关于twitter分布式主键自增id的理解

实际开发中
一般数据库系统自带serial字段或者通过创建sequence实现自增字段
•优势
•数据库自带,使用简单
•ID从小到大产生,便于识别
•占用空间小,4byte
•不足
•每个table都需要独立的sequence
•无法支持分布式部署
•修改维护较麻烦
UUID/GUID
•大部分数据库系统都支持uuid
•优势
•可以实现跨表,跨库,甚至跨服务器的唯一标识
•多数据库之间数据汇总简单方便
•可以多服务器,分布式部署
•可以独立于数据库单独产生
•能够实现多种复制方案
•不足
•占用空间大,16byte
•产生的ID,可读性差,无法排序


在高并发分布式系统中,twitter在把存储系统从MySQL迁移到Cassandra的过程中由于Cassandra没有顺序ID生成机制,于是自己开发了一套全局唯一ID生成服务:Snowflake。
1 41位的时间序列(精确到毫秒,41位的长度可以使用69年)
2 10位的机器标识(10位的长度最多支持部署1024个节点)
3 12位的计数顺序号(12位的计数顺序号支持每个节点每毫秒产生4096个ID序号) 最高位是符号位,始终为0。
优点:高性能,低延迟;独立的应用;按时间有序。 缺点:需要独立的开发和部署。
原理如下:

代码如下:

public class IdWorker {

    private final long workerId;
    // 当前时间
    private final static long twepoch = 1288834974657L;
    private long sequence = 0L;
    // 机器标识位数
    private final static long workerIdBits = 4L;
    // 机器id最大值
    public final static long maxWorkerId = -1L ^ -1L << workerIdBits;
    // 序列号位数
    private final static long sequenceBits = 10L;
    // 机器id左移10    private final static long workerIdShift = sequenceBits;
    // 时间毫秒左移14    private final static long timestampLeftShift = sequenceBits + workerIdBits;
    public final static long sequenceMask = -1L ^ -1L << sequenceBits;
    private long lastTimestamp = -1L;

    public IdWorker(final long workerId) {
        super();
        if (workerId > this.maxWorkerId || workerId < 0) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(String.format(
                    "worker Id can't be greater than %d or less than 0",
                    this.maxWorkerId));
        }
        this.workerId = workerId;
    }

    public synchronized long nextId() {
        long timestamp = this.timeGen();
        if (this.lastTimestamp == timestamp) {
            this.sequence = (this.sequence + 1) & this.sequenceMask;
            if (this.sequence == 0) {
                System.out.println("###########" + sequenceMask);
                timestamp = this.tilNextMillis(this.lastTimestamp);
            }
        } else {
            this.sequence = 0;
        }
        // 当前时间小于上次时间(异常)
        if (timestamp < this.lastTimestamp) {
            try {
                throw new Exception(
                        String.format(
                                "Clock moved backwards. Refusing to generate id for %d milliseconds",
                                this.lastTimestamp - timestamp));
            } catch (Exception e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }

        this.lastTimestamp = timestamp;
        // 或运算
        long nextId = ((timestamp - twepoch << timestampLeftShift))
                | (this.workerId << this.workerIdShift) | (this.sequence);
        System.out.println("timestamp:" + timestamp + ",timestampLeftShift:"
                + timestampLeftShift + ",nextId:" + nextId + ",workerId:"
                + workerId + ",sequence:" + sequence);
        return nextId;
    }

    private long tilNextMillis(final long lastTimestamp) {
        long timestamp = this.timeGen();
        while (timestamp <= lastTimestamp) {
            timestamp = this.timeGen();
        }
        return timestamp;
    }

    private long timeGen() {
        return System.currentTimeMillis();
    }


    public static void main(String[] args) {
        IdWorker worker2 = new IdWorker(2);
        System.out.println(worker2.nextId());
    }

}

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转载自blog.csdn.net/qq812908087/article/details/52794601