Python全栈之路系列之面向对象运算符重载

运算符重载的概念如下:

  1. 运算符重载让类拦截常规的Python运算;
  2. 类可重载所有Python表达式运算符;
  3. 类也可重载打印、函数调用、属性点号运算等内置运算;
  4. 重载是类实例的行为想内置类型;
  5. 重载是通过提供特殊名称的类方法来实现的;

常见的运算符重载方法

方法 重载 调用
__init__ 构造函数 对象建立:X = Class(args)
__del__ 解析函数 X对象收回
__add__ 运算符+ 如果没有__iadd__,X+Y,X+=Y
__or__ 运算符或 如果没有__ior__
__repr__,__str__ 打印、转换 print(X)、repr(X)、str(X)
__call__ 函数调用 X(*args, **kwargs)
__getattr__ 点号运算 X.undefined
__setattr__ 属性赋值语句 X.any = value
__delattr__ 属性删除 del X.any
__getattribute__ 属性获取 X.any
__getitem__ 索引运算 X[key],X[i:j],没__iter__时的for循环和其他迭代器
__setitem__ 索引赋值语句 X[key]=value,X[i:k]=sequence
__delitem__ 索引和分片删除 del X[key], del X[i:j]
__len__ 长度 len(X),如果没有__bool__,真值测试
__bool__ 布尔测试 bool(X),真测试
__lt____gt____le____ge____eq____ne__ 特定的比较 X<Y,X>Y…
__radd__ 右侧加法 Other + X
__iadd__ 增强的加法 X += Y
__iter____next__ 迭代环境 I=iter(X),next(I)
__contains__ 成员关系测试 item in X(任何可迭代对象)
__index__ 整数值 hex(X),bin(X),oct(X),o[X],O[X:]
__enter__,__exit__ 环境管理器 with obj as var:
__get__,__set__,__delete__ 描述符属性 X.attr,X.attr=Value,del X.attr
__new__ 创建 __init__之前创建对象

所有重载方法的名称前后都有两个下划线字符,以便把同类中定义的变量名区别开来。

构造函数和表达式:__init____sub__

>>> class Number:
... def __init__(self, start): ... self.data = start ... def __sub__(self, other): ... return Number(self.data - other) ... >>> X = Number(5) >>> Y = X - 2 >>> Y <__main__.Number object at 0x10224d550> >>> Y.data 3 

索引和分片: __getitem____setitem__

基本索引

>>> class Index:
... def __getitem__(self, item): ... return item ** 2 ... >>> >>> for i in range(5): ... I = Index() ... print(I[i], end=' ') ... 0 1 4 9 16 

切片索引

>>> class Index:
... data = [5, 6, 7, 8, 9] ... def __getitem__(self, item): ... print('getitem: ', item) ... return self.data[item] ... def __setitem__(self, key, value): ... self.data[key] = value ... >>> X = Index() >>> print(X[1:4]) getitem: slice(1, 4, None) [6, 7, 8] >>> X[1:4] = (1, 1, 1) >>> print(X[1:4]) getitem: slice(1, 4, None) [1, 1, 1] 

索引迭代:__getitem__

如果重载了这个方法,for循环每次循环时都会调用类的__getitem__方法;

>>> class stepper:
... def __getitem__(self, item): ... return self.data[item].upper() ... >>> >>> X = stepper() >>> X.data = 'ansheng' >>> for item in X: ... print(item) ... A N S H E N G 

迭代器对象:__iter____next__

>>> class Squares:
... def __init__(self, start, stop): ... self.value = start - 1 ... self.stop = stop ... def __iter__(self): ... return self ... def __next__(self): ... if self.value == self.stop: ... raise StopIteration ... self.value += 1 ... return self.value ** 2 ... >>> for i in Squares(1, 5): ... print(i) ... 1 4 9 16 25 

成员关系:__contains____iter____getitem__

class Iters:
    def __init__(self, value): self.data = value def __getitem__(self, item): print('get[%s]' % item, end='') return self.data[item] def __iter__(self): print('iter>==', end='') self.ix = 0 return self def __next__(self): print('next:', end='') if self.ix == len(self.data): raise StopIteration item = self.data[self.ix] self.ix += 1 return item def __contains__(self, item): print('contains: ', end=' ') return item in self.data X = Iters([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) print(3 in X) for i in X: print(i, end='|') print([i ** 2 for i in X]) print(list(map(bin, X))) I = iter(X) while True: try: print(next(I), end=' @') except StopIteration as e: break 

属性引用:__getattr____setattr__

当通过未定义的属性名称和实例通过点号进行访问时,就会用属性名称作为字符串调用这个方法,但如果类使用了继承,并且在超类中可以找到这个属性,那么就不会触发。

>>> class empty:
... def __getattr__(self, item): ... if item == 'age': ... return 40 ... else: ... raise AttributeError(item) ... >>> >>> x = empty() >>> print(x.age) 40 >>> print(x.name) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> File "<stdin>", line 6, in __getattr__ AttributeError: name 
>>> class accesscontrol:
... def __setattr__(self, key, value): ... if key == 'age': ... self.__dict__[key] = value ... else: ... raise AttributeError(key + ' not allowed') ... >>> >>> x = accesscontrol() >>> x.age = 40 >>> print(x.age) 40 >>> x.name = 'Hello' Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> File "<stdin>", line 6, in __setattr__ AttributeError: name not allowed 

__repr____str__会返回字符串表达式

__repr____str__都是为了更友好的显示,具体来说,如果在终端下print(Class)则会调用__repr__,非终端下会调用__str__方法,且这两个方法只能返回字符串;

class adder:
    def __init__(self, value=0): self.data = value def __add__(self, other): self.data += other def __repr__(self): return 'addrepr(%s)' % self.data def __str__(self): return 'N: %s' % self.data x = adder(2) x + 1 print(x) print((str(x), repr(x))) 

右侧加法和原处加法: __radd____iadd__

只有当+右侧的对象是类实例,而左边对象不是类实例的时候,Python才会调用__radd__

class Commuter:
    def __init__(self, val): self.val = val def __add__(self, other): print('add', self.val, other) return self.val + other def __radd__(self, other): print('radd', self.val, other) return other + self.val x = Commuter(88) y = Commuter(99) print(x + 1) print('') print(1 + y) print('') print(x + y) 

使用__iadd__进行原处加法

class Number:
    def __init__(self, val): self.val = val def __iadd__(self, other): self.val += other return self x = Number(5) x += 1 x += 1 print(x.val) class Number: def __init__(self, val): self.val = val def __add__(self, other): return Number(self.val + other) x = Number(5) x += 1 x += 1 print(x.val) 

Call表达式:__call__

当调用类实例时执行__call__方法

class Callee:
    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs): print('Callee:', args, kwargs) C = Callee() C(1, 2, 3) C(1, 2, 3, x=1, y=2, z=3) class Prod: def __init__(self, value): self.value = value def __call__(self, other): return self.value * other x = Prod(3) print(x(3)) print(x(4)) 

比较:__lt__,__gt__和其他方法

类可以定义方法来捕获所有的6种比较运算符:<、>、<=、>=、==和!=

class C:
    data = 'spam' def __gt__(self, other): return self.data > other def __lt__(self, other): return self.data < other x = C() print(x > 'han') print(x < 'han') 

布尔值测试:bool__和__len

class Truth:
    def __bool__(self): return True X = Truth() if X: print('yes') class Truth: def __bool__(self): return False X = Truth() print(bool(X)) 

如果没有这个方法,Python退而求其次的求长度,因为一个非空对象看作是真:

>>> class Truth:
... def __len__(self): return 0 ... >>> X = Truth() >>> if not X: print('no') ... no 

如果两个方法都有,__bool__会胜过__len__

>>> class Truth:
... def __bool__(self): return True ... def __len__(self): return 0 ... >>> X = Truth() >>> bool(X) True 

如果两个方法都没有定义,对象毫无疑义的看作为真:

>>> class Truth: pass ... >>> bool(Truth) True 

对象解析函数:__del__

每当实例产生时,就会调用__init__构造函数,每当实例空间被收回时,它的对立面__del__,也就是解析函数,就会自动执行;

class Life:
    def __init__(self, name='unknown'): print('Hello, ', name) self.name = name def __del__(self): print('Goodbye', self.name) brian = Life('Brian') brian = 'loretta'

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转载自www.cnblogs.com/ethereala/p/9012236.html
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