转载 https://www.cnblogs.com/edwardbi/p/5647522.html
两周多的努力总算写出了RCNN的代码，这段代码非常有意思，并且还顺带复习了几个Tensorflow应用方面的知识点，故特此总结下，带大家分享下经验。理论方面，RCNN的理论教程颇多，这里我不在做详尽说明，有兴趣的朋友可以看看这个博客以了解大概。
系统概况
RCNN的逻辑基于Alexnet模型。为增加模型的物体辨识率，在图片未经CNN处理前，先由传统算法（文中所用算法为Selective Search算法）取得大概2000左右的疑似物品框。之后，这些疑似框被导入CNN系统中以取得输出层前一层的特征后，由训练好的svm来区分物体。这之中，比较有意思的部分包括了对经过ImageNet训练后的Alexnet的fine tune，对fine tune后框架里输出层前的最后一层特征点的提取以及训练svm分类器。下面，让我们来看看如何实现这个模型吧！
代码解析
为方便编写，这里应用了tflearn库作为tensorflow的一个wrapper来编写Alexnet，关于tflearn，具体资料请点击这里查看其官网。
那么下面，让我们先来看看系统流程：
第一步，训练Alexnet，这里我们运用的是github上tensorflow-alexnet项目。该项目将Alexnet运用在学习flower17数据库上，说白了也就是区分不同种类的花的项目。github提供的代码所有功能作者都有认真的写出，不过在main的写作以及对模型是否支持在断点处继续训练等问题上作者并没写明，这里贴上我的代码：
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def
train(network, X, Y):
# Training
model
=
tflearn.DNN(network, checkpoint_path
=
'model_alexnet'
,
max_checkpoints
=
1
, tensorboard_verbose
=
2
, tensorboard_dir
=
'output'
)
# 这里增加了读取存档的模式。如果已经有保存了的模型，我们当然就读取它然后继续
# 训练了啊！
if
os.path.isfile(
'model_save.model'
):
model.load(
'model_save.model'
)
model.fit(X, Y, n_epoch
=
100
, validation_set
=
0.1
, shuffle
=
True
,
show_metric
=
True
, batch_size
=
64
, snapshot_step
=
200
,
snapshot_epoch
=
False
, run_id
=
'alexnet_oxflowers17'
)
# epoch = 1000
# Save the model
# 这里是保存已经运算好了的模型
model.save(
'model_save.model'
)
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同时，我们希望可以检测模型是否运作正常。以下是检测Alexnet用代码
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# 预处理图片函数：
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# 首先，读取图片，形成一个Image文件
def
load_image(img_path):
img
=
Image.
open
(img_path)
return
img
# 将Image文件给修改成224 * 224的图片大小（当然，RGB三个频道我们保持不变）
def
resize_image(in_image, new_width, new_height, out_image
=
None
,
resize_mode
=
Image.ANTIALIAS):
img
=
in_image.resize((new_width, new_height), resize_mode)
if
out_image:
img.save(out_image)
return
img
# 将Image加载后转换成float32格式的tensor
def
pil_to_nparray(pil_image):
pil_image.load()
return
np.asarray(pil_image, dtype
=
"float32"
)
# 网络框架函数：
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
def
create_alexnet(num_classes):
# Building 'AlexNet'
network
=
input_data(shape
=
[
None
,
224
,
224
,
3
])
network
=
conv_2d(network,
96
,
11
, strides
=
4
, activation
=
'relu'
)
network
=
max_pool_2d(network,
3
, strides
=
2
)
network
=
local_response_normalization(network)
network
=
conv_2d(network,
256
,
5
, activation
=
'relu'
)
network
=
max_pool_2d(network,
3
, strides
=
2
)
network
=
local_response_normalization(network)
network
=
conv_2d(network,
384
,
3
, activation
=
'relu'
)
network
=
conv_2d(network,
384
,
3
, activation
=
'relu'
)
network
=
conv_2d(network,
256
,
3
, activation
=
'relu'
)
network
=
max_pool_2d(network,
3
, strides
=
2
)
network
=
local_response_normalization(network)
network
=
fully_connected(network,
4096
, activation
=
'tanh'
)
network
=
dropout(network,
0.5
)
network
=
fully_connected(network,
4096
, activation
=
'tanh'
)
network
=
dropout(network,
0.5
)
network
=
fully_connected(network, num_classes, activation
=
'softmax'
)
network
=
regression(network, optimizer
=
'momentum'
,
loss
=
'categorical_crossentropy'
,
learning_rate
=
0.001
)
return
network
# 我们就是用这个函数来推断输入图片的类别的
def
predict(network, modelfile,images):
model
=
tflearn.DNN(network)
model.load(modelfile)
return
model.predict(images)
if
__name__
=
=
'__main__'
:
img_path
=
'testimg7.jpg'
imgs
=
[]
img
=
load_image(img_path)
img
=
resize_image(img,
224
,
224
)
imgs.append(pil_to_nparray(img))
net
=
create_alexnet(
17
)
predicted
=
predict(net,
'model_save.model'
,imgs)
print
(predicted)
|
到此为止，我们跟RCNN还没有直接的关系。不过，值得注意的是，我们之前保存的那个训练模型model_save.model文件就是我们预训练的Alexnet。那么下面，我们开始正式制作RCNN系统了，让我们先编写传统的框架proposal代码吧。
鉴于文中运用的算法是selective search， 对这个算法我个人没有太接触过，所以从头编写非常耗时。这里我偷了个懒，运用python现成的库selectivesearch去完成，那么，预处理代码的重心就在另一个概念上了，即IOU， interection or union概念。这个概念之所以在这里很有用是因为一张图片我们人为的去标注往往只为途中的某一样物体进行了标注，其余的我们全部算作背景了。在这个概念下，如果电脑一次性选择了许多可能物品框，我们如何决定哪个框对应这物体呢？对于完全不重叠的方框我们自然认为其标注的不是物体而是背景，但是对于那些重叠的方框怎么分类呢？我们这里便使用了IOU概念，即重叠数值超过一个阀门数值我们便将其标注为该物体类别，其他情况下我们均标注该方框为背景。更加详细的讲解请点击这里。
那么在代码上我们如何实现这个IOU呢？
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# IOU Part 1
def
if_intersection(xmin_a, xmax_a, ymin_a, ymax_a, xmin_b, xmax_b, ymin_b, ymax_b):
if_intersect
=
False
# 通过四条if来查看两个方框是否有交集。如果四种状况都不存在，我们视为无交集
if
xmin_a < xmax_b <
=
xmax_a
and
(ymin_a < ymax_b <
=
ymax_a
or
ymin_a <
=
ymin_b < ymax_a):
if_intersect
=
True
elif
xmin_a <
=
xmin_b < xmax_a
and
(ymin_a < ymax_b <
=
ymax_a
or
ymin_a <
=
ymin_b < ymax_a):
if_intersect
=
True
elif
xmin_b < xmax_a <
=
xmax_b
and
(ymin_b < ymax_a <
=
ymax_b
or
ymin_b <
=
ymin_a < ymax_b):
if_intersect
=
True
elif
xmin_b <
=
xmin_a < xmax_b
and
(ymin_b < ymax_a <
=
ymax_b
or
ymin_b <
=
ymin_a < ymax_b):
if_intersect
=
True
else
:
return
False
# 在有交集的情况下，我们通过大小关系整理两个方框各自的四个顶点， 通过它们得到交集面积
if
if_intersect
=
=
True
:
x_sorted_list
=
sorted
([xmin_a, xmax_a, xmin_b, xmax_b])
y_sorted_list
=
sorted
([ymin_a, ymax_a, ymin_b, ymax_b])
x_intersect_w
=
x_sorted_list[
2
]
-
x_sorted_list[
1
]
y_intersect_h
=
y_sorted_list[
2
]
-
y_sorted_list[
1
]
area_inter
=
x_intersect_w
*
y_intersect_h
return
area_inter
# IOU Part 2
def
IOU(ver1, vertice2):
# vertices in four points
# 整理输入顶点
vertice1
=
[ver1[
0
], ver1[
1
], ver1[
0
]
+
ver1[
2
], ver1[
1
]
+
ver1[
3
]]
area_inter
=
if_intersection(vertice1[
0
], vertice1[
2
], vertice1[
1
], vertice1[
3
], vertice2[
0
], vertice2[
2
], vertice2[
1
], vertice2[
3
])
# 如果有交集，计算IOU
if
area_inter:
area_1
=
ver1[
2
]
*
ver1[
3
]
area_2
=
vertice2[
4
]
*
vertice2[
5
]
iou
=
float
(area_inter)
/
(area_1
+
area_2
-
area_inter)
return
iou
return
False
|
之后，我们便可以在fine tune Alexnet时以0.5为IOU的threthold， 并在训练SVM时以0.3为threthold。达成该思维的函数如下：
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# Read in data and save data for Alexnet
def
load_train_proposals(datafile, num_clss, threshold
=
0.5
, svm
=
False
, save
=
False
, save_path
=
'dataset.pkl'
):
train_list
=
open
(datafile,
'r'
)
labels
=
[]
images
=
[]
for
line
in
train_list:
tmp
=
line.strip().split(
' '
)
# tmp0 = image address
# tmp1 = label
# tmp2 = rectangle vertices
img
=
skimage.io.imread(tmp[
0
])
# python的selective search函数
img_lbl, regions
=
selectivesearch.selective_search(img, scale
=
500
, sigma
=
0.9
, min_size
=
10
)
candidates
=
set
()
for
r
in
regions:
# excluding same rectangle (with different segments)
# 剔除重复的方框
if
r[
'rect'
]
in
candidates:
continue
# 剔除太小的方框
if
r[
'size'
] <
220
:
continue
# resize to 224 * 224 for input
# 重整方框的大小
proposal_img, proposal_vertice
=
clip_pic(img, r[
'rect'
])
# Delete Empty array
# 如果截取后的图片为空，剔除
if
len
(proposal_img)
=
=
0
:
continue
# Ignore things contain 0 or not C contiguous array
x, y, w, h
=
r[
'rect'
]
# 长或宽为0的方框，剔除
if
w
=
=
0
or
h
=
=
0
:
continue
# Check if any 0-dimension exist
# image array的dim里有0的，剔除
[a, b, c]
=
np.shape(proposal_img)
if
a
=
=
0
or
b
=
=
0
or
c
=
=
0
:
continue
im
=
Image.fromarray(proposal_img)
resized_proposal_img
=
resize_image(im,
224
,
224
)
candidates.add(r[
'rect'
])
img_float
=
pil_to_nparray(resized_proposal_img)
images.append(img_float)
# 计算IOU
ref_rect
=
tmp[
2
].split(
','
)
ref_rect_int
=
[
int
(i)
for
i
in
ref_rect]
iou_val
=
IOU(ref_rect_int, proposal_vertice)
# labels, let 0 represent default class, which is background
index
=
int
(tmp[
1
])
if
svm
=
=
False
:
label
=
np.zeros(num_clss
+
1
)
if
iou_val < threshold:
label[
0
]
=
1
else
:
label[index]
=
1
labels.append(label)
else
:
if
iou_val < threshold:
labels.append(
0
)
else
:
labels.append(index)
if
save:
pickle.dump((images, labels),
open
(save_path,
'wb'
))
return
images, labels
|
需要注意的是，这里输入参数的svm当为True时我们便不需要用one hot的方式表达label了。
在预处理了输入图片后，我们需要用预处理后的图片集来fine tune Alexnet。
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# Use a already trained alexnet with the last layer redesigned
# 这里定义了我们的Alexnet的fine tune框架。按照原文，我们需要丢弃alexnet的最后一层，即softmax
# 然后换上一层新的softmax专门针对新的预测的class数+1(因为多出了个背景class)。具体方法为设
# restore为False，这样在最后一层softmax处，我不restore任何数值。
def
create_alexnet(num_classes, restore
=
False
):
# Building 'AlexNet'
network
=
input_data(shape
=
[
None
,
224
,
224
,
3
])
network
=
conv_2d(network,
96
,
11
, strides
=
4
, activation
=
'relu'
)
network
=
max_pool_2d(network,
3
, strides
=
2
)
network
=
local_response_normalization(network)
network
=
conv_2d(network,
256
,
5
, activation
=
'relu'
)
network
=
max_pool_2d(network,
3
, strides
=
2
)
network
=
local_response_normalization(network)
network
=
conv_2d(network,
384
,
3
, activation
=
'relu'
)
network
=
conv_2d(network,
384
,
3
, activation
=
'relu'
)
network
=
conv_2d(network,
256
,
3
, activation
=
'relu'
)
network
=
max_pool_2d(network,
3
, strides
=
2
)
network
=
local_response_normalization(network)
network
=
fully_connected(network,
4096
, activation
=
'tanh'
)
network
=
dropout(network,
0.5
)
network
=
fully_connected(network,
4096
, activation
=
'tanh'
)
network
=
dropout(network,
0.5
)
network
=
fully_connected(network, num_classes, activation
=
'softmax'
, restore
=
restore)
network
=
regression(network, optimizer
=
'momentum'
,
loss
=
'categorical_crossentropy'
,
learning_rate
=
0.001
)
return
network
# 这里，我们的训练从已经训练好的alexnet开始，即model_save.model开始读取。在训练后，我们
# 将训练资料收录到fine_tune_model_save.model里
def
fine_tune_Alexnet(network, X, Y):
# Training
model
=
tflearn.DNN(network, checkpoint_path
=
'rcnn_model_alexnet'
,
max_checkpoints
=
1
, tensorboard_verbose
=
2
, tensorboard_dir
=
'output_RCNN'
)
if
os.path.isfile(
'fine_tune_model_save.model'
):
print
(
"Loading the fine tuned model"
)
model.load(
'fine_tune_model_save.model'
)
elif
os.path.isfile(
'model_save.model'
):
print
(
"Loading the alexnet"
)
model.load(
'model_save.model'
)
else
:
print
(
"No file to load, error"
)
return
False
model.fit(X, Y, n_epoch
=
10
, validation_set
=
0.1
, shuffle
=
True
,
show_metric
=
True
, batch_size
=
64
, snapshot_step
=
200
,
snapshot_epoch
=
False
, run_id
=
'alexnet_rcnnflowers2'
)
# epoch = 1000
# Save the model
model.save(
'fine_tune_model_save.model'
)
|
运用这两个函数可完成对Alexnet的fine tune。到此为止，我们完成了对Alexnet的直接运用，接下来，我们需要读取alexnet最后一层特征并用以训练svm。那么，我们怎么取得图片的feature呢？方法很简单，我们减去输出层即可。代码如下：
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# Use a already trained alexnet with the last layer redesigned
def
create_alexnet(num_classes, restore
=
False
):
# Building 'AlexNet'
network
=
input_data(shape
=
[
None
,
224
,
224
,
3
])
network
=
conv_2d(network,
96
,
11
, strides
=
4
, activation
=
'relu'
)
network
=
max_pool_2d(network,
3
, strides
=
2
)
network
=
local_response_normalization(network)
network
=
conv_2d(network,
256
,
5
, activation
=
'relu'
)
network
=
max_pool_2d(network,
3
, strides
=
2
)
network
=
local_response_normalization(network)
network
=
conv_2d(network,
384
,
3
, activation
=
'relu'
)
network
=
conv_2d(network,
384
,
3
, activation
=
'relu'
)
network
=
conv_2d(network,
256
,
3
, activation
=
'relu'
)
network
=
max_pool_2d(network,
3
, strides
=
2
)
network
=
local_response_normalization(network)
network
=
fully_connected(network,
4096
, activation
=
'tanh'
)
network
=
dropout(network,
0.5
)
network
=
fully_connected(network,
4096
, activation
=
'tanh'
)
network
=
regression(network, optimizer
=
'momentum'
,
loss
=
'categorical_crossentropy'
,
learning_rate
=
0.001
)
return
network
|
在得到features后，我们需要训练SVM。为何要训练SVM呢？直接用CNN的softmax就好不就是么？这个问题在之前提及的博客里有提及。简而言之，SVM适用于小样本训练，这里这么做可以提高准确率。训练SVM的代码如下：
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# Construct cascade svms
def
train_svms(train_file_folder, model):
# 这里，我们将不同的训练集合分配到不同的txt文件里，每一个文件只含有一个种类
listings
=
os.listdir(train_file_folder)
svms
=
[]
for
train_file
in
listings:
if
"pkl"
in
train_file:
continue
# 得到训练单一种类SVM的数据。
X, Y
=
generate_single_svm_train(train_file_folder
+
train_file)
train_features
=
[]
for
i
in
X:
feats
=
model.predict([i])
train_features.append(feats[
0
])
print
(
"feature dimension"
)
print
(np.shape(train_features))
# 这里建立一个Cascade的SVM以区分所有物体
clf
=
svm.LinearSVC()
print
(
"fit svm"
)
clf.fit(train_features, Y)
svms.append(clf)
return
svms
|
在识别物体的时候，我们该怎么做呢？首先，我们通过一下函数得到输入图片的疑似物体框：
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|
def
image_proposal(img_path):
img
=
skimage.io.imread(img_path)
img_lbl, regions
=
selectivesearch.selective_search(
img, scale
=
500
, sigma
=
0.9
, min_size
=
10
)
candidates
=
set
()
images
=
[]
vertices
=
[]
for
r
in
regions:
# excluding same rectangle (with different segments)
if
r[
'rect'
]
in
candidates:
continue
if
r[
'size'
] <
220
:
continue
# resize to 224 * 224 for input
proposal_img, proposal_vertice
=
prep.clip_pic(img, r[
'rect'
])
# Delete Empty array
if
len
(proposal_img)
=
=
0
:
continue
# Ignore things contain 0 or not C contiguous array
x, y, w, h
=
r[
'rect'
]
if
w
=
=
0
or
h
=
=
0
:
continue
# Check if any 0-dimension exist
[a, b, c]
=
np.shape(proposal_img)
if
a
=
=
0
or
b
=
=
0
or
c
=
=
0
:
continue
im
=
Image.fromarray(proposal_img)
resized_proposal_img
=
resize_image(im,
224
,
224
)
candidates.add(r[
'rect'
])
img_float
=
pil_to_nparray(resized_proposal_img)
images.append(img_float)
vertices.append(r[
'rect'
])
return
images, vertices
|
该过程与预处理中函数类似，不过更简单，因为我们不需要考虑对应的label了。之后，我们将这些图片一个一个的输入网络以得到相对输出（其实可以一起做，不过我的电脑总是kill了，可能是内存或者其他问题吧），最后，应用cascaded的SVM就可以得到预测结果了。
大家对于试验结果一定很好奇。以下结果是对比了Alexnet和RCNN的运行结果。
首先，让我们来看看对于以下图片的结果：
对它的分析结果如下：在Alexnet的情况下，得到了以下数据：
判断为第四类花。实际结果在flower 17数据库中是最后一类，也就是第17类花。这里，第17类花的可能性仅次于第四类，为34%。那么，RCNN的结果如何呢？我们看下图：
显而易见，RCNN的正确率（1类）非常之高。对于感兴趣的朋友,请看点击这里察看代码。