> x=1:100
> sample(x,20)
[1] 24 10 15 26 77 42 49 36 57 44 55 59 8 76
[15] 72 27 84 41 47 94
> set.seed(0)
> sample(1:10,3)
[1] 9 3 10
> z=sample(1:200000,10000)
> z[1:10]
[1] 114571 181641 40336 179676 188932 132157
[7] 125820 12357 41194 35310
> y=c(1,3,7,3,4,2)
> z[y]
[1] 114571 40336 125820 40336 179676 181641
> (z=sample(x,100,rep=T))
[1] 74 12 5 14 89 84 87 4 11 55 11 73 73 79 62 51
[17] 46 4 21 35 55 77 43 69 53 80 91 44 34 92 21 82
[33] 31 58 39 28 27 96 3 9 93 90 92 72 69 56 41 87
[49] 8 29 17 77 12 17 48 1 98 12 9 33 12 99 41 25
[65] 36 16 29 26 16 3 82 58 58 71 7 51 39 43 55 65
[81] 80 85 8 87 96 93 63 38 49 11 20 22 21 3 24 11
[97] 28 70 27 67
> (z=sample(x,2,rep=T))
[1] 22 1
> z1=unique(z)
> length(z1)
[1] 2
> xz=setdiff(x,z)
> sort(union(xz,z))
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
[13] 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
[25] 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
[37] 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48
[49] 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
[61] 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72
[73] 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84
[85] 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96
[97] 97 98 99 100
> setequal(union(xz,z),x)
[1] TRUE
> intersect(1:10,7:50)
[1] 7 8 9 10
> sample(1:100,20,prob = 1:100)
[1] 95 84 74 54 100 20 43 29 82 81 92 19
[13] 87 98 96 25 97 41 52 72
> savehistory(file = ".Rhistory")
> savehistory(file = ".Rhistory")
> pi*10^2
[1] 314.1593
> pi*(1:10)^-2.3
[1] 3.14159265 0.63794154 0.25105622 0.12954239
[5] 0.07753876 0.05098025 0.03576221 0.02630528
[9] 0.02006283 0.01574526
> pi*(1:10)
[1] 3.141593 6.283185 9.424778 12.566371
[5] 15.707963 18.849556 21.991149 25.132741
[9] 28.274334 31.415927
> (pi*(1:10))^(-2.3)
[1] 0.0718712656 0.0145944019 0.0057434971
[4] 0.0029635845 0.0017738802 0.0011662923
[7] 0.0008181441 0.0006017947 0.0004589840
[10] 0.0003602096
> x
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
[13] 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
[25] 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
[37] 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48
[49] 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
[61] 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72
[73] 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84
[85] 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96
[97] 97 98 99 100
> pi^(1:5)
[1] 3.141593 9.869604 31.006277 97.409091
[5] 306.019685
> print(x,digits = 12)
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
[13] 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
[25] 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
[37] 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48
[49] 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
[61] 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72
[73] 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84
[85] 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96
[97] 97 98 99 100
> x=pi*(1:5)
> print(x,digits = 12)
[1] 3.14159265359 6.28318530718 9.42477796077
[4] 12.56637061436 15.70796326795
> x=pi*10^2
> x
[1] 314.1593
> print(x,digits = x)
Error in print.default(x, digits = x) : invalid 'digits' argument
> print(x,digits = 20)
[1] 314.15926535897933
> print(x,digits = 200)
Error in print.default(x, digits = 200) : invalid 'digits' argument
> print(x,digits = 50)
Error in print.default(x, digits = 50) : invalid 'digits' argument
> print(x,digits = 30)
Error in print.default(x, digits = 30) : invalid 'digits' argument
> print(x,digits = 20)
[1] 314.15926535897933
> class(x)
[1] "numeric"
> typeof(x)
[1] "double"
> calss(cars)
Error in calss(cars) : could not find function "calss"
> class(cars)
[1] "data.frame"
> typeof(cars)
[1] "list"
> names(cars)
[1] "speed" "dist"
> summary(cars)
speed dist
Min. : 4.0 Min. : 2.00
1st Qu.:12.0 1st Qu.: 26.00
Median :15.0 Median : 36.00
Mean :15.4 Mean : 42.98
3rd Qu.:19.0 3rd Qu.: 56.00
Max. :25.0 Max. :120.00
> head(cars)
speed dist
1 4 2
2 4 10
3 7 4
4 7 22
5 8 16
6 9 10
> tail(cars)
speed dist
45 23 54
46 24 70
47 24 92
48 24 93
49 24 120
50 25 85
> cars
speed dist
1 4 2
2 4 10
3 7 4
4 7 22
5 8 16
6 9 10
7 10 18
8 10 26
9 10 34
10 11 17
11 11 28
12 12 14
13 12 20
14 12 24
15 12 28
16 13 26
17 13 34
18 13 34
19 13 46
20 14 26
21 14 36
22 14 60
23 14 80
24 15 20
25 15 26
26 15 54
27 16 32
28 16 40
29 17 32
30 17 40
31 17 50
32 18 42
33 18 56
34 18 76
35 18 84
36 19 36
37 19 46
38 19 68
39 20 32
40 20 48
41 20 52
42 20 56
43 20 64
44 22 66
45 23 54
46 24 70
47 24 92
48 24 93
49 24 120
50 25 85
> str(cars)
'data.frame': 50 obs. of 2 variables:
$ speed: num 4 4 7 7 8 9 10 10 10 11 ...
$ dist : num 2 10 4 22 16 10 18 26 34 17 ...
> row.names(cars)
[1] "1" "2" "3" "4" "5" "6" "7" "8" "9"
[10] "10" "11" "12" "13" "14" "15" "16" "17" "18"
[19] "19" "20" "21" "22" "23" "24" "25" "26" "27"
[28] "28" "29" "30" "31" "32" "33" "34" "35" "36"
[37] "37" "38" "39" "40" "41" "42" "43" "44" "45"
[46] "46" "47" "48" "49" "50"
> col.names(cars)
Error in col.names(cars) : could not find function "col.names"
> attributes(cars)
$`names`
[1] "speed" "dist"
$class
[1] "data.frame"
$row.names
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
[17] 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
[33] 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48
[49] 49 50
> calss(dist~speed)
Error in calss(dist ~ speed) : could not find function "calss"
> class(dist~speed)
[1] "formula"
> plot(dist~speed,cars)
> plot(dist~speed,cars)
> plot(speed~dist,cars)
> plot(dist~speed,cars)
> plot(cars$speed,cars$dist)
> plot(dist~speed,cars)
> plot(cars$speed,cars$dist)
> ncol(cars)
[1] 2
> nrow(cars)
[1] 50
> dim(cars)
[1] 50 2
> lm(dist~speed,data=cars)
Call:
lm(formula = dist ~ speed, data = cars)
Coefficients:
(Intercept) speed
-17.579 3.932
> cars$qspeed=cut(cars$speed,breaks=quantile(cars$speed),include.lowest = TRUE)
> View(cars)
> View(cars)
> names(carsa)
Error: object 'carsa' not found
> names(cars)
[1] "speed" "dist" "qspeed"
> cars[3]
qspeed
1 [4,12]
2 [4,12]
3 [4,12]
4 [4,12]
5 [4,12]
6 [4,12]
7 [4,12]
8 [4,12]
9 [4,12]
10 [4,12]
11 [4,12]
12 [4,12]
13 [4,12]
14 [4,12]
15 [4,12]
16 (12,15]
17 (12,15]
18 (12,15]
19 (12,15]
20 (12,15]
21 (12,15]
22 (12,15]
23 (12,15]
24 (12,15]
25 (12,15]
26 (12,15]
27 (15,19]
28 (15,19]
29 (15,19]
30 (15,19]
31 (15,19]
32 (15,19]
33 (15,19]
34 (15,19]
35 (15,19]
36 (15,19]
37 (15,19]
38 (15,19]
39 (19,25]
40 (19,25]
41 (19,25]
42 (19,25]
43 (19,25]
44 (19,25]
45 (19,25]
46 (19,25]
47 (19,25]
48 (19,25]
49 (19,25]
50 (19,25]
> table(cars[3])
[4,12] (12,15] (15,19] (19,25]
15 11 12 12
> is.factor(car$qspeed)
Error in is.factor(car$qspeed) : object 'car' not found
> is.factor(cars$qspeed)
[1] TRUE
> plot(dist~qspeed,data=cars)
> a=lm(dist ~ qspeed,data=cars)
> View(a)
> View(a)
> summary(a)
Call:
lm(formula = dist ~ qspeed, data = cars)
Residuals:
Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
-37.33 -13.96 -3.75 9.30 50.67
Coefficients:
Estimate Std. Error t value
(Intercept) 18.200 4.551 3.999
qspeed(12,15] 21.982 6.996 3.142
qspeed(15,19] 31.967 6.826 4.683
qspeed(19,25] 51.133 6.826 7.491
Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept) 0.000228 ***
qspeed(12,15] 0.002933 **
qspeed(15,19] 2.52e-05 ***
qspeed(19,25] 1.68e-09 ***
---
Signif. codes:
0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’
0.1 ‘ ’ 1
Residual standard error: 17.62 on 46 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-squared: 0.5609, Adjusted R-squared: 0.5322
F-statistic: 19.59 on 3 and 46 DF, p-value: 2.517e-08
> x<-round(runif(20,0,20),dists=2)
Error in round(runif(20, 0, 20), dists = 2) : unused argument (dists = 2)
> x<-round(runif(20,0,20),digits=2)
> summary(x)
Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu.
1.820 6.317 11.415 10.808 15.588
Max.
19.510
> min(x)
[1] 1.82
> max(x)
[1] 19.51
> helo(runif())
Error in helo(runif()) : could not find function "helo"
> helo(runif)
Error in helo(runif) : could not find function "helo"
> helo runif
Error: unexpected symbol in "helo runif"
> median(x)
[1] 11.415
> mean(x)
[1] 10.808
> var(x)
[1] 29.09153
> sd(x)
[1] 5.393657
> sqrt(var(x))
[1] 5.393657
> rank(x)
[1] 18 7 5 10 11 19 20 14 1 15 9 12 2
[14] 4 16 6 8 3 13 17
> order(x)
[1] 9 13 18 14 3 16 2 17 11 4 5 12 19
[14] 8 10 15 20 1 6 7
> order(x,decreasing = T)
[1] 7 6 1 20 15 10 8 19 12 5 4 11 17
[14] 2 16 3 14 18 13 9
> x[order(x)]
[1] 1.82 1.91 2.68 5.84 6.07 6.40
[7] 7.81 9.79 10.35 10.68 12.15 13.05
[13] 13.07 13.53 15.56 15.67 15.68 16.70
[19] 17.89 19.51
> sum(x)
[1] 216.16
> length(x)
[1] 20
> round(x)
[1] 17 8 6 11 12 18 20 14 2 16 10 13 2
[14] 6 16 6 10 3 13 16
> fivenum(x)
[1] 1.820 6.235 11.415 15.615 19.510
> x
[1] 16.70 7.81 6.07 10.68 12.15 17.89
[7] 19.51 13.53 1.82 15.56 10.35 13.05
[13] 1.91 5.84 15.67 6.40 9.79 2.68
[19] 13.07 15.68
> sort(X)
Error in sort(X) : object 'X' not found
> SORT
Error: object 'SORT' not found
> sort(x)
[1] 1.82 1.91 2.68 5.84 6.07 6.40
[7] 7.81 9.79 10.35 10.68 12.15 13.05
[13] 13.07 13.53 15.56 15.67 15.68 16.70
[19] 17.89 19.51
> quantile(x)
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
1.8200 6.3175 11.4150 15.5875 19.5100
> quantile(x,c(0,.33,.66,1))
0% 33% 66% 100%
1.8200 8.3446 13.3184 19.5100
> mad(x)
[1] 6.315876
> mad(x) #median average distance
[1] 6.315876
> x=[1:10]
Error: unexpected '[' in " x=["
> x
[1] 16.70 7.81 6.07 10.68 12.15 17.89
[7] 19.51 13.53 1.82 15.56 10.35 13.05
[13] 1.91 5.84 15.67 6.40 9.79 2.68
[19] 13.07 15.68
> x=1:10
> x=1:10
> x
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
> mad(x)
[1] 3.7065
> mean(x)
[1] 5.5
> x-5,5
Error: unexpected ',' in "x-5,"
> x-5.5
[1] -4.5 -3.5 -2.5 -1.5 -0.5 0.5 1.5
[8] 2.5 3.5 4.5
> abs(x)
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
> sum(abs(x-5.5))/10
[1] 2.5
> abs(x-5.5)
[1] 4.5 3.5 2.5 1.5 0.5 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5
[10] 4.5
> sum(abs(x-5.5))
[1] 25
> x
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
> cummax(x)
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
> cummin(x)
[1] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
> cumprod(x)
[1] 1 2 6 24
[5] 120 720 5040 40320
[9] 362880 3628800
> cor(x,sin(x/20))
[1] 0.999837一些R命令（1）
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