> z=seq(-1,10,length=100)
> z=seq(-1,10,len=100)
> z
[1] -1.0000000 -0.8888889 -0.7777778 -0.6666667
[5] -0.5555556 -0.4444444 -0.3333333 -0.2222222
[9] -0.1111111 0.0000000 0.1111111 0.2222222
[13] 0.3333333 0.4444444 0.5555556 0.6666667
[17] 0.7777778 0.8888889 1.0000000 1.1111111
[21] 1.2222222 1.3333333 1.4444444 1.5555556
[25] 1.6666667 1.7777778 1.8888889 2.0000000
[29] 2.1111111 2.2222222 2.3333333 2.4444444
[33] 2.5555556 2.6666667 2.7777778 2.8888889
[37] 3.0000000 3.1111111 3.2222222 3.3333333
[41] 3.4444444 3.5555556 3.6666667 3.7777778
[45] 3.8888889 4.0000000 4.1111111 4.2222222
[49] 4.3333333 4.4444444 4.5555556 4.6666667
[53] 4.7777778 4.8888889 5.0000000 5.1111111
[57] 5.2222222 5.3333333 5.4444444 5.5555556
[61] 5.6666667 5.7777778 5.8888889 6.0000000
[65] 6.1111111 6.2222222 6.3333333 6.4444444
[69] 6.5555556 6.6666667 6.7777778 6.8888889
[73] 7.0000000 7.1111111 7.2222222 7.3333333
[77] 7.4444444 7.5555556 7.6666667 7.7777778
[81] 7.8888889 8.0000000 8.1111111 8.2222222
[85] 8.3333333 8.4444444 8.5555556 8.6666667
[89] 8.7777778 8.8888889 9.0000000 9.1111111
[93] 9.2222222 9.3333333 9.4444444 9.5555556
[97] 9.6666667 9.7777778 9.8888889 10.0000000
> x=rep(1:3,3)
> x
[1] 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
> x=rep(3:5,1:3)
> x
[1] 3 4 4 5 5 5
> x=rep(c(1,10),c(4,5))
> x
[1] 1 1 1 1 10 10 10 10 10
> w=c(1,3,x,z)
> w
[1] 1.0000000 3.0000000 1.0000000 1.0000000
[5] 1.0000000 1.0000000 10.0000000 10.0000000
[9] 10.0000000 10.0000000 10.0000000 -1.0000000
[13] -0.8888889 -0.7777778 -0.6666667 -0.5555556
[17] -0.4444444 -0.3333333 -0.2222222 -0.1111111
[21] 0.0000000 0.1111111 0.2222222 0.3333333
[25] 0.4444444 0.5555556 0.6666667 0.7777778
[29] 0.8888889 1.0000000 1.1111111 1.2222222
[33] 1.3333333 1.4444444 1.5555556 1.6666667
[37] 1.7777778 1.8888889 2.0000000 2.1111111
[41] 2.2222222 2.3333333 2.4444444 2.5555556
[45] 2.6666667 2.7777778 2.8888889 3.0000000
[49] 3.1111111 3.2222222 3.3333333 3.4444444
[53] 3.5555556 3.6666667 3.7777778 3.8888889
[57] 4.0000000 4.1111111 4.2222222 4.3333333
[61] 4.4444444 4.5555556 4.6666667 4.7777778
[65] 4.8888889 5.0000000 5.1111111 5.2222222
[69] 5.3333333 5.4444444 5.5555556 5.6666667
[73] 5.7777778 5.8888889 6.0000000 6.1111111
[77] 6.2222222 6.3333333 6.4444444 6.5555556
[81] 6.6666667 6.7777778 6.8888889 7.0000000
[85] 7.1111111 7.2222222 7.3333333 7.4444444
[89] 7.5555556 7.6666667 7.7777778 7.8888889
[93] 8.0000000 8.1111111 8.2222222 8.3333333
[97] 8.4444444 8.5555556 8.6666667 8.7777778
[101] 8.8888889 9.0000000 9.1111111 9.2222222
[105] 9.3333333 9.4444444 9.5555556 9.6666667
[109] 9.7777778 9.8888889 10.0000000
> x
[1] 1 1 1 1 10 10 10 10 10
> z
[1] -1.0000000 -0.8888889 -0.7777778 -0.6666667
[5] -0.5555556 -0.4444444 -0.3333333 -0.2222222
[9] -0.1111111 0.0000000 0.1111111 0.2222222
[13] 0.3333333 0.4444444 0.5555556 0.6666667
[17] 0.7777778 0.8888889 1.0000000 1.1111111
[21] 1.2222222 1.3333333 1.4444444 1.5555556
[25] 1.6666667 1.7777778 1.8888889 2.0000000
[29] 2.1111111 2.2222222 2.3333333 2.4444444
[33] 2.5555556 2.6666667 2.7777778 2.8888889
[37] 3.0000000 3.1111111 3.2222222 3.3333333
[41] 3.4444444 3.5555556 3.6666667 3.7777778
[45] 3.8888889 4.0000000 4.1111111 4.2222222
[49] 4.3333333 4.4444444 4.5555556 4.6666667
[53] 4.7777778 4.8888889 5.0000000 5.1111111
[57] 5.2222222 5.3333333 5.4444444 5.5555556
[61] 5.6666667 5.7777778 5.8888889 6.0000000
[65] 6.1111111 6.2222222 6.3333333 6.4444444
[69] 6.5555556 6.6666667 6.7777778 6.8888889
[73] 7.0000000 7.1111111 7.2222222 7.3333333
[77] 7.4444444 7.5555556 7.6666667 7.7777778
[81] 7.8888889 8.0000000 8.1111111 8.2222222
[85] 8.3333333 8.4444444 8.5555556 8.6666667
[89] 8.7777778 8.8888889 9.0000000 9.1111111
[93] 9.2222222 9.3333333 9.4444444 9.5555556
[97] 9.6666667 9.7777778 9.8888889 10.0000000
> x=rep(0,109)
> x=rep(0,10)
> x
[1] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
> z=1:3
> z
[1] 1 2 3
> x+z
[1] 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1
Warning message:
In x + z : longer object length is not a multiple of shorter object length
> x*z
[1] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Warning message:
In x * z : longer object length is not a multiple of shorter object length
> rev(x)
[1] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
> x
[1] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
> x=rev(x)
> x
[1] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
> x=1:10
> x
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
> rev(x)
[1] 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
> z=c("no cat","has","nine","tails")
> z
[1] "no cat" "has" "nine" "tails"
> z[1]
[1] "no cat"
> z[1]=='no cat'
[1] TRUE
> z[7]
[1] NA
> z[7]='8'
> z[7]
[1] "8"
> z
[1] "no cat" "has" "nine" "tails" NA
[6] NA "8"
> z=NULL
> z
NULL
> z[c(1,3,5)]=1:3
> z
[1] 1 NA 2 NA 3
> rnorm(10)
[1] -1.5621936 -0.6411381 -0.5357379 1.3159083
[5] -0.8743204 0.9756946 -0.8399110 -1.2969653
[9] -0.1606661 0.1368504
> rnorm(10)[2,5]
Error in rnorm(10)[2, 5] : incorrect number of dimensions
> rnorm(10)[c(2,5)]
[1] 1.054742 0.848805
> z[-c(1,3)]
[1] NA NA 3
> z
[1] 1 NA 2 NA 3
> z=sample(1:100,10)
> z
[1] 12 14 9 56 32 19 68 35 88 83
> which(z==max(z))
[1] 9
> #最大值的下标
> x=sample(1:100,12)
> all(x>0)
[1] TRUE
> all(x!=0)
[1] TRUE
> any(x>0)
[1] TRUE
> (1:10)[x>0]
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 NA NA
> (1:20)[x>0]
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
[17] 17 18 19 20
> x
[1] 16 60 27 72 11 66 20 26 3 83 34 22
> diff(x)
[1] 44 -33 45 -61 55 -46 6 -23 80 -49 -12
> diff(x,lag=2)
[1] 11 12 -16 -6 9 -40 -17 57 31 -61
> x
[1] 16 60 27 72 11 66 20 26 3 83 34 22
> diff(diff(x))
[1] -77 78 -106 116 -101 52 -29 103 -129
[10] 37
> x
[1] 16 60 27 72 11 66 20 26 3 83 34 22
> diff(x,lag=2)
[1] 11 12 -16 -6 9 -40 -17 57 31 -61
> x=matrix(sample(1:100,20),4,5)
> x
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5]
[1,] 44 62 38 91 43
[2,] 90 57 77 73 17
[3,] 14 47 9 15 64
[4,] 29 95 52 66 65
> 2*z
[1] 24 28 18 112 64 38 136 70 176 166
> 2*x
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5]
[1,] 88 124 76 182 86
[2,] 180 114 154 146 34
[3,] 28 94 18 30 128
[4,] 58 190 104 132 130
> x+5
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5]
[1,] 49 67 43 96 48
[2,] 95 62 82 78 22
[3,] 19 52 14 20 69
[4,] 34 100 57 71 70
> y=matrix(sample(1:100,20),5,4)
> y
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
[1,] 56 91 98 97
[2,] 53 93 49 81
[3,] 57 4 27 74
[4,] 32 30 13 45
[5,] 9 33 38 5
> x+t(y)
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5]
[1,] 100 115 95 123 52
[2,] 181 150 81 103 50
[3,] 112 96 36 28 102
[4,] 126 176 126 111 70
> z=x*y
Error in x * y : non-conformable arrays
> z=x%*%y
> z
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
[1,] 11215 14071 11193 16412
[2,] 14939 16550 15287 22415
[3,] 4844 8243 6545 6826
[4,] 12320 15807 12229 17651
> z1=solve(z)
> z1
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] -0.007011133 0.0009051074 -5.647932e-04
[2,] 0.001505676 -0.0005031417 8.003892e-05
[3,] -0.001458936 0.0005505550 4.815895e-04
[4,] 0.004556017 -0.0005626027 -1.112013e-05
[,4]
[1,] 0.0055880122
[2,] -0.0007919996
[3,] 0.0004711367
[4,] -0.0034608070
> z
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
[1,] 11215 14071 11193 16412
[2,] 14939 16550 15287 22415
[3,] 4844 8243 6545 6826
[4,] 12320 15807 12229 17651
> solve(z,0)
Error in solve.default(z, 0) :
'b' (1 x 1) must be compatible with 'a' (4 x 4)
> solve(z,c(0,0,0,0))
[1] 0 0 0 0
> solve(z,c(0,0,0,1))
[1] 0.0055880122 -0.0007919996 0.0004711367
[4] -0.0034608070
> zz=solve(z,c(0,0,0,1))
> z%*%zz
[,1]
[1,] 0
[2,] 0
[3,] 0
[4,] 1
> x
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5]
[1,] 44 62 38 91 43
[2,] 90 57 77 73 17
[3,] 14 47 9 15 64
[4,] 29 95 52 66 65
> nrow(x)
[1] 4
> ncol(x);dim(x)
[1] 5
[1] 4 5
> x=matrix(rnorm(24),4,6)
> x
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
[1,] -0.7662853 0.8813924 -0.4186419 0.34246264
[2,] -3.1038885 0.4054194 0.1123923 1.77986970
[3,] -1.1486421 -0.8611999 -0.7561590 -1.66330533
[4,] -0.8120099 0.3766484 0.1055406 -0.03126585
[,5] [,6]
[1,] -1.2772532 0.6517394
[2,] -0.6107004 0.6032211
[3,] -0.8060121 -0.8208806
[4,] -0.2218171 1.7182027
> x[c(2,1)]
[1] -3.1038885 -0.7662853
> x[c(2,1),]
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
[1,] -3.1038885 0.4054194 0.1123923 1.7798697
[2,] -0.7662853 0.8813924 -0.4186419 0.3424626
[,5] [,6]
[1,] -0.6107004 0.6032211
[2,] -1.2772532 0.6517394
> c(2,1)
[1] 2 1
> c(2,1;2,1)
Error: unexpected ';' in "c(2,1;"
> x[,c(1,3)]
[,1] [,2]
[1,] -0.7662853 -0.4186419
[2,] -3.1038885 0.1123923
[3,] -1.1486421 -0.7561590
[4,] -0.8120099 0.1055406
> x
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
[1,] -0.7662853 0.8813924 -0.4186419 0.34246264
[2,] -3.1038885 0.4054194 0.1123923 1.77986970
[3,] -1.1486421 -0.8611999 -0.7561590 -1.66330533
[4,] -0.8120099 0.3766484 0.1055406 -0.03126585
[,5] [,6]
[1,] -1.2772532 0.6517394
[2,] -0.6107004 0.6032211
[3,] -0.8060121 -0.8208806
[4,] -0.2218171 1.7182027
> x[2,1]
[1] -3.103888
> x[x[,1]>0,1]
numeric(0)
> x[x[,1]>0,1]#第一列大于0的元素
numeric(0)
> sum(x[,1]>0)#第一列大于0的元素的数目
[1] 0
> sum(x[,1]<=0)#第一列不大于0的元素的数目
[1] 4
> x[,-c(1,3)]#除去第1和第3列的X
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
[1,] 0.8813924 0.34246264 -1.2772532 0.6517394
[2,] 0.4054194 1.77986970 -0.6107004 0.6032211
[3,] -0.8611999 -1.66330533 -0.8060121 -0.8208806
[4,] 0.3766484 -0.03126585 -0.2218171 1.7182027
> x
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
[1,] -0.7662853 0.8813924 -0.4186419 0.34246264
[2,] -3.1038885 0.4054194 0.1123923 1.77986970
[3,] -1.1486421 -0.8611999 -0.7561590 -1.66330533
[4,] -0.8120099 0.3766484 0.1055406 -0.03126585
[,5] [,6]
[1,] -1.2772532 0.6517394
[2,] -0.6107004 0.6032211
[3,] -0.8060121 -0.8208806
[4,] -0.2218171 1.7182027
> diag(x)
[1] -0.76628527 0.40541938 -0.75615897 -0.03126585
> diag(5)
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5]
[1,] 1 0 0 0 0
[2,] 0 1 0 0 0
[3,] 0 0 1 0 0
[4,] 0 0 0 1 0
[5,] 0 0 0 0 1
> diag(1:5)
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5]
[1,] 1 0 0 0 0
[2,] 0 2 0 0 0
[3,] 0 0 3 0 0
[4,] 0 0 0 4 0
[5,] 0 0 0 0 5
> x=[x[,1]>0 & x[,3]<=1,1]
Error: unexpected '[' in "x=["
> [x[,1]>0 & x[,3]<=1,1]
Error: unexpected '[' in "["
> x[x[,1]>0 & x[,3]<=1,1]
numeric(0)
> x
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
[1,] -0.7662853 0.8813924 -0.4186419 0.34246264
[2,] -3.1038885 0.4054194 0.1123923 1.77986970
[3,] -1.1486421 -0.8611999 -0.7561590 -1.66330533
[4,] -0.8120099 0.3766484 0.1055406 -0.03126585
[,5] [,6]
[1,] -1.2772532 0.6517394
[2,] -0.6107004 0.6032211
[3,] -0.8060121 -0.8208806
[4,] -0.2218171 1.7182027
> x[x[,1]<=0 & x[,3]<=1,1]
[1] -0.7662853 -3.1038885 -1.1486421 -0.8120099
> x[x[,1]<=-1 & x[,3]<=1,1]
[1] -3.103888 -1.148642
> x[!x[,2]<.51,1]
[1] -0.7662853
> apply(x,1,mean)#对行求均值
[1] -0.09776431 -0.13561440 -1.00936651 0.18921647
> apply(x,2,mean)#对列求均值
[1] -1.4577064 0.2005651 -0.2392170 0.1069403
[5] -0.7289457 0.5380706
> x=matrix(rnorm(24),4,6)
> x
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
[1,] -0.003778089 0.3615753 1.162192 0.62247326
[2,] 1.442269237 -0.9279731 -1.651718 1.49205463
[3,] -0.388950037 0.4068013 -1.627296 0.16206104
[4,] 0.067871220 -0.7340692 -1.060323 0.01475986
[,5] [,6]
[1,] 0.2632410 -0.2176514
[2,] 0.4120724 0.9368314
[3,] -0.8738709 -2.4646663
[4,] -2.7580618 1.2128114
> x[lower.tri(x)]=0;
> x
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
[1,] -0.003778089 0.3615753 1.162192 0.62247326
[2,] 0.000000000 -0.9279731 -1.651718 1.49205463
[3,] 0.000000000 0.0000000 -1.627296 0.16206104
[4,] 0.000000000 0.0000000 0.000000 0.01475986
[,5] [,6]
[1,] 0.2632410 -0.2176514
[2,] 0.4120724 0.9368314
[3,] -0.8738709 -2.4646663
[4,] -2.7580618 1.2128114
> x[upper.tri(x)]=0;
> x
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
[1,] -0.003778089 0.0000000 0.000000 0.00000000
[2,] 0.000000000 -0.9279731 0.000000 0.00000000
[3,] 0.000000000 0.0000000 -1.627296 0.00000000
[4,] 0.000000000 0.0000000 0.000000 0.01475986
[,5] [,6]
[1,] 0 0
[2,] 0 0
[3,] 0 0
[4,] 0 0
一些R命令（4）
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转载自blog.csdn.net/feynman1999/article/details/81137307
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