【Java】 集合系列03(ArrayList详细介绍[源码解析]和使用示例)

本章我们讲解ArrayList。先对ArrayList有个整体认识,再学习它的源码,最后再通过例子来学习如何使用它。内容包括:

一、ArrayList简介

1.ArrayList 介绍

ArrayList 是一个数组队列,相当于动态数组。与Java中的数组相比,它的容量能动态增长。

ArrayList 继承了AbstractList,实现了List。它是一个数组队列,提供了相关的添加、删除、修改、遍历等功能。
ArrayList 实现了RandmoAccess接口,即提供了随机访问功能。RandmoAccess是java中用来被List实现,为List提供快速访问功能的。在ArrayList中,我们即可以通过元素的序号快速获取元素对象;这就是快速随机访问。稍后,我们会比较List的“快速随机访问”和“通过Iterator迭代器访问”的效率。

ArrayList 实现了Cloneable接口,即覆盖了函数clone(),能被克隆。

ArrayList 实现java.io.Serializable接口,这意味着ArrayList支持序列化,能通过序列化去传输。
和Vector不同,ArrayList中的操作不是线程安全的!所以,建议在单线程中才使用ArrayList,而在多线程中可以选择Vector或者CopyOnWriteArrayList。

2.ArrayList构造函数
Constructor and Description 
ArrayList() 
构造一个初始容量为十的空列表。  

ArrayList(Collection<? extends E> c) 
构造一个包含指定集合的元素的列表,按照它们由集合的迭代器返回的顺序。  

ArrayList(int initialCapacity) 
构造具有指定初始容量的空列表。  
3.ArrayList的API(JDK1.8)
Modifier and Type Method and Description 
boolean add(E e) 
将指定的元素追加到此列表的末尾。 

void add(int index, E element) 
在此列表中的指定位置插入指定的元素。  

boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) 
按指定集合的Iterator返回的顺序将指定集合中的所有元素追加到此列表的末尾。 

boolean addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c) 
将指定集合中的所有元素插入到此列表中,从指定的位置开始。  

void clear() 
从列表中删除所有元素。  

Object clone() 
返回此 ArrayList实例的浅拷贝。  

boolean contains(Object o) 
如果此列表包含指定的元素,则返回 truevoid ensureCapacity(int minCapacity) 
如果需要,增加此 ArrayList实例的容量,以确保它可以至少保存最小容量参数指定的元素数。  

void forEach(Consumer<? super E> action)Iterable的每个元素执行给定的操作,直到所有元素都被处理或动作引发异常。 

E get(int index) 
返回此列表中指定位置的元素。

int indexOf(Object o) 
返回此列表中指定元素的第一次出现的索引,如果此列表不包含元素,则返回-1。  

boolean isEmpty() 
如果此列表不包含元素,则返回 trueIterator<E> iterator() 
以正确的顺序返回该列表中的元素的迭代器。  

int lastIndexOf(Object o) 
返回此列表中指定元素的最后一次出现的索引,如果此列表不包含元素,则返回-1。 

ListIterator<E> listIterator() 
返回列表中的列表迭代器(按适当的顺序)。  

ListIterator<E> listIterator(int index) 
从列表中的指定位置开始,返回列表中的元素(按正确顺序)的列表迭代器。  

E remove(int index) 
删除该列表中指定位置的元素。  

boolean remove(Object o) 
从列表中删除指定元素的第一个出现(如果存在)。  

boolean removeAll(Collection<?> c) 
从此列表中删除指定集合中包含的所有元素。  

boolean removeIf(Predicate<? super E> filter) 
删除满足给定谓词的此集合的所有元素。  

protected void removeRange(int fromIndex, int toIndex) 
从这个列表中删除所有索引在 fromIndex (含)和 toIndex之间的元素。 

void replaceAll(UnaryOperator<E> operator) 
将该列表的每个元素替换为将该运算符应用于该元素的结果。 

boolean retainAll(Collection<?> c) 
仅保留此列表中包含在指定集合中的元素。  

E set(int index, E element) 
用指定的元素替换此列表中指定位置的元素。  

int size() 
返回此列表中的元素数。  

void sort(Comparator<? super E> c) 
使用提供的 Comparator对此列表进行排序以比较元素。  

Spliterator<E> spliterator() 
在此列表中的元素上创建late-binding和故障快速 SpliteratorList<E> subList(int fromIndex, int toIndex) 
返回此列表中指定的 fromIndex (包括)和 toIndex之间的独占视图。  

Object[] toArray() 
以正确的顺序(从第一个到最后一个元素)返回一个包含此列表中所有元素的数组。

<T> T[] toArray(T[] a) 
以正确的顺序返回一个包含此列表中所有元素的数组(从第一个到最后一个元素)
返回的数组的运行时类型是指定数组的运行时类型。

void trimToSize() 
修改这个 ArrayList实例的容量是列表的当前大小。  

二、ArrayList数据结构

1.ArrayList的继承关系
java.lang.Object
   ↳     java.util.AbstractCollection<E>
         ↳     java.util.AbstractList<E>
               ↳     java.util.ArrayList<E>

public class ArrayList<E> extends AbstractList<E>
        implements List<E>, RandomAccess, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable {}
2.ArrayList与Collection关系如下图:

这里写图片描述
ArrayList包含了两个重要的对象:elementData 和 size。

  • elementData :”Object[]类型的数组”,它保存了添加到ArrayList中的元素。实际上,elementData是个动态数组,我们能通过构造函数 ArrayList(int initialCapacity)来执行它的初始容量为initialCapacity;如果通过不含参数的构造函数ArrayList()来创建ArrayList,则elementData的容量默认是10。elementData数组的大小会根据ArrayList容量的增长而动态的增长,具体的增长方式,请参考源码分析中的ensureCapacity()函数。

  • size :动态数组的实际大小。

三、ArrayList源码解析(JDK1.8)

为了更了解ArrayList的原理,下面对ArrayList源码代码作出分析。ArrayList是通过数组实现的,源码比较容易理解。

public class ArrayList<E> extends AbstractList<E>
        implements List<E>, RandomAccess, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable
{
    private static final long serialVersionUID = 8683452581122892189L;
    //默认初始容量为10。
    private static final int DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 10;

    //用于空实例的共享空数组实例。
    private static final Object[] EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA = {};

    //用于默认大小的空实例的共享空数组实例。与EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA区分开来,在添加第一个元素时知道要膨胀多少。  
    private static final Object[] DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA = {};

    //存储ArrayList元素的数组缓冲区。 ArrayList的容量是此数组缓冲区的长度。      
    transient Object[] elementData; // 非私有,以简化嵌套类访问

    //ArrayList中实际数据的数量
    private int size;

    //ArrayList带容量大小的构造函数。
    public ArrayList(int initialCapacity) {
        if (initialCapacity > 0) {
            //新建一个数组
            this.elementData = new Object[initialCapacity];
        } else if (initialCapacity == 0) {
            this.elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
        } else {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal Capacity: "+
                                               initialCapacity);
        }
    }

    //ArrayList构造函数。默认容量是10。
    public ArrayList() {
        this.elementData = DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
    }

    //创建一个包含collection的ArrayList
    public ArrayList(Collection<? extends E> c) {
        elementData = c.toArray();
        if ((size = elementData.length) != 0) {
            if (elementData.getClass() != Object[].class)
                elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size, Object[].class);
        } else {
            this.elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
        }
    }

    //将当前容量值设为 =实际元素个数
    public void trimToSize() {
        modCount++;
        if (size < elementData.length) {
            elementData = (size == 0)
              ? EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA
              : Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size);
        }
    }

   // 确定ArrarList的容量。
   // 若ArrayList的容量不足以容纳当前的全部元素,设置新的容量
    public void ensureCapacity(int minCapacity) {
        int minExpand = (elementData != DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA)
            ? 0
            : DEFAULT_CAPACITY;
        if (minCapacity > minExpand) {
            ensureExplicitCapacity(minCapacity);
        }
    }

    private void ensureCapacityInternal(int minCapacity) {
        if (elementData == DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA) {
            minCapacity = Math.max(DEFAULT_CAPACITY, minCapacity);
        }

        ensureExplicitCapacity(minCapacity);
    }

    private void ensureExplicitCapacity(int minCapacity) {
        modCount++;

        // overflow-conscious code
        if (minCapacity - elementData.length > 0)
            grow(minCapacity);
    }

    //要分配的最大数组大小
    private static final int MAX_ARRAY_SIZE = Integer.MAX_VALUE - 8;

    //增加容量以确保它至少可以容纳由minimum capacity参数指定的元素数。
    private void grow(int minCapacity) { 
        int oldCapacity = elementData.length;
        int newCapacity = oldCapacity + (oldCapacity >> 1);
        if (newCapacity - minCapacity < 0)
            newCapacity = minCapacity;
        if (newCapacity - MAX_ARRAY_SIZE > 0)
            newCapacity = hugeCapacity(minCapacity);
        elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, newCapacity);
    }

    private static int hugeCapacity(int minCapacity) {
        if (minCapacity < 0) // overflow
            throw new OutOfMemoryError();
        return (minCapacity > MAX_ARRAY_SIZE) ?
            Integer.MAX_VALUE :
            MAX_ARRAY_SIZE;
    }

    //返回ArrayList的大小  
    public int size() {
        return size;
    }

    // 判断ArrayList是否为空
    public boolean isEmpty() {
        return size == 0;
    }
    //判断是否至少包含某一个元素
    public boolean contains(Object o) {
        return indexOf(o) >= 0;
    }

    // 返回第一次出现这个元素的位置  
    public int indexOf(Object o) {
        if (o == null) {
            for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
                if (elementData[i]==null)
                    return i;
        } else {
            for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
                if (o.equals(elementData[i]))
                    return i;
        }
        return -1;
    }
    //返回最后出现这个元素的位置  
    public int lastIndexOf(Object o) {
        if (o == null) {
            for (int i = size-1; i >= 0; i--)
                if (elementData[i]==null)
                    return i;
        } else {
            for (int i = size-1; i >= 0; i--)
                if (o.equals(elementData[i]))
                    return i;
        }
        return -1;
    }

    //返回ArrayList的一个实例
    public Object clone() {
        try {
            ArrayList<?> v = (ArrayList<?>) super.clone();
            v.elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size);
            v.modCount = 0;
            return v;
        } catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
            throw new InternalError(e);
        }
    }
    //以正确的顺序(从第一个到最后一个元素)返回一个包含此列表中所有元素的数组。 
    public Object[] toArray() {
        return Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size);
    }

   //返回ArrayList的模板数组。所谓模板数组,即可以将T设为任意的数据类型
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a) {
        if (a.length < size)
            // Make a new array of a's runtime type, but my contents:
            return (T[]) Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size, a.getClass());
        System.arraycopy(elementData, 0, a, 0, size);
        if (a.length > size)
            a[size] = null;
        return a;
    }

    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    E elementData(int index) {
        return (E) elementData[index];
    }

    //返回此列表中指定位置的元素。
    public E get(int index) {
        rangeCheck(index);

        return elementData(index);
    }

    //用指定的元素替换此列表中指定位置的元素。
    public E set(int index, E element) {
        rangeCheck(index);

        E oldValue = elementData(index);
        elementData[index] = element;
        return oldValue;
    }

    //将指定的元素追加到此列表的末尾。
    public boolean add(E e) {
        ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1);  // Increments modCount!!
        elementData[size++] = e;
        return true;
    }

    //在此列表中的指定位置插入指定的元素。
    public void add(int index, E element) {
        rangeCheckForAdd(index);

        ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1);  // Increments modCount!!
        System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + 1,
                         size - index);
        elementData[index] = element;
        size++;
    }

    //删除该列表中指定位置的元素。 
    public E remove(int index) {
        rangeCheck(index);

        modCount++;
        E oldValue = elementData(index);

        int numMoved = size - index - 1;
        if (numMoved > 0)
            System.arraycopy(elementData, index+1, elementData, index,
                             numMoved);
        elementData[--size] = null; // clear to let GC do its work

        return oldValue;
    }

    //从列表中删除指定元素的第一个出现(如果存在)。 
    public boolean remove(Object o) {
        if (o == null) {
            for (int index = 0; index < size; index++)
                if (elementData[index] == null) {
                    fastRemove(index);
                    return true;
                }
        } else {
            for (int index = 0; index < size; index++)
                if (o.equals(elementData[index])) {
                    fastRemove(index);
                    return true;
                }
        }
        return false;
    }

    //快速删除第index个元素
    private void fastRemove(int index) {
        modCount++;
        int numMoved = size - index - 1;
        if (numMoved > 0)
            System.arraycopy(elementData, index+1, elementData, index,
                             numMoved);
        elementData[--size] = null; // clear to let GC do its work
    }

    //清空ArrayList,将全部的元素设为null
    public void clear() {
        modCount++;

        // clear to let GC do its work
        for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
            elementData[i] = null;

        size = 0;
    }

    //将集合c追加到ArrayList中
    public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) {
        Object[] a = c.toArray();
        int numNew = a.length;
        ensureCapacityInternal(size + numNew);  // Increments modCount
        System.arraycopy(a, 0, elementData, size, numNew);
        size += numNew;
        return numNew != 0;
    }

    //从index位置开始,将集合c添加到ArrayList
    public boolean addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c) {
        rangeCheckForAdd(index);

        Object[] a = c.toArray();
        int numNew = a.length;
        ensureCapacityInternal(size + numNew);  // Increments modCount

        int numMoved = size - index;
        if (numMoved > 0)
            System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + numNew,
                             numMoved);

        System.arraycopy(a, 0, elementData, index, numNew);
        size += numNew;
        return numNew != 0;
    }

    // 删除fromIndex到toIndex之间的全部元素。
    protected void removeRange(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
        modCount++;
        int numMoved = size - toIndex;
        System.arraycopy(elementData, toIndex, elementData, fromIndex,
                         numMoved);

        // clear to let GC do its work
        int newSize = size - (toIndex-fromIndex);
        for (int i = newSize; i < size; i++) {
            elementData[i] = null;
        }
        size = newSize;
    }

    private void rangeCheck(int index) {
        if (index >= size)
            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(outOfBoundsMsg(index));
    }

    private void rangeCheckForAdd(int index) {
        if (index > size || index < 0)
            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(outOfBoundsMsg(index));
    }

    private String outOfBoundsMsg(int index) {
        return "Index: "+index+", Size: "+size;
    }
    //从此列表中删除指定集合中包含的所有元素。 
    public boolean removeAll(Collection<?> c) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(c);
        return batchRemove(c, false);
    }

    //仅保留此列表中包含在指定集合中的元素
    public boolean retainAll(Collection<?> c) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(c);
        return batchRemove(c, true);
    }

    private boolean batchRemove(Collection<?> c, boolean complement) {
        final Object[] elementData = this.elementData;
        int r = 0, w = 0;
        boolean modified = false;
        try {
            for (; r < size; r++)
                if (c.contains(elementData[r]) == complement)
                    elementData[w++] = elementData[r];
        } finally {
            // Preserve behavioral compatibility with AbstractCollection,
            // even if c.contains() throws.
            if (r != size) {
                System.arraycopy(elementData, r,
                                 elementData, w,
                                 size - r);
                w += size - r;
            }
            if (w != size) {
                // clear to let GC do its work
                for (int i = w; i < size; i++)
                    elementData[i] = null;
                modCount += size - w;
                size = w;
                modified = true;
            }
        }
        return modified;
    }

   //java.io.Serializable的写入函数
   //将ArrayList的“容量,所有的元素值”都写入到输出流中
    private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s)
        throws java.io.IOException{
        int expectedModCount = modCount;
        s.defaultWriteObject();

        s.writeInt(size);

        for (int i=0; i<size; i++) {
            s.writeObject(elementData[i]);
        }

        if (modCount != expectedModCount) {
            throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
        }
    }

    //java.io.Serializable的读取函数:根据写入方式读出
    //先将ArrayList的“容量”读出,然后将“所有的元素值”读出
    private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s)
        throws java.io.IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
        elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;

        // Read in size, and any hidden stuff
        s.defaultReadObject();

        //从输入流中读取ArrayList的“容量”
        s.readInt(); // ignored

        if (size > 0) {
            // be like clone(), allocate array based upon size not capacity
            ensureCapacityInternal(size);

            Object[] a = elementData;
            // Read in all elements in the proper order.
            for (int i=0; i<size; i++) {
                a[i] = s.readObject();
            }
        }
    }

    //从列表中的指定位置开始,返回列表中的元素(按正确顺序)的列表迭代器。 
    public ListIterator<E> listIterator(int index) {
        if (index < 0 || index > size)
            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("Index: "+index);
        return new ListItr(index);
    }

    //返回列表中的列表迭代器(按适当的顺序)。 
    public ListIterator<E> listIterator() {
        return new ListItr(0);
    }

    //以正确的顺序返回该列表中的元素的迭代器。
    public Iterator<E> iterator() {
        return new Itr();
    }

    private class Itr implements Iterator<E> {
        int cursor;       // index of next element to return
        int lastRet = -1; // index of last element returned; -1 if no such
        int expectedModCount = modCount;

        public boolean hasNext() {
            return cursor != size;
        }

        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        public E next() {
            checkForComodification();
            int i = cursor;
            if (i >= size)
                throw new NoSuchElementException();
            Object[] elementData = ArrayList.this.elementData;
            if (i >= elementData.length)
                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
            cursor = i + 1;
            return (E) elementData[lastRet = i];
        }

        public void remove() {
            if (lastRet < 0)
                throw new IllegalStateException();
            checkForComodification();

            try {
                ArrayList.this.remove(lastRet);
                cursor = lastRet;
                lastRet = -1;
                expectedModCount = modCount;
            } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) {
                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
            }
        }

        @Override
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        public void forEachRemaining(Consumer<? super E> consumer) {
            Objects.requireNonNull(consumer);
            final int size = ArrayList.this.size;
            int i = cursor;
            if (i >= size) {
                return;
            }
            final Object[] elementData = ArrayList.this.elementData;
            if (i >= elementData.length) {
                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
            }
            while (i != size && modCount == expectedModCount) {
                consumer.accept((E) elementData[i++]);
            }
            // update once at end of iteration to reduce heap write traffic
            cursor = i;
            lastRet = i - 1;
            checkForComodification();
        }

        final void checkForComodification() {
            if (modCount != expectedModCount)
                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
        }
    }

    private class ListItr extends Itr implements ListIterator<E> {
        ListItr(int index) {
            super();
            cursor = index;
        }

        public boolean hasPrevious() {
            return cursor != 0;
        }

        public int nextIndex() {
            return cursor;
        }

        public int previousIndex() {
            return cursor - 1;
        }

        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        public E previous() {
            checkForComodification();
            int i = cursor - 1;
            if (i < 0)
                throw new NoSuchElementException();
            Object[] elementData = ArrayList.this.elementData;
            if (i >= elementData.length)
                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
            cursor = i;
            return (E) elementData[lastRet = i];
        }

        public void set(E e) {
            if (lastRet < 0)
                throw new IllegalStateException();
            checkForComodification();

            try {
                ArrayList.this.set(lastRet, e);
            } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) {
                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
            }
        }

        public void add(E e) {
            checkForComodification();

            try {
                int i = cursor;
                ArrayList.this.add(i, e);
                cursor = i + 1;
                lastRet = -1;
                expectedModCount = modCount;
            } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) {
                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
            }
        }
    }

    //返回此列表中指定的 fromIndex (包括)和 toIndex之间的独占视图。 
    public List<E> subList(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
        subListRangeCheck(fromIndex, toIndex, size);
        return new SubList(this, 0, fromIndex, toIndex);
    }

    static void subListRangeCheck(int fromIndex, int toIndex, int size) {
        if (fromIndex < 0)
            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("fromIndex = " + fromIndex);
        if (toIndex > size)
            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("toIndex = " + toIndex);
        if (fromIndex > toIndex)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("fromIndex(" + fromIndex +
                                               ") > toIndex(" + toIndex + ")");
    }

    private class SubList extends AbstractList<E> implements RandomAccess {
        private final AbstractList<E> parent;
        private final int parentOffset;
        private final int offset;
        int size;

        SubList(AbstractList<E> parent,
                int offset, int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
            this.parent = parent;
            this.parentOffset = fromIndex;
            this.offset = offset + fromIndex;
            this.size = toIndex - fromIndex;
            this.modCount = ArrayList.this.modCount;
        }

        public E set(int index, E e) {
            rangeCheck(index);
            checkForComodification();
            E oldValue = ArrayList.this.elementData(offset + index);
            ArrayList.this.elementData[offset + index] = e;
            return oldValue;
        }

        public E get(int index) {
            rangeCheck(index);
            checkForComodification();
            return ArrayList.this.elementData(offset + index);
        }

        public int size() {
            checkForComodification();
            return this.size;
        }

        public void add(int index, E e) {
            rangeCheckForAdd(index);
            checkForComodification();
            parent.add(parentOffset + index, e);
            this.modCount = parent.modCount;
            this.size++;
        }

        public E remove(int index) {
            rangeCheck(index);
            checkForComodification();
            E result = parent.remove(parentOffset + index);
            this.modCount = parent.modCount;
            this.size--;
            return result;
        }

        protected void removeRange(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
            checkForComodification();
            parent.removeRange(parentOffset + fromIndex,
                               parentOffset + toIndex);
            this.modCount = parent.modCount;
            this.size -= toIndex - fromIndex;
        }

        public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) {
            return addAll(this.size, c);
        }

        public boolean addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c) {
            rangeCheckForAdd(index);
            int cSize = c.size();
            if (cSize==0)
                return false;

            checkForComodification();
            parent.addAll(parentOffset + index, c);
            this.modCount = parent.modCount;
            this.size += cSize;
            return true;
        }

        public Iterator<E> iterator() {
            return listIterator();
        }

        public ListIterator<E> listIterator(final int index) {
            checkForComodification();
            rangeCheckForAdd(index);
            final int offset = this.offset;

            return new ListIterator<E>() {
                int cursor = index;
                int lastRet = -1;
                int expectedModCount = ArrayList.this.modCount;

                public boolean hasNext() {
                    return cursor != SubList.this.size;
                }

                @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
                public E next() {
                    checkForComodification();
                    int i = cursor;
                    if (i >= SubList.this.size)
                        throw new NoSuchElementException();
                    Object[] elementData = ArrayList.this.elementData;
                    if (offset + i >= elementData.length)
                        throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
                    cursor = i + 1;
                    return (E) elementData[offset + (lastRet = i)];
                }

                public boolean hasPrevious() {
                    return cursor != 0;
                }

                @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
                public E previous() {
                    checkForComodification();
                    int i = cursor - 1;
                    if (i < 0)
                        throw new NoSuchElementException();
                    Object[] elementData = ArrayList.this.elementData;
                    if (offset + i >= elementData.length)
                        throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
                    cursor = i;
                    return (E) elementData[offset + (lastRet = i)];
                }

                @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
                public void forEachRemaining(Consumer<? super E> consumer) {
                    Objects.requireNonNull(consumer);
                    final int size = SubList.this.size;
                    int i = cursor;
                    if (i >= size) {
                        return;
                    }
                    final Object[] elementData = ArrayList.this.elementData;
                    if (offset + i >= elementData.length) {
                        throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
                    }
                    while (i != size && modCount == expectedModCount) {
                        consumer.accept((E) elementData[offset + (i++)]);
                    }
                    // update once at end of iteration to reduce heap write traffic
                    lastRet = cursor = i;
                    checkForComodification();
                }

                public int nextIndex() {
                    return cursor;
                }

                public int previousIndex() {
                    return cursor - 1;
                }

                public void remove() {
                    if (lastRet < 0)
                        throw new IllegalStateException();
                    checkForComodification();

                    try {
                        SubList.this.remove(lastRet);
                        cursor = lastRet;
                        lastRet = -1;
                        expectedModCount = ArrayList.this.modCount;
                    } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) {
                        throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
                    }
                }

                public void set(E e) {
                    if (lastRet < 0)
                        throw new IllegalStateException();
                    checkForComodification();

                    try {
                        ArrayList.this.set(offset + lastRet, e);
                    } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) {
                        throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
                    }
                }

                public void add(E e) {
                    checkForComodification();

                    try {
                        int i = cursor;
                        SubList.this.add(i, e);
                        cursor = i + 1;
                        lastRet = -1;
                        expectedModCount = ArrayList.this.modCount;
                    } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) {
                        throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
                    }
                }

                final void checkForComodification() {
                    if (expectedModCount != ArrayList.this.modCount)
                        throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
                }
            };
        }

        public List<E> subList(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
            subListRangeCheck(fromIndex, toIndex, size);
            return new SubList(this, offset, fromIndex, toIndex);
        }

        private void rangeCheck(int index) {
            if (index < 0 || index >= this.size)
                throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(outOfBoundsMsg(index));
        }

        private void rangeCheckForAdd(int index) {
            if (index < 0 || index > this.size)
                throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(outOfBoundsMsg(index));
        }

        private String outOfBoundsMsg(int index) {
            return "Index: "+index+", Size: "+this.size;
        }

        private void checkForComodification() {
            if (ArrayList.this.modCount != this.modCount)
                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
        }

        public Spliterator<E> spliterator() {
            checkForComodification();
            return new ArrayListSpliterator<E>(ArrayList.this, offset,
                                               offset + this.size, this.modCount);
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void forEach(Consumer<? super E> action) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(action);
        final int expectedModCount = modCount;
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        final E[] elementData = (E[]) this.elementData;
        final int size = this.size;
        for (int i=0; modCount == expectedModCount && i < size; i++) {
            action.accept(elementData[i]);
        }
        if (modCount != expectedModCount) {
            throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
        }
    }

    //在此列表中的元素上创建late-binding和故障快速 Spliterator 。
    @Override
    public Spliterator<E> spliterator() {
        return new ArrayListSpliterator<>(this, 0, -1, 0);
    }

    /** Index-based split-by-two, lazily initialized Spliterator */
    static final class ArrayListSpliterator<E> implements Spliterator<E> {

        private final ArrayList<E> list;
        private int index; // current index, modified on advance/split
        private int fence; // -1 until used; then one past last index
        private int expectedModCount; // initialized when fence set

        /** Create new spliterator covering the given  range */
        ArrayListSpliterator(ArrayList<E> list, int origin, int fence,
                             int expectedModCount) {
            this.list = list; // OK if null unless traversed
            this.index = origin;
            this.fence = fence;
            this.expectedModCount = expectedModCount;
        }

        private int getFence() { // initialize fence to size on first use
            int hi; // (a specialized variant appears in method forEach)
            ArrayList<E> lst;
            if ((hi = fence) < 0) {
                if ((lst = list) == null)
                    hi = fence = 0;
                else {
                    expectedModCount = lst.modCount;
                    hi = fence = lst.size;
                }
            }
            return hi;
        }

        public ArrayListSpliterator<E> trySplit() {
            int hi = getFence(), lo = index, mid = (lo + hi) >>> 1;
            return (lo >= mid) ? null : // divide range in half unless too small
                new ArrayListSpliterator<E>(list, lo, index = mid,
                                            expectedModCount);
        }

        public boolean tryAdvance(Consumer<? super E> action) {
            if (action == null)
                throw new NullPointerException();
            int hi = getFence(), i = index;
            if (i < hi) {
                index = i + 1;
                @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") E e = (E)list.elementData[i];
                action.accept(e);
                if (list.modCount != expectedModCount)
                    throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
                return true;
            }
            return false;
        }

        public void forEachRemaining(Consumer<? super E> action) {
            int i, hi, mc; // hoist accesses and checks from loop
            ArrayList<E> lst; Object[] a;
            if (action == null)
                throw new NullPointerException();
            if ((lst = list) != null && (a = lst.elementData) != null) {
                if ((hi = fence) < 0) {
                    mc = lst.modCount;
                    hi = lst.size;
                }
                else
                    mc = expectedModCount;
                if ((i = index) >= 0 && (index = hi) <= a.length) {
                    for (; i < hi; ++i) {
                        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") E e = (E) a[i];
                        action.accept(e);
                    }
                    if (lst.modCount == mc)
                        return;
                }
            }
            throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
        }

        public long estimateSize() {
            return (long) (getFence() - index);
        }

        public int characteristics() {
            return Spliterator.ORDERED | Spliterator.SIZED | Spliterator.SUBSIZED;
        }
    }

    @Override
    public boolean removeIf(Predicate<? super E> filter) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(filter);
        // figure out which elements are to be removed
        // any exception thrown from the filter predicate at this stage
        // will leave the collection unmodified
        int removeCount = 0;
        final BitSet removeSet = new BitSet(size);
        final int expectedModCount = modCount;
        final int size = this.size;
        for (int i=0; modCount == expectedModCount && i < size; i++) {
            @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
            final E element = (E) elementData[i];
            if (filter.test(element)) {
                removeSet.set(i);
                removeCount++;
            }
        }
        if (modCount != expectedModCount) {
            throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
        }

        // shift surviving elements left over the spaces left by removed elements
        final boolean anyToRemove = removeCount > 0;
        if (anyToRemove) {
            final int newSize = size - removeCount;
            for (int i=0, j=0; (i < size) && (j < newSize); i++, j++) {
                i = removeSet.nextClearBit(i);
                elementData[j] = elementData[i];
            }
            for (int k=newSize; k < size; k++) {
                elementData[k] = null;  // Let gc do its work
            }
            this.size = newSize;
            if (modCount != expectedModCount) {
                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
            }
            modCount++;
        }

        return anyToRemove;
    }

    @Override
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public void replaceAll(UnaryOperator<E> operator) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(operator);
        final int expectedModCount = modCount;
        final int size = this.size;
        for (int i=0; modCount == expectedModCount && i < size; i++) {
            elementData[i] = operator.apply((E) elementData[i]);
        }
        if (modCount != expectedModCount) {
            throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
        }
        modCount++;
    }

    @Override
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public void sort(Comparator<? super E> c) {
        final int expectedModCount = modCount;
        Arrays.sort((E[]) elementData, 0, size, c);
        if (modCount != expectedModCount) {
            throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
        }
        modCount++;
    }
}

总结:
(01) ArrayList 实际上是通过一个数组去保存数据的。当我们构造ArrayList时;若使用默认构造函数,则ArrayList的默认容量大小是10。
(02) 当ArrayList容量不足以容纳全部元素时,ArrayList会重新设置容量。
(03) ArrayList的克隆函数,即是将全部元素克隆到一个数组中。
(04) ArrayList实现java.io.Serializable的方式。当写入到输出流时,先写入“容量”,再依次写入“每一个元素”;当读出输入流时,先读取“容量”,再依次读取“每一个元素”。

四、ArrayList的遍历方式

(01) 第一种,通过迭代器遍历。即通过Iterator去遍历。

Integer value = null;
Iterator iter = list.iterator();
while (iter.hasNext()) {
    value = (Integer)iter.next();
}

(02) 第二种,随机访问,通过索引值去遍历。
由于ArrayList实现了RandomAccess接口,它支持通过索引值去随机访问元素。

Integer value = null;
int size = list.size();
for (int i=0; i<size; i++) {
    value = (Integer)list.get(i);        
}

(03) 第三种,for循环遍历。如下:

Integer value = null;
for (Integer integ:list) {
    value = integ;
}

下面通过一个实例,比较这3种方式的效率,实例代码(ArrayListRandomAccessTest.java)如下:

import java.util.*;
import java.util.concurrent.*;

/*
 * @desc ArrayList遍历方式和效率的测试程序。
 *
 * @author hackerlee
 */
public class ArrayListRandomAccessTest {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        List list = new ArrayList();
        for (int i=0; i<100000; i++)
            list.add(i);
        //isRandomAccessSupported(list);
        iteratorThroughRandomAccess(list) ;
        iteratorThroughIterator(list) ;
        iteratorThroughFor2(list) ;

    }

    private static void isRandomAccessSupported(List list) {
        if (list instanceof RandomAccess) {
            System.out.println("RandomAccess implemented!");
        } else {
            System.out.println("RandomAccess not implemented!");
        }

    }

    public static void iteratorThroughRandomAccess(List list) {

        long startTime;
        long endTime;
        startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
        for (int i=0; i<list.size(); i++) {
            list.get(i);
        }
        endTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
        long interval = endTime - startTime;
        System.out.println("iteratorThroughRandomAccess:" + interval+" ms");
    }

    public static void iteratorThroughIterator(List list) {

        long startTime;
        long endTime;
        startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
        for(Iterator iter = list.iterator(); iter.hasNext(); ) {
            iter.next();
        }
        endTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
        long interval = endTime - startTime;
        System.out.println("iteratorThroughIterator:" + interval+" ms");
    }


    public static void iteratorThroughFor2(List list) {

        long startTime;
        long endTime;
        startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
        for(Object obj:list)
            ;
        endTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
        long interval = endTime - startTime;
        System.out.println("iteratorThroughFor2:" + interval+" ms");
    }
}

运行结果:

iteratorThroughRandomAccess:3 ms
iteratorThroughIterator:8 ms
iteratorThroughFor2:5 ms

由此可见,遍历ArrayList时,使用随机访问(即,通过索引序号访问)效率最高,而使用迭代器的效率最低!

五、toArray()异常

当我们调用ArrayList中的 toArray(),可能遇到过抛出“java.lang.ClassCastException”异常的情况。下面我们说说这是怎么回事。

ArrayList提供了2个toArray()函数:

Object[] toArray()
<T> T[] toArray(T[] contents)

调用 toArray() 函数会抛出“java.lang.ClassCastException”异常,但是调用 toArray(T[] contents) 能正常返回 T[]。

toArray() 会抛出异常是因为 toArray() 返回的是 Object[] 数组,将 Object[] 转换为其它类型(如如,将Object[]转换为的Integer[])则会抛出“java.lang.ClassCastException”异常,因为Java不支持向下转型。具体的可以参考前面ArrayList.java的源码介绍部分的toArray()。
解决该问题的办法是调用 T[] toArray(T[] contents) , 而不是 Object[] toArray()。

调用 toArray(T[] contents) 返回T[]的可以通过以下几种方式实现。

// toArray(T[] contents)调用方式一
public static Integer[] vectorToArray1(ArrayList<Integer> v) {
    Integer[] newText = new Integer[v.size()];
    v.toArray(newText);
    return newText;
}

// toArray(T[] contents)调用方式二。最常用!
public static Integer[] vectorToArray2(ArrayList<Integer> v) {
    Integer[] newText = (Integer[])v.toArray(new Integer[0]);
    return newText;
}

// toArray(T[] contents)调用方式三
public static Integer[] vectorToArray3(ArrayList<Integer> v) {
    Integer[] newText = new Integer[v.size()];
    Integer[] newStrings = (Integer[])v.toArray(newText);
    return newStrings;
}

六、ArrayList示例

本文通过一个实例(ArrayListTest.java),介绍 ArrayList 中常用API的用法

import java.util.*;

/*
 * @desc ArrayList常用API的测试程序
 * @author hackerlee
 */
public class ArrayListTest {

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        // 创建ArrayList
        ArrayList list = new ArrayList();

        // 将“”
        list.add("1");
        list.add("2");
        list.add("3");
        list.add("4");
        // 将下面的元素添加到第1个位置
        list.add(0, "5");

        // 获取第1个元素
        System.out.println("the first element is: "+ list.get(0));
        // 删除“3”
        list.remove("3");
        // 获取ArrayList的大小
        System.out.println("Arraylist size=: "+ list.size());
        // 判断list中是否包含"3"
        System.out.println("ArrayList contains 3 is: "+ list.contains(3));
        // 设置第2个元素为10
        list.set(1, "10");

        // 通过Iterator遍历ArrayList
        for(Iterator iter = list.iterator(); iter.hasNext(); ) {
            System.out.println("next is: "+ iter.next());
        }

        // 将ArrayList转换为数组
        String[] arr = (String[])list.toArray(new String[0]);
        for (String str:arr)
            System.out.println("str: "+ str);

        // 清空ArrayList
        list.clear();
        // 判断ArrayList是否为空
        System.out.println("ArrayList is empty: "+ list.isEmpty());
    }
}
the first element is: 5
Arraylist size=: 4
ArrayList contains 3 is: false
next is: 5
next is: 10
next is: 2
next is: 4
str: 5
str: 10
str: 2
str: 4
ArrayList is empty: true

猜你喜欢

转载自blog.csdn.net/ooo123lll/article/details/81077920