python中元类的使用

def with_metaclass(meta, *bases):
    """Create a base class with a metaclass."""
    # This requires a bit of explanation: the basic idea is to make a dummy
    # metaclass for one level of class instantiation that replaces itself with
    # the actual metaclass.
    class metaclass(meta):

        def __new__(cls, name, this_bases, d):
            return meta(name, bases, d)
    return type.__new__(metaclass, 'temporary_class', (), {})


def add_metaclass(metaclass):
    """Class decorator for creating a class with a metaclass."""
    def wrapper(cls):
        orig_vars = cls.__dict__.copy()
        slots = orig_vars.get('__slots__')
        if slots is not None:
            if isinstance(slots, str):
                slots = [slots]
            for slots_var in slots:
                orig_vars.pop(slots_var)
        orig_vars.pop('__dict__', None)
        orig_vars.pop('__weakref__', None)
        return metaclass(cls.__name__, cls.__bases__, orig_vars)
    return wrapper


def python_2_unicode_compatible(klass):
    """
    A decorator that defines __unicode__ and __str__ methods under Python 2.
    Under Python 3 it does nothing.

    To support Python 2 and 3 with a single code base, define a __str__ method
    returning text and apply this decorator to the class.
    """
    if PY2:
        if '__str__' not in klass.__dict__:
            raise ValueError("@python_2_unicode_compatible cannot be applied "
                             "to %s because it doesn't define __str__()." %
                             klass.__name__)
        klass.__unicode__ = klass.__str__
        klass.__str__ = lambda self: self.__unicode__().encode('utf-8')
    return klass