2007 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

2007 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
1
By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent
nations. The roughly 20 million 1 of these nations looked 2 to the future. Born
in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism, many of the leaders of
independence 3 the ideas of representative government, careers 4 to talent,
freedom of commerce and trade, the 5 to private property, and a belief in the
individual as the basis of society. 6 there was a belief that the new nations
should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically
viable and integrated by a 7 set of 1aws.
On the issue of 8 of religion and the position of the Church, 9 there was less
agreement 10 the leadership. Roman Catholicism had been the state religion
and the only one 11 by the Spanish crown. 12 most leaders sought to maintain
Catholicism 13 the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the 14
of other faiths. The defense of the Church became a rallying 15 for the
conservative forces.
The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing
equality of everything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had 16 in return
to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished
everywhere except Spain’s 17 colonies. Early promises to end Indian tribute and
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taxes on people of mixed origin came much 18 because the new nations still
needed the revenue such policies 19 .Egalitarian sentiments were often
tempered by fears that the mass of the population was 20 self-rule and
democracy.
1.[A]natives [B]inhabitants[C]peoples [D]individuals
2.[A]confusedly[B]cheerfully [C]worriedly[D]hopefully
3.[A]shared[B]forgot[C]attained[D]rejected
4.[A]related[B]close[C]open[D]devoted
5.[A]access[B]succession[C]right[D]return
6.[A]Presumably[B]Incidentally[C]Obviously [D]Generally
7.[A]unique[B]common[C]particular[D]typical
8.[A]freedom[B]origin[C]impact[D]reform
9.[A]therefore[B]however[C]indeed[D]moreover
10.[A]with[B]about [C]among[D]by
11.[A]allowed[B]preached[C]granted[D]funded
12.[A]Since[B]If[C]Unless[D]While
13.[A]as[B]for[C]under[D]against
14.[A]spread[B]interference[C]exclusion[D]influence
15.[A]support[B]cry[C]plea[D]wish
16.[A]urged[B]intended[C]expected[D]promised
17.[A]controlling[B]former[C]remaining[D]original
18.[A]slower[B]faster[C]easier[D]tougher
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19.[A]created[B]produced[C]contributed[D]preferred
20.[ A] puzzled by[B]hostile to [C]pessimistic about[D]unprepared for
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A

Text 1
If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s
World Cup tournament.you would most likely fend a noteworthy quirk：elite
soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the
year than in the later months.If you then examined the European national youth
teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks，you would find this
strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.
What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses：
a)certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills;b)winter-born babies
tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina;c) soccer-
mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime，at the annual
peak of soccer mania;d)none of the above.
Anders Ericsson，a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University,
says he believes strongly in “none of the above.”Ericsson grew up in Sweden，
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and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more
opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology.His first
experiment，nearly 30 years ago，involved memory：training a person to hear
and then repeat a random series of numbers.“With the first subject，after about
20 hours of training，his digit span had risen from 7 to 20，” Ericsson recalls.“He
kept improving，and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80
numbers.”
This success，coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not
genetically determined，led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is
more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.In other words，whatever
inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize，those
differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the
information.And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully,
Ericsson determined，was a process known as deliberate practice.Deliberate
practice entails more than simply repeating a task.Rather, it involves sexing
specific goals，obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on
technique as on outcome.
Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a
wide range of pursuits，including soccer.They gather all the data they can，not
just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their
own laboratory experiments、^rim high achievers.Their work makes a rather
startling assertion：the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated.Or，
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put another way, expert performers—whether in memory or surgery, ballet or
computer programming—are nearly always made，not born.
21.The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned
to____.
A. stress the importance of professional training.
B. spotlight the soccer superstars in the World Cup.
C. introduce the topic of what makes expert performance.
D. explain why some soccer teams play better than others.
22.The word “mania”(Line 4：Paragraph 2) most probably means____.
A. fun B. craze C. hysteria D. excitement
23.According to Ericsson，good memory____.
A. depends on meaningful processing of information.
B. results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.
C. is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.
D. requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.
24.Ericsson and his colleagues believe that____.
A. talent is a dominating factor for professional success.
B. biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.
C. the role of talent tends to be overlooked.
D. high achievers owe their Success mostly to nurture.
25.Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to
convey?
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A. “Faith will move mountains.” B. “One reaps what one sows.”
C. “Practice makes perfect.” D. “Like father，like son.”
Text 2
For the past several years，the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has
featured a column called “Ask Marilyn.”People are invited to query Marilyn
VOS Savant.Who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23
years old;that gave her an IQ of 228-the highest score ever recorded.IQ tests
ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies，to envision paper after it has
been folded and cut，and to deduce numerical sequences.among other similar
tasks.So it is a bit confusing when Vos Savant fields such queries from the
average Joe(whose IQ is 100) as，What’s the difference between love and
fondness? Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? It’s not obvious how
the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one
to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.
Clearly, intelligence encompasses more that a score on a test. Just what does it
mean to be smart? How much of intelligence can be specified，and how much
can we learn about it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other
fields?
The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score，even
though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be.The test comes
primarily in two forms ：
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Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children’s
version).Generally costing several hundred dollars. they are usually given only
by psychologists，although variations of them populate bookstores and the
Wide Web.Superhigh scores 1ike Vos Savant’s are no longer possible，because
scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers，
rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and
multiplying by 100.Other standardized tests，such as the Scholastic Assessment
Test (SAT)and the Graduate Record Exam(GRE)，capture the main aspects of
IQ tests.
Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to
succeed in school and in life.argues Robert J.Sternberg.In his article “How
Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”，Sternberg notes that traditional tests best
assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical
knowledge ， components also critical to problem solving and life
success.Moreover, IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations
or situations change.Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills
when the tests were given under low stress conditions，but under high stress
conditions，IQ was negatively correlated with leadership—that is, it predicted
the opposite.Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test taking skill
also matters，whether it’s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.
26.Which of the following may be required in an intelligence test?
A. Answering philosophical questions.
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B. Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.
C. Telling the differences between certain concepts.
D. Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.
27.What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph 3?
A. People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.
B. More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.
C. The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.
D. Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.
28.People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as Vos Savant’s
because____.
A. the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.
B. creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.
C. Vos Savant’s case is an extreme one that will not repeat.
D. the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.
29.We can conclude from the last paragraph that____.
A. test scores may not be reliable indicators of one’s ability.
B. IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.
C. testing involves a lot of guesswork.
D. traditional tests are out of date.
30.What is the author’s attitude towards IQ tests?
A. Supportive B. Skeptical C. Impartial D. Biased
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Text 3
During the past generation，the American middle.class family that once could
count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been
transformed by economic risk and new realities.Now a pink slip ，a bad
diagnosis，or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle
class to newly poor in a few months.
In just one generation，millions of mothers have gone to work，transforming
basic family economics.Scholars，policymakers，and critics of all stripes have
debated the social implications Of these changes.but few have looked at the side
effect：family risk has risen as well.Today’s families have budgeted to the limits
of their new two.paycheck status.As a result，they have lost the parachute they
once had in times of financial setback-a back.up earner(usually Morn)who
could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick.This
“added worker effect” could support the safety net offered by unemployment
insurance or disability insurance to help families weather。bad times.But today，
a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income
from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.
During the same period.families have been asked to absorb much more risk in
their retirement income.Steelworkers，airline employees，and now those in the
auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest
rates，stock market fluctuation，and the harsh reality that they may outlive their
retirement money.For much of the past year，President Bush campaigned to
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move Social Security to a Savings account model，with retirees trading much
or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment
returns.For younger families，the picture is not any better.Both the absolute
cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen and newly
fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-
Mart workers，with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment
risk for families’ future healthcare.Even demographics are working against the
middle class family，as the odds of having a weak elderly parent—and all the
attendant need for physical and financial assistance have jumped eightfold in
just one generation.
From the middle class family perspective，much of this，understandably, looks
far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good
deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk
onto their already overburdened shoulders.The financial fallout has begun，and
the political fallout may not be far behind.
31.Today’s double income families are at greater financial risk in that____.
A. the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared.
B. their chances of being laid off have greatly increased.
C. they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.
D. they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance.
32.As a result of President Bush’s reform，retired people may have____.
A. a higher sense of security. B. less secured payments.
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C. less chance to invest. D. a guaranteed future.
33.According to the author, health savings plans will____.
A. help reduce the cost of healthcare. B. popularize among the middle class.
C. compensate for the reduced pensions. D. increase the families’ investment
risk.
34.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that____.
A. financial risks tend to outweigh political risks.
B. the middle class may face greater political challenges.
C. financial problems may bring about political problems.
D. financial responsibility is an indicator of political status.
35.Which of the following is the best title for this text?
A. The Middle Class on the Alert B. The Middle Class on the Cliff
C. The Middle Class in Conflict D. The Middle Class in Ruins
Text 4
It never rains but it pours. Just as bosses and boards have finally
sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, and
improved their feeble corporation governance, a new problem threatens
to earn them – especially in America – the sort of nasty headlines that
inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity.
Left, until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a
concern only of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air
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travel, information protection is now high on the boss’s agenda in
businesses of every variety.
Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year –
from organizations as diverse as Time Warner, the American defense
contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the
University of California, Berkeley – have left managers hurriedly peering
into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of
potential vulnerabilities.
“Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as
any other asset,” says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University’s business
school. “The ability to guard customer data is the key to market value,
which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders.” Indeed,
just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
(GAAP), perhaps it is time for GASP, Generally Accepted Security
Practices, suggested Eli Noam of New York’s Columbia Business School.
“Setting the proper investment level for security, redundancy, and
recovery is a management issue, not a technical one,” he says.
The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss.
Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that
most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely
expensive to restore – and that few things are more likely to destroy
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trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong
hands.
The current state of affairs may have been encouraged – though not
justified – by the lack of legal penalty (in America, but not Europe) for
data leakage. Until California recently passed a law, American firms did
not have to tell anyone, even the victim, when data went astray. That
may change fast: lots of proposed data-security legislation is now doing
the rounds in Washington, D.C. Meanwhile, the theft of information
about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America, disclosed on
June 17th, overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by
America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) that puts corporate America
on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data
security.
36. The statement “It never rains but it pours” is used to introduce
[A] the fierce business competition.
[B] the feeble boss-board relations.
[C] the threat from news reports.
[D] the severity of data leakage.
37. According to Paragraph 2, some organizations check their
systems to find out
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[A] whether there is any weak point.
[B] what sort of data has been stolen.
[C] who is responsible for the leakage.
[D] how the potential spies can be located.
38. In bringing up the concept of GASP the author is making the
point that
[A] shareholders’ interests should be properly attended to.
[B] information protection should be given due attention.
[C] businesses should enhance their level of accounting security.
[D] the market value of customer data should be emphasized.
39. According to Paragraph 4, what puzzles the author is that some
bosses fail to
[A] see the link between trust and data protection.
[B] perceive the sensitivity of personal data.
[C] realize the high cost of data restoration.
[D] appreciate the economic value of trust.
40. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that
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[A] data leakage is more severe in Europe.
[B] FTC’s decision is essential to data security.
[C] California takes the lead in security legislation.
[D] legal penalty is a major solution to data leakage.
Part B
Directions:
You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what
parents are supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood.
Choose a heading from the list A—G that best fits the meaning of each
numbered part of the text (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the
text are not numbered. There are two extra headings that you do not
need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
A. Set a Good Example for Your Kids
B. Build Your Kids’ Work Skills
C. Place Time Limits on Leisure Activities
D. Talk about the Future on a Regular Basis
E. Help Kids Develop Coping Strategies
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F. Help Your Kids Figure Out Who They Are
G. Build Your Kids’ Sense of Responsibility
How Can a Parent Help?
Mothers and fathers can do a lot to ensure a safe landing in early
adulthood for their kids. Even if a job’s starting salary seems too small to
satisfy an emerging adult’s need for rapid content, the transition from
school to work can be less of a setback if the start-up adult is ready for
the move. Here are a few measures, drawn from my book Ready or Not,
Here Life Comes, that parents can take to prevent what I call “work-life
unreadiness.”
You can start this process when they are 11 or 12. Periodically review
their emerging strengths and weaknesses with them and work together
on any shortcomings, like difficulty in communicating well or
collaborating. Also, identify the kinds of interests they keep coming back
to, as these offer clues to the careers that will fit them best.
Kids need a range of authentic role models – as opposed to
members of their clique, pop stars and vaunted athletes. Have regular
dinner-table discussions about people the family knows and how they
got where they are. Discuss the joys and downsides of your own career
and encourage your kids to form some ideas about their own future.
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When asked what they want to do, they should be discouraged from
saying “I have no idea.” They can change their minds 200 times, but
having only a foggy view of the future is of little good.
Teachers are responsible for teaching kids how to learn; parents
should be responsible for teaching them how to work. Assign
responsibilities around the house and make sure homework deadlines
are met. Encourage teenagers to take a part-time job. Kids need plenty of
practice delaying gratification and deploying effective organizational
skills, such as managing time and setting priorities.
Playing video games encourages immediate content. And hours of
watching TV shows with canned laughter only teaches kids to process
information in a passive way. At the same time, listening through
earphones to the same monotonous beats for long stretches encourages
kids to stay inside their bubble instead of pursuing other endeavors. All
these activities can prevent the growth of important communication and
thinking skills and make it difficult for kids to develop the kind of
sustained concentration they will need for most jobs.
They should know how to deal with setbacks, stresses and feelings of
inadequacy. They should also learn how to solve problems and resolve
conflicts, ways to brainstorm and think critically. Discussions at home
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can help kids practice doing these things and help them apply these
skills to everyday life situations.
What about the son or daughter who is grown but seems to be
struggling and wandering aimlessly through early adulthood? Parents
still have a major role to play, but now it is more delicate. They have to
be careful not to come across as disappointed in their child. They should
exhibit strong interest and respect for whatever currently interests their
fledging adult (as naive or ill conceived as it may seem) while becoming
a partner in exploring options for the future. Most of all, these new
adults must feel that they are respected and supported by a family that
appreciates them.
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined
segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on
ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic
intellectual discipline in European universities. However, only in recent
years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian
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universities. (46) Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such
institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary
part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. Happily, the
older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself
in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer
undergraduate degrees in law.
If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel
of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to
journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible
judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such
ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. (47) On the other, it links these
concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links
journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the
news. For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and
public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and
production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing
and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalist’s
intellectual preparation for his or her career.
(48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more
profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the
established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.
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Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject
for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the state
works, the better their reporting will be. (49) In fact, it is difficult to see
how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the
Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.
Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it
are primary subjects for journalists. While the quality of legal journalism
varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on
interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. (50) While comment and
reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for
journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their
own judgments. These can only come from a well-grounded
understanding of the legal system.