleaned_data['user_id'] def clean(self): value_dict = self.cleaned_data v1 = value_dict.get('username') v2 = value_dict.get('user_id') if v1 == 'root' and v2==1: raise ValidationError('整体错误信息') return self.cleaned_data
form表单系列原文出处：http://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/6144178.html
Model操作补充：http://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/6216618.html
Ajax全套： http://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/5703697.html