我们知道在开发中，需要应用程序资源，如应用工程中assets和res目录下的图片，layout，values等，或者需要系统内置的资源。我们获取这些资源的入口对象都是Resources对象，并博文将分析如何获取Resources对象。
获取Resources的过程：
（1）将framework/framework-res.apk和应用资源apk装载为Resources对象。
（2）获取Resources对象
获取Resources对象有两种方式，第一种通过Context，第二种通过PackageManager。
1. 通过Context获取Resources对象
在一个Acitvity或者一个Service中，我们直接this.getResources()方法，就可以获得Reousrces对象。其实Acitivity或者Service本质上就是一个Context.getResources()方法来自Context，而真正实现Context接口是ContextImpl类，所以调用的实际上时ContextImpl类的getResources()方法。
我们查看ContextImpl类源码可以看到，getResources方法直接返回内部的mResources变量，而对该变量的赋值在私有的构造方法中。
core/java/android/app/ContextImpl.java
private ContextImpl(ContextImpl container, ActivityThread mainThread,
LoadedApk packageInfo, IBinder activityToken, UserHandle user, boolean restricted,
Display display, Configuration overrideConfiguration) {
mOuterContext = this;
mMainThread = mainThread;
mActivityToken = activityToken;
mRestricted = restricted;
if (user == null) {
user = Process.myUserHandle();
}
mUser = user;
mPackageInfo = packageInfo;
mContentResolver = new ApplicationContentResolver(this, mainThread, user);
mResourcesManager = ResourcesManager.getInstance();
mDisplay = display;
mOverrideConfiguration = overrideConfiguration;
final int displayId = getDisplayId();
CompatibilityInfo compatInfo = null;
if (container != null) {
compatInfo = container.getDisplayAdjustments(displayId).getCompatibilityInfo();
}
if (compatInfo == null && displayId == Display.DEFAULT_DISPLAY) {
compatInfo = packageInfo.getCompatibilityInfo();
}
mDisplayAdjustments.setCompatibilityInfo(compatInfo);
mDisplayAdjustments.setActivityToken(activityToken);
Resources resources = packageInfo.getResources(mainThread);
if (resources != null) {
if (activityToken != null
|| displayId != Display.DEFAULT_DISPLAY
|| overrideConfiguration != null
|| (compatInfo != null && compatInfo.applicationScale
!= resources.getCompatibilityInfo().applicationScale)) {
resources = mResourcesManager.getTopLevelResources(
packageInfo.getResDir(), displayId,
overrideConfiguration, compatInfo, activityToken);
}
}
mResources = resources;
if (container != null) {
mBasePackageName = container.mBasePackageName;
mOpPackageName = container.mOpPackageName;
} else {
mBasePackageName = packageInfo.mPackageName;
ApplicationInfo ainfo = packageInfo.getApplicationInfo();
if (ainfo.uid == Process.SYSTEM_UID && ainfo.uid != Process.myUid()) {
// Special case: system components allow themselves to be loaded in to other
// processes. For purposes of app ops, we must then consider the context as
// belonging to the package of this process, not the system itself, otherwise
// the package+uid verifications in app ops will fail.
mOpPackageName = ActivityThread.currentPackageName();
} else {
mOpPackageName = mBasePackageName;
}
}
}
mResources又是调用LoadedApk的getResources方法进行赋值。代码如下。
public Resources getResources(ActivityThread mainThread) {
if (mResources == null) {
mResources = mainThread.getTopLevelResources(mResDir, this);
}
return mResources;
}
从代码中可以看到，最终mResources的赋值是由AcitivtyThread的getTopLevelResources方法返回。代码如下。
Resources getTopLevelResources(String resDir, CompatibilityInfo compInfo) {
ResourcesKey key = new ResourcesKey(resDir, compInfo.applicationScale);
Resources r;
synchronized (mPackages) {
// Resources is app scale dependent.
if (false) {
Slog.w(TAG, "getTopLevelResources: " + resDir + " / "
+ compInfo.applicationScale);
}
WeakReference<Resources> wr = mActiveResources.get(key);
r = wr != null ? wr.get() : null;
if (r != null && r.getAssets().isUpToDate()) {
if (false) {
Slog.w(TAG, "Returning cached resources " + r + " " + resDir
+ ": appScale=" + r.getCompatibilityInfo().applicationScale);
}
return r;
}
}
AssetManager assets = new AssetManager();
if (assets.addAssetPath(resDir) == 0) {
return null;
}
DisplayMetrics metrics = getDisplayMetricsLocked(false);
r = new Resources(assets, metrics, getConfiguration(), compInfo);
if (false) {
Slog.i(TAG, "Created app resources " + resDir + " " + r + ": "
+ r.getConfiguration() + " appScale="
+ r.getCompatibilityInfo().applicationScale);
}
synchronized (mPackages) {
WeakReference<Resources> wr = mActiveResources.get(key);
Resources existing = wr != null ? wr.get() : null;
if (existing != null && existing.getAssets().isUpToDate()) {
// Someone else already created the resources while we were
// unlocked; go ahead and use theirs.
r.getAssets().close();
return existing;
}
// XXX need to remove entries when weak references go away
mActiveResources.put(key, new WeakReference<Resources>(r));
return r;
}
}
以上代码中，mActiveResources对象内部保存了该应用程序所使用到的所有Resources对象，其类型为Hash<ResourcesKey,WeakReference<Resourcces>>，可以看出这些Resources对象都是以一个弱引用的方式保存，以便在内存紧张时可以释放Resources所占内存。
ResourcesKey的构造需要resDir和compInfo.applicationScale。resdDir变量的含义是资源文件所在路径，实际指的是APK程序所在路径，比如可以是：/data/app/com.haii.android.xxx-1.apk，该apk会对应/data/dalvik-cache目录下的：data@[email protected]@classes.dex文件。
所以，如果一个应用程序没有访问该程序以外的资源，那么mActiveResources变量中就仅有一个Resources对象。这也从侧面说明，mActiveResources内部可能包含多个Resources对象，条件是必须有不同的ResourceKey，也就是必须有不同的resDir，这就意味着一个应用程序可以访问另外的APK文件，并从中读取读取其资源。（PS：其实目前的“换肤”就是采用加载不同的资源apk实现主题切换的）
如果mActivityResources对象中没有包含所要的Resources对象，那么，就重新建立一个Resources对象
r = new Resources(assets, metrics, getConfiguration(), compInfo);
可以看出构造一个Resources需要一个AssetManager对象，一个DisplayMetrics对象，一个Configuration对象，一个CompatibilityInfo对象，后三者传入的对象都与设备或者Android平台相关的参数，因为资源的使用与这些信息总是相关。还有一个AssetManager对象，其实它并不是访问项目中res/assets下的资源，而是访问res下所有的资源。以上代码中的addAssetPath(resDir)非常关键，它为所创建的AssetManager对象添加一个资源路径。
AssetManager类的构造函数如下：
public AssetManager() {
synchronized (this) {
if (DEBUG_REFS) {
mNumRefs = 0;
incRefsLocked(this.hashCode());
}
init();
if (localLOGV) Log.v(TAG, "New asset manager: " + this);
ensureSystemAssets();
}
}
构造方法中调用两个方法init()和ensureSystemAssets()，init方法是一个native实现。AssetManager.java对应的C++文件是android_util_AssetManager.cpp（注意不是AssetManager.cpp，它是C++层内部使用的cpp文件，与Java层无关）。下面看一下init()的native实现。
static void android_content_AssetManager_init(JNIEnv* env, jobject clazz)
{
AssetManager* am = new AssetManager();
if (am == NULL) {
jniThrowException(env, "java/lang/OutOfMemoryError", "");
return;
}
am->addDefaultAssets();
LOGV("Created AssetManager %p for Java object %p\n", am, clazz);
env->SetIntField(clazz, gAssetManagerOffsets.mObject, (jint)am);
}
首先创建一个C++类的AssetManager对象，然后调用am->addDefaultAssets()方法，该方法的作用就是把framework的资源文件添加到这个AssetManager对象的路径中。最后调用setInitField()方法把C++创建的AssetManager对象的引用保存到Java端的mObject变量中，这种方式是常用的C++层与Java层通信的方式。
addDefaultAssets代码如下：
bool AssetManager::addDefaultAssets()
{
const char* root = getenv("ANDROID_ROOT");
LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(root == NULL, "ANDROID_ROOT not set");
String8 path(root);
path.appendPath(kSystemAssets);
return addAssetPath(path, NULL);
}
该函数首先获取Android的根目录，getenv是一个Linux系统调用，用户同样可以使用以下终端命令获取该值。
获得根目录后，再与kSystemAssets路径进行组合，该变量的定义如下：
static const char* kSystemAssets = "framework/framework-res.apk";
所以最终获得的路径文件名称为/system/framework/framework-res.apk，这正式framework对应的资源文件。
分析完了AssetManager的init方法，再来看一下ensureSystemAssets方法。
private static void ensureSystemAssets() {
synchronized (sSync) {
if (sSystem == null) {
AssetManager system = new AssetManager(true);
system.makeStringBlocks(false);
sSystem = system;
}
}
}
该方法实际上仅在framework启动时就已经调用了，因为sSystem是一个静态的AssetManager对象，该变量在Zygote启动时已经赋值了，以后都不为空，所以该方法形同虚设。
由此可以知道，Resources对象内部的AssetManager对象除了包含应用程序本身的资源路径外，还包含了framework的资源路径，这就是为什么应用程序仅使用Resources对象就可以访问应用资源和系统资源的原因。如
Resources res = getResources();
Drawable btnPic = res.getDrawable(android.R.drawable.btn_default_small);
那么如何AssetManager如何区分访问的是系统资源还是应用资源呢？当使用getXXX(int id)访问资源时，如果id值小于0x10000000时，AssetManager会认为要访问的是系统资源。因为aapt在对系统资源进行编译时，所有的资源id都被编译为小于该值的一个int值，而当访问应用资源时，id值都大于0x70000000。
创建好了Resources对象后，就把该变量缓存到mActiveResources中，以便以后继续使用。
访问Resources内部的整个流程如下图。
2. 通过PackageManager获取Resources对象
文件路径/frameworks/base/+/android-4.4.4_r2.0.1/core/java/android/content/pm/PackageManager.java
packageManager为抽象类，，跟Resource相关的方法有：
public abstract Resources getResourcesForActivity(ComponentName activityName)
throws NameNotFoundException;
public abstract Resources getResourcesForApplication(ApplicationInfo app)
public abstract Resources getResourcesForApplication(String appPackageName)
throws NameNotFoundException;
/** @hide */
public abstract Resources getResourcesForApplicationAsUser(String appPackageName, int userId)
throws NameNotFoundException;
throws NameNotFoundException;
具体的实现类为ApplicationPackageManager.java
@Override public Resources getResourcesForActivity(
ComponentName activityName) throws NameNotFoundException {
return getResourcesForApplication(
getActivityInfo(activityName, 0).applicationInfo);
}
@Override public Resources getResourcesForApplication(
ApplicationInfo app) throws NameNotFoundException {
if (app.packageName.equals("system")) {
return mContext.mMainThread.getSystemContext().getResources();
}
Resources r = mContext.mMainThread.getTopLevelResources(
app.uid == Process.myUid() ? app.sourceDir : app.publicSourceDir,
Display.DEFAULT_DISPLAY, null, mContext.mPackageInfo);
if (r != null) {
return r;
}
throw new NameNotFoundException("Unable to open " + app.publicSourceDir);
}
@Override public Resources getResourcesForApplication(
String appPackageName) throws NameNotFoundException {
return getResourcesForApplication(
getApplicationInfo(appPackageName, 0));
}
/** @hide */
@Override
public Resources getResourcesForApplicationAsUser(String appPackageName, int userId)
throws NameNotFoundException {
if (userId < 0) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException(
"Call does not support special user #" + userId);
}
if ("system".equals(appPackageName)) {
return mContext.mMainThread.getSystemContext().getResources();
}
try {
ApplicationInfo ai = mPM.getApplicationInfo(appPackageName, 0, userId);
if (ai != null) {
return getResourcesForApplication(ai);
}
} catch (RemoteException e) {
throw new RuntimeException("Package manager has died", e);
}
throw new NameNotFoundException("Package " + appPackageName + " doesn't exist");
}
1.包名为system的情况，mContext.mMainThread.getSystemContext().getResources()
ActivityThread.getSystemContext
public ContextImpl getSystemContext() {
synchronized (this) {
if (mSystemContext == null) {
mSystemContext = ContextImpl.createSystemContext(this);
}
return mSystemContext;
}
}
ContextImpl.createSystemContext
static ContextImpl createSystemContext(ActivityThread mainThread) {
LoadedApk packageInfo = new LoadedApk(mainThread);
ContextImpl context = new ContextImpl(null, mainThread,
packageInfo, null, null, false, null, null);
context.mResources.updateConfiguration(context.mResourcesManager.getConfiguration(),
context.mResourcesManager.getDisplayMetricsLocked(Display.DEFAULT_DISPLAY));
return context;
}
static ContextImpl createAppContext(ActivityThread mainThread, LoadedApk packageInfo) {
if (packageInfo == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException("packageInfo");
return new ContextImpl(null, mainThread,
packageInfo, null, null, false, null, null);
}
static ContextImpl createActivityContext(ActivityThread mainThread,
LoadedApk packageInfo, IBinder activityToken) {
if (packageInfo == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException("packageInfo");
if (activityToken == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException("activityInfo");
return new ContextImpl(null, mainThread,
packageInfo, activityToken, null, false, null, null);
}
private ContextImpl(ContextImpl container, ActivityThread mainThread,
LoadedApk packageInfo, IBinder activityToken, UserHandle user, boolean restricted,
Display display, Configuration overrideConfiguration) {
mOuterContext = this;
mMainThread = mainThread;
mActivityToken = activityToken;
mRestricted = restricted;
if (user == null) {
user = Process.myUserHandle();
}
mUser = user;
mPackageInfo = packageInfo;
mContentResolver = new ApplicationContentResolver(this, mainThread, user);
mResourcesManager = ResourcesManager.getInstance();
mDisplay = display;
mOverrideConfiguration = overrideConfiguration;
final int displayId = getDisplayId();
CompatibilityInfo compatInfo = null;
if (container != null) {
compatInfo = container.getDisplayAdjustments(displayId).getCompatibilityInfo();
}
if (compatInfo == null && displayId == Display.DEFAULT_DISPLAY) {
compatInfo = packageInfo.getCompatibilityInfo();
}
mDisplayAdjustments.setCompatibilityInfo(compatInfo);
mDisplayAdjustments.setActivityToken(activityToken);
Resources resources = packageInfo.getResources(mainThread);
if (resources != null) {
if (activityToken != null
|| displayId != Display.DEFAULT_DISPLAY
|| overrideConfiguration != null
|| (compatInfo != null && compatInfo.applicationScale
!= resources.getCompatibilityInfo().applicationScale)) {
resources = mResourcesManager.getTopLevelResources(
packageInfo.getResDir(), displayId,
overrideConfiguration, compatInfo, activityToken);
}
}
mResources = resources;
if (container != null) {
mBasePackageName = container.mBasePackageName;
mOpPackageName = container.mOpPackageName;
} else {
mBasePackageName = packageInfo.mPackageName;
ApplicationInfo ainfo = packageInfo.getApplicationInfo();
if (ainfo.uid == Process.SYSTEM_UID && ainfo.uid != Process.myUid()) {
// Special case: system components allow themselves to be loaded in to other
// processes. For purposes of app ops, we must then consider the context as
// belonging to the package of this process, not the system itself, otherwise
// the package+uid verifications in app ops will fail.
mOpPackageName = ActivityThread.currentPackageName();
} else {
mOpPackageName = mBasePackageName;
}
}
}
最终的mResource是通过packageinfo.getResources和mResoucesManager.getTopLevelResources得到
packageInfo为core/java/android/app/LoadedApk.java
public Resources getResources(ActivityThread mainThread) {
if (mResources == null) {
mResources = mainThread.getTopLevelResources(mResDir,
Display.DEFAULT_DISPLAY, null, this);
}
return mResources;
}
core/java/android/app/ResourcesManager.java
/*** Creates the top level Resources for applications with the given compatibility info.** @param resDir the resource directory.* @param compatInfo the compability info. Must not be null.* @param token the application token for determining stack bounds.*/public Resources getTopLevelResources(String resDir, int displayId,Configuration overrideConfiguration, CompatibilityInfo compatInfo, IBinder token) {final float scale = compatInfo.applicationScale;ResourcesKey key = new ResourcesKey(resDir, displayId, overrideConfiguration, scale,token);Resources r;synchronized (this) {// Resources is app scale dependent.if (false) {Slog.w(TAG, "getTopLevelResources: " + resDir + " / " + scale);}WeakReference<Resources> wr = mActiveResources.get(key);r = wr != null ? wr.get() : null;//if (r != null) Slog.i(TAG, "isUpToDate " + resDir + ": " + r.getAssets().isUpToDate());if (r != null && r.getAssets().isUpToDate()) {if (false) {Slog.w(TAG, "Returning cached resources " + r + " " + resDir+ ": appScale=" + r.getCompatibilityInfo().applicationScale);}return r;}}//if (r != null) {// Slog.w(TAG, "Throwing away out-of-date resources!!!! "// + r + " " + resDir);//}AssetManager assets = new AssetManager();if (assets.addAssetPath(resDir) == 0) {return null;}//Slog.i(TAG, "Resource: key=" + key + ", display metrics=" + metrics);DisplayMetrics dm = getDisplayMetricsLocked(displayId);Configuration config;boolean isDefaultDisplay = (displayId == Display.DEFAULT_DISPLAY);final boolean hasOverrideConfig = key.hasOverrideConfiguration();if (!isDefaultDisplay || hasOverrideConfig) {config = new Configuration(getConfiguration());if (!isDefaultDisplay) {applyNonDefaultDisplayMetricsToConfigurationLocked(dm, config);}if (hasOverrideConfig) {config.updateFrom(key.mOverrideConfiguration);}} else {config = getConfiguration();}r = new Resources(assets, dm, config, compatInfo, token);if (false) {Slog.i(TAG, "Created app resources " + resDir + " " + r + ": "+ r.getConfiguration() + " appScale="+ r.getCompatibilityInfo().applicationScale);}synchronized (this) {WeakReference<Resources> wr = mActiveResources.get(key);Resources existing = wr != null ? wr.get() : null;if (existing != null && existing.getAssets().isUpToDate()) {// Someone else already created the resources while we were// unlocked; go ahead and use theirs.r.getAssets().close();return existing;}// XXX need to remove entries when weak references go awaymActiveResources.put(key, new WeakReference<Resources>(r));return r;}}
这里我们可以看到创建的Resouces保存到ResourcesManager中的mActiveResources中，相同的包名存对应的key，存在对应的Resources
final ArrayMap<ResourcesKey, WeakReference<Resources> > mActiveResources
= new ArrayMap<ResourcesKey, WeakReference<Resources> >();
2.通用情况，mContext.mMainThread.getTopLevelResources
<pre name="code" class="java"> /**
* Creates the top level resources for the given package.
*/
Resources getTopLevelResources(String resDir,
int displayId, Configuration overrideConfiguration,
LoadedApk pkgInfo) {
return mResourcesManager.getTopLevelResources(resDir, displayId, overrideConfiguration,
pkgInfo.getCompatibilityInfo(), null);
}
结果同样通过ResourcesManager.getTopLevelResources来获取Resources
结论：
1.获取Resources，最终都是通过ResourcesManager获取
2.ResourcesManager中使用
ArrayMap<ResourcesKey, WeakReference<Resources> > mActiveResources保存Resources的键值对
在内存不足是，弱引用会被回收
PS：
在Resources被回收后，会重新创建Resources对象
->Activity.getResources
->ContextThemeWrapper.getResources
->ContextWrapper.createConfigurationContext
->ContextImpl.createConfigurationContext
ContextThemeWrapper.getResources
public Resources getResources() {
if (mResources != null) {
return mResources;
}
if (mOverrideConfiguration == null) {
mResources = super.getResources();
return mResources;
} else {
Context resc = createConfigurationContext(mOverrideConfiguration);
mResources = resc.getResources();
return mResources;
}
}
ContextWrapper.createConfigurationContext
public Context createConfigurationContext(Configuration overrideConfiguration) {
return mBase.createConfigurationContext(overrideConfiguration);
}
ContextImpl.createConfigurationContext
public Context createConfigurationContext(Configuration overrideConfiguration) {
if (overrideConfiguration == null) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("overrideConfiguration must not be null");
}
return new ContextImpl(this, mMainThread, mPackageInfo, mActivityToken,
mUser, mRestricted, mDisplay, overrideConfiguration);
}
最后调用ContextImpl的构造方法创建Context
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