USC ECG Learning Center/ ECG Glossary

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ECG Glossary -----------------ECG 术语

Click to jump directly to one of the following categories: ----------------点击链接直接跳至某一类型：

Features of Normal ECGs                ----------------正常ECG特征
Atrial Rhythms                         ------------------房性节律
Ventricular Rhythms           --------------------室性节律
P Wave Abnormalities            ----------------P 波异常
AV Conduction Abnormalities        -------------房-室传导异常
Intraventricular Conduction Defects     --------心室内传导缺陷
Abnormalities of QRS Voltage -----------QRS电压异常
Abnormalities of QRS Axis    ---------------QRS电轴异常
Ventricular Hypertrophy     -------------心室肥大
Myocardial Infarction (MI)    ------------心肌梗死
QT Interval Abnormalities     -----------QT间期异常
Clinical Disorders               ---------------临床上的紊乱（失调）

Features of Normal ECGs ---------正常ECG特征P wave

Duration: 80-110ms
Morphology: Upright in I, II; upright or inverted in aVF; inverted or biphasic in III, aVL, V1, V2.
Amplitude: <2.5mm

In lead V1, positive deflection <1.5mm and negative deflection <1mm

--------P波时限80——110ms，形态 I,II 导联直立，aVF直立或倒置；III，aVL，V1，V2倒置或双相。幅度小于2.5mm，在V1导正向偏差小于1.5mm，负向偏差小于1mm。

PR interval --------PR间期 120——200ms

Duration 120-200ms

QRS complex ------------QRS复合波时限60——100 ms，电轴-30——+90 deg，正常Q波，波形小，在大多数导联时限小于40ms，高度小于2mm。

Duration 60-100ms
Axis: -30&deg to +90&deg
Normal Q waves: small (<40ms in duration and <2mm in height, in most leads)

ST segment --------------ST段通常等电位（水平），但是可能会有大约1mm向上或向下的变异。

Usually isoelectric (flat) but may vary by approximately 1mm above or below.

T wave --------------T波形态 I,II，V3——V6直立。aVR和V1倒置，其他导联可能直立，水平或双相。幅度肢体导联通常小于6mm，胸导联小于10mm。

Morphology: Upright in I, II, V3-V6. Inverted in aVR and V1. Maybe be upright, flat, or biphasic in other leads.
Amplitude: Usually <6mm (limb leads) or <10mm (precordial leads)

QT interval -----------QT间期，校正的QT间期（QTc）时限300——460 ms，计算QTc的Bazett 公式。

Corrected QT interval (QTc) duration: 300-460ms
To calculate QTc: QTc = QT/sqrt(RR interval)

Atrial Rhythms --------------房性节律Sinus rhythm -----------------窦性节律

Normal P wave morphology and axis -----------P波形态和P波电轴正常
Every P wave is followed by a QRS complex, and vice-versa ----------每个P波后跟一个QRS波，反之亦然
Atrial rate is 60-100 bpm and regular --------------------房率60——100 bpm 且规整

Sinus arrythmia -------------窦性心律不齐

Normal P wave morphology and axis ---------P波形态和P波电轴正常
Gradual change in PP interval ---------------PP间期缓慢变化
Longest and shortest PP intervals vary by >160ms or 10% -----------最长和最短PP间期差别大于160ms 或 10%

Sinus bradycardia -----------窦性心动过缓，P波正常，心率小于60bpm

Normal P wave
Rate <60 bpm

Sinus tachycardia -------窦性心动过速， P波正常，心率大于100bpm

Normal P wave
Rate >100 bpm

Atrial premature complexes (APC) ----------房性早搏

Conducted: Abnormal P wave that is premature relative to normal PP interval, and QRS complex is similar in morphology to QRS complex present during sinus rhythm. -------下传：异常P波相对于正常PP间期提早发生，并且QRS形态与窦性节律QRS形态相似。
Non-conducted: Premature and abnormal P wave that is not followed by a QRS complex.

未下传：异常P波提早发生并且后面没有跟随QRS波。

With aberrant intraventricular conduction: Premature P wave followed by a QRS with abnormal morphology.

伴室内差异性传导：提早的P波跟随一个形态异常的QRS波。 Atrial tachycardia ----------房性心动过速

P wave axis or morphology different from sinus node ----------P波电轴或形态与激动起源于窦房结的P波不同
Three or more beats in succession at a rate of 100-180 bpm (up to 240) -------三个以上（含三个）连续心拍速率100——180bpm（最高可达240bpm）
Regular rhythm ------节律规整
Normal QRS follows each P wave ------每个P波后跟正常QRS波

Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) -------------室上性心动过速

Regular rhythm, rate >100 bpm
P wave not easily identified -------------节律规整，心率大于100bpm，P波不容易识别

Atrial flutter ---------房扑

Rapid regular atrial undulations at 240-340 per minute -----------快速规则的心房波动，速率每分钟240——340次
Typical atrial flutter morphology usually present in the inferior leads II, III, and aVF (”sawtooth” appearance) -------典型的心房扑动形态常常在下壁导联II，III，aVF出现。（“锯齿形”）
QRS complex may be normal or aberrant -------------QRS波群可正常或异常

Atrial fibrillation --------------房颤

P waves absent ---------P波消失
Atrial activity is totally irregular, causing random oscillation of the baseline. ------------心房活动完全不规则，导致基线的随机振动
Ventricular rhythm is irregular. --------心室节律不规整

Ventricular Rhythms ----------------室性节律Ventricular premature complexes (PVC) -----------室早

Uniform: A wide QRS complex that is premature relative to the normal RR interval and not preceded by a P wave; morphology of VPC’s is the same.

---------单形：宽大的QRS波相对于正常RR间期提早发生，并且前面无P波；室性期前收缩的形态相同。

Multiform: VPC’s with >1 morphology -------多形：室早心拍的形态大于一种

Ventricular tachycardia ----------室性心动过速

Succession of 3 or more premature ventricular beats at a rate of >100 per minute. -------连续三个以上（含三个）室性早搏拍，速率大于100 /min
RR interval is usually regular but may be slightly irregular at its initiation. -----------RR间期通常规则，但是在室速发生一开始轻微的不规整

Ventricular fibrillation -------室颤：快速，不规则，混沌的心室节律，基线波动，没有明显的QRS波

Rapid, irregular, and chaotic ventricular rhythm with undulating baseline and no distinct QRS complexes.

P wave abnormalities ------------------------P波异常Left atrial enlargement ------------------左心房扩大

In lead V1, biphasic P wave with a large and wide terminal portion (1 box wide and 1 box deep).
In lead II, a humped P wave with >40ms between the first and second atrial components (humps).

--------在V1导联，P波双相，终末部分大且宽（一个方格宽和一个方格深）

--------在II导联，P波呈驼峰状，心房构成的第一部分和第二部分之间相距大于40 ms（前半部分代表右心房，后半部分代表左心房）

Right atrial enlargement ---------------------右心房扩大

Biphasic P wave in lead V1, with the first (positive) component larger than the second (negative), or

--------V1导联P波双相，第一部分（正向的）大于第二部分（负向的），或者

P wave height larger than 2.5mm in any limb lead ------------P波高度在任何一个肢体导联大于 2.5 mm，（I,II,III,aVR,aVL,aVF）

AV Conduction Abnormalities ----------------------------房室传导异常AV block, 1st degree (1&deg) -----------------------房室阻滞，一度

PR interval >200ms (may be as long as 800ms) ------PR间期大于200ms （可能长达800 ms）
Each P wave followed by a QRS complex. ------------每个P波后跟一个QRS波

AV block, 2nd degree (2°) - Mobitz type I (Wenckebach) ----------房室阻滞，2 度——Mobitz I 型（Wenckebach）

Progressive prolongation of the PR interval and shortening of the RR interval until a P wave is blocked (i.e. not followed by a QRS complex) ---------------PR间期递增性的延长，RR间期缩短直到一个P波阻滞（即后面未跟一个QRS波）

AV block, 2nd degree (2°)- Mobitz type II

Regular sinus or atrial rhythm with intermittent nonconducted P waves -----规则的窦性或房性节律伴随间歇性的未下传P波
PR intervals in the conducted beats are constant. --------下传心拍的PR间期不变

AV block, 2:1 -----------房室阻滞，2比1

Regular sinus or atrial rhythm with two P waves for each QRS complex (i.e. every otehr P wave is nonconducted)
Note: Can be Mobitz type I or II 2nd degree AV block.

---------规则的窦性或房性节律，每个QRS波前有两个P波（即每隔一个P波出现一个未下传P波）

---------注意：可以是Mobitz I 型或是 Mobitz II 型 2 度房室阻滞

AV block, 3rd degree (3&deg) -----------房室阻滞，三度

Atrial and ventricular rhythms are independent of each other. ----------心房和心室节律彼此独立
Atrial rate is usually faster than the ventricular rate. -------------房率一般比室率快

Intraventricular conduction defects --------心室内传导缺陷Left bundle branch block (LBBB) ------------------左束支阻滞

Prolonged QRS duration (>120 ms) ----------------QRS 时限延长（大于120 ms）
Broad R waves in leads V5 and V6 that are usually notched or ----------V5 和V6导联R波宽，常有切迹，或者
Dominant S wave (either rS or QS) in V1 and/or V2 -------------V1 和/或V2 S波为主（ rS型或QS型）
Note: --------注意：
- LBBB interferes with determination of QRS axis and ECG diagnoses of ventricular hypertrophy and acute MI.

------------左束支阻滞会干扰 QRS电轴的确定和心室肥大和急性心梗的诊断。

Right bundle branch block (RBBB) -------------右束支阻滞

Prolonged QRS duration (>120 ms) -------------QRS时限延长（大于120 ms ）
Secondary R wave (R’) in leads V1 and V2, with R’ usually taller than the initial R wave. -------V1和V2导有R' 波，R' 波常高于起始R波
Wide S wave in lead 1 -----------------------导联1 有宽S 波 ( 到底是那个导联？？)
Note: -----------注意：

RBBB does not interfere with the ECG diagnosis of ventricular hypertrophy of acute MI. --------右束支阻滞不影响心室肥大和急性心梗的诊断
In RBBB, mean QRS axis is determined by the initial unblocked 60-80ms of the QRS, and it should be normal unless left fascicular blocks are present. ----------右束支阻滞心电图，平均QRS电轴通过起始无阻滞的60—80ms的QRS波确定，QRS电轴应该是正常的，除非存在左侧分支阻滞。

Abnormalities of QRS voltage ---------------QRS电压异常Low voltage --------------低电压

Limb leads only: Amplitude of the entire QRS complex (R+S) <5mm in all limb leads. ---------仅肢体导联：在全部肢体导联整个QRS波幅度（R波+S波）小于 5mm。
Limb and precordial leads: Amplitude of the entire QRS complex (R+S)<5mm in all limb leads and <10mm in all precordial leads.

---------肢体导联和胸前导联：所有肢体导联QRS幅度小于 5 mm 并且所有胸前导联小于 10 mm。

Possible causes include: chronic lung disease, pericardial effusion, obesity, pleural effusion, restrictive cardiomyopathies, etc.

---------可能的原因包括：慢性肺疾病，心包积液，肥胖，胸腔积液，限制性心肌病等。

Abnormalities of QRS axis ------------QRS电轴异常Left axis deviation ------------心电轴左偏

Mean QRS axis is >-30° ------------平均QRS电轴大于 -30 度（-------小于-30度为左偏）
Possible causes include: LBBB, LVH, inferior wall MI, etc. --------可能的原因包括：左束支阻滞，左心室肥厚，下壁心肌梗死等。

Right axis deviation -------------心电轴右偏

Mean QRS axis is >90° -----------平均QRS电轴大于90 度
Possible causes include: RVH, dextrocardia, lead reversal, etc. ------可能的原因包括：右心室肥厚，右位心，导联接反，等。

Ventricular hypertrophy --------------心室肥厚Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), by voltage criteria ---------左室肥厚，通过电压的判断标准：

Cornell criteria: R wave in aVL + S wave in V3 --------Cornell 准则：aVL导联的R波 + V3导联的S波，男性大于24mm，女性大于20mm。（----------Cornell准则男性电压界限值其他地方定义为28mm, 参见网址 http://www.ecglibrary.com/lvhlah.html 也可以参考《心电图学》郭继鸿主编）
- >24mm in males
- >20mm in females.
Precordial leads: R V5 or V6 + S V1 > 35mm ----------心前导联：RV5+SV1 或者 RV6+SV1 大于 35mm
R aVL ------- aVL导联R波，男性大于11mm，女性大于9mm
- > 11mm in males
- > 9mm in females

Repolarization abnormalities in LVH -----------左心室肥厚中的复极异常

T wave abnormalities (flipped/inverted), usually seen in leads I, aVL, V5, and V6 ----T波异常（翻转/倒置），常见于I，aVL，V5 和V6导联。

Right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) ----------------右心室肥厚

Right axis deviation (mean QRS axis >90&deg) or --------心电轴右偏（平均QRS电轴大于90度）或
R wave > S wave in lead V1 or -------------V1导联 R波大于S波或
R wave > 7mm in lead V1 ---------------------V1导联R波大于7mm

Repolarization abnormalities in RVH --------------右心室肥厚中的复极异常

T wave abnormalities (flipped/inverted) in V1-V3 ---------在V1至V3导联T波异常（翻转/倒置）

Myocardial infarction (MI) -------------心肌梗死 MI — General considerations ------------心梗 — 总的来讲

Abnormal Q waves ------------Q波异常

Duration >30ms for most leads (>40ms in leads III, aVL, aVF, and V1) --------大多数导联Q波时限大于30ms（III，aVL，aVF和V1导联大于40ms）
Indicates necrosis ------------意味出现坏死

ST segment elevation (acute myocardial injury) -------ST段抬高（急性心肌损伤）

>1-2mm elevation in two more more contiguous leads -----在两个以上相邻导联 ST抬高大于1—2 mm
Usually upwardly convex -----------通常上凸
Can last 48 hours to 4 weeks after MI --------可在心梗发生后持续48 小时到4周

T wave inversions ------------T波倒置
- Indicates ischemia -----------意味着缺血
- May persist indefinitely ---------可能会一直持续下去
Determining age of infarct from ECG: -----------从心电图确定梗死的时期：
- Acute MI: Abnormal Q waves, ST elevation. ------急性心梗：异常Q波，ST抬高
- Recent MI: Abnormal Q waves, isoelectric ST segments, inverted T waves. ------近期心梗：异常Q波，等电位的ST段，T波倒置
- Old MI: Abnormal Q waves, isoelectric ST segments, normal T waves. ------陈旧心梗：异常Q波，等电位的ST段，正常T波
Myocardial infarction vs. ischemia ----------心梗和缺血的对比
- Infarction: Abnormal Q waves; ST segment elevation or depression; T waves inverted, normal, or upright.
- Ischemia: ST segment depression; T wave inversion; Q waves absent.
-----梗死：异常Q波；ST段抬高或压低；T波倒置，正常或直立 --------缺血：ST段压低；T波倒置；无Q波

Anterolateral infarction, recent or acute ---------前侧壁心梗，近期或急性
- ST segment elevation in leads V1-V6 --------------V1—V6导联ST段抬高
- Abnormal Q waves (occur approximately 1 hour after onset) -----异常Q波（心梗之后约一小时出现异常Q波）
Anterior infarction, recent or acute ------------前壁心梗，近期或急性
- ST segment elevation in leads V1-V4 ---------V1—V4导联ST段抬高（ -----V1—V4 是前壁导联）
- Abnormal Q waves (occur approximately 1 hour after onset) -----异常Q波（心梗之后约一小时出现异常Q波）
Anteroseptal infarction, recent or acute -------------前间壁心肌梗塞，近期或急性
- ST segment elevation in leads V1-V3 ---------V1—V3导联ST段抬高
- Abnormal Q waves (occur approximately 1 hour after onset) -----异常Q波（心梗之后约一小时出现异常Q波）
Lateral infarction, recent or acute -------侧壁心梗，近期或急性
- ST segment elevation in leads I and aVL ---------I 和aVL导联ST段抬高
- Abnormal Q waves (occur approximately 1 hour after onset) -----异常Q波（心梗之后约一小时出现异常Q波）
Inferior infarction, recent or acute ---------下壁心梗，近期或急性
- ST segment elevation in at least two of leads II, III, aVF. -------II, III, aVF 中至少有两个导联 ST段抬高（-----II,III,aVF 是下壁导联）
- Abnormal Q waves (occur approximately 1 hour after onset) -----异常Q波（心梗之后约一小时出现异常Q波）
Posterior infarction, recent or acute --------后壁心梗，近期或急性 ( 参考下面网址中的心电图 http://www.ecglibrary.com/postlat.html )
- R wave in V1 and V2 (Q waves from the opposite side) ---------V1 和V2导联有R波（来自反方向的Q波）
- R wave > S wave ---------R波高于S波
- ST segment depression in V1 and V2 --------V1和V2 ST段压低
Anterolateral infarction, age undetermined or old -------------------前侧壁心梗，时期不确定或陈旧型
- Same as recent/acute, but no ST segment elevation. --------与近期/急性相同，但是没有ST段太高
Anterior infarction, age undetermined or old --------前壁心梗，时期不确定或陈旧型
- Same as recent/acute, but no ST segment elevation. --------与近期/急性相同，但是没有ST段太高
Anteroseptal infarction, age undetermined or old --------前间壁心梗，时期不确定或陈旧型
- Same as recent/acute, but no ST segment elevation. --------与近期/急性相同，但是没有ST段太高
Lateral infarction, age undetermined or old --------侧壁心梗，时期不确定或陈旧型
- Same as recent/acute, but no ST segment elevation. --------与近期/急性相同，但是没有ST段太高
Inferior infarction, age undetermined or old --------下壁心梗，时期不确定或陈旧型
- Same as recent/acute, but no ST segment elevation. --------与近期/急性相同，但是没有ST段太高
Posterior infarction, age undetermined or old --------后壁心梗，时期不确定或陈旧型
- Same as recent/acute, but no ST segment elevation is characteristic of acute posterior injury. ----与近期/急性相同，但是没有ST段太高是急性后壁损伤的特征。
QT interval abnormalities --------QT 间期异常Long QT interval ----------长QT间期
- Corrected QT interval (QTc) >420-460ms. -------QTc 大于420—460ms
- (QTc = QT divided by the square root of the preceding RR interval)
Long QT syndrome --------长QT间期综合症
- QT interval more than half of the cardiac cycle. --------QT间期超过心脏周期的一半长
Clinical disorders --------临床疾患Digitalis effect ------------洋地黄效果
- Sagging ST segment depression with upward concavity (”scooped out” ST) ----下垂型ST段压低，有向上凹形（“像挖掘出来的”）（---参见 http://www.ecglibrary.com/dig.html）
Digitalis toxicity ---------洋地黄中毒
- Can cause almost any type of cardiac arrhythmia, except bundle branch blocks. ------除了束支阻滞外，能引起几乎任何类型的心律失常
- Typical abnormalities include: atrial and junctional premature beats, atrial fibrillation with complete heart block, 2nd or 3rd degree AV block, supraventricular tachycardia, etc. -------典型的异常包括：房性和交界性早搏，房颤伴完全心脏传导阻滞，2度或3度房室阻滞，室上性心动过速，等。
Hyperkalemia ----------高钾血症
- Moderate (K+ = 5.5-7.5 mEq/L): ----------中度（钾离子毫克当量浓度 = 5.5—7.5 mEq/L) :
- Tall, peaked T waves -----------高大，尖峰型T波
- Wide, flattened P waves ----------宽大，扁平的P波
- QRS widening -----QRS增宽
Extreme (K+ > 7.5 mEq/L): ----------重度（钾离子毫克当量浓度大于 7.5 mEq/L）：
- Disappearance of P waves ---------P波消失
- Markedly widened QRS -----------显著的QRS增宽
Hypokalemia ------------低钾血症
- Prominent U waves ---------U波突出
- Flattened T waves ---------扁平 T波
- ST segment depression ---------ST段压低
Hypercalcemia ---------高钙血症
- QT shortening -----------QT 间期缩短
Hypocalcemia ----------------低钙血症
- Prolonged QT segment ---------QT段延长
Sick sinus syndrome (SSS) ----------病态窦房结综合症
- Can include one or more of the following: ----------可以包含下面一个或多个特征：

Marked sinus bradycardia -------------显著窦性心动过缓
Bradycardia alternating with tachycardia -----------心动过缓与心动过速交替出现
Atrial fibrillation -------------房颤
Others… --------其他特征

收藏于 2011-07-17

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