C++代码

C++	1
STL	83

 
C++
hello.c
#include <iostream>
int main (void) {
	std::cout << "Hello, World !" << std::endl;
	return 0;
}

hello.cpp
#include <iostream>
//#include <stdio.h>
#include <cstdio>
int main (void) {
	std::cout << "Hello, World !" << std::endl;
	printf ("Hello, World !\n");
	int i;
	std::cin >> i;
	std::cerr << i << std::endl;
	std::cout << 10 << ' ' << 1.23 << ' ' << "cccc" << std::endl;
	i = 1;
	i = i << 2;
	std::cout << i << std::endl;
	return 0;
}

bool.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main (void) {
	bool b = true;
	cout << boolalpha << b << endl;
	b = !b;
	cout << b << endl;
	cout << sizeof (b) << endl;
	b = 1000;
	cout << b << endl;
	b = 3.14;
	cout << b << endl;
	b = "hello, world";
	cout << b << endl;
	b = NULL;
	cout << b << endl;
	bool male = true;
	return 0;
}
string.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdio>
using namespace std;
int main (void) {
	string s1 = "hello";
	cout << s1 << endl;
	s1 += " ";
	s1 += "world";
	cout << s1 << endl;
	s1 = "达内科技";
	cout << s1 << endl;
	string s2 = "达内";
	cout << (s1 > s2) << endl;
	cout << s1.length () << endl;
	string s3 = "./string.cpp";
	FILE* fp = fopen (s3.c_str (), "r");
	s3[2] = 'S';
	cout << s3 << endl;
	for (size_t i = 0; i < s3.length (); ++i)
		cout << s3[i] << endl;
	return 0;
}

struct.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
struct Student {
	// 成员变量
	char name[128];
	int age;
	int score;
	// 成员函数
	void who (void) {
		cout << "我是" << name << "，今年"
			<< age << "岁。今天考试得了"
			<< score << "分。" << endl;
	}
};
int main (void) {
	Student s = {"张飞", 25, 85}, *p = &s;
	cout << s.name << ' ' << s.age << ' '
		<< s.score << endl;
	cout << p->name << ' ' << p->age << ' '
		<< p->score << endl;
	s.who ();
	p->who ();
	Student t = {"赵云", 22, 45};
	t.who ();
	return 0;
}

union.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdio>
using namespace std;
int main (void) {
	union {
		int n;
		char c[4];
	};
	n = 0x12345678;
	for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i)
		printf ("%#x ", c[i]);
	cout << endl;
	return 0;
}

enum.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
enum Color {RED, GREEN, BLUE};
void foo (int n) {}
void bar (Color c) {}
int main (void) {
	cout << RED << ' ' << GREEN << ' ' << BLUE
		<< endl;
//	Color c = 0; // ERROR
	Color c = RED;
	int n = c;
	cout << n << endl;
	foo (RED);
//	bar (0); // ERROR
	return 0;
}



op.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main (void) <%
	int a<::> = <%13, 21, 37, 49, 58%>;
	int b<::> = <%79, 63, 45, 31, 16%>;
	for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i)
		cout << (a<:i:> bitand b<:i:>) +
			((a<:i:> xor b<:i:>) >> 1) << ' ';
	cout << endl;
%>

ns.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
//int var = 9999;
namespace ns {
	int var = 0;
	void fun (void) {
		std::cout << "ns的fun函数" << std::endl;
	}
}
namespace ns {
	struct type {
		int x;
		char y[256];
	};
}
namespace nt {
	void fun (void) {
		std::cout << "nt的fun函数" << std::endl;
	}
}
namespace nu {
	int x = 1234;
	void fun (void) {
		std::cout << "nu的fun函数" << std::endl;
	}
}
int y = 8888;
namespace nv {
	int x = 5678;
	int y = 9999;
	void foo (void) {
		cout << y << endl;
		cout << ::y << endl;
	}
}
namespace ns1 {
	int a = 1;
	namespace ns2 {
		int a = 2;
		namespace ns3 {
			int a = 3;
		}
	}
}
int main (void) {
	std::cout << ns::var << std::endl;
	ns::fun ();
	struct ns::type t = {100, "张飞"};
	std::cout << t.x << ' ' << t.y << std::endl;
	using namespace ns;
	var++;
	std::cout << var << std::endl;
	fun ();
	using namespace nt;
	nt::fun ();
	ns::fun ();
	cout << var << endl;
	using namespace nv;
	using nu::x;
	cout << "### " << x << endl;
	nu::fun ();
//	using nv::x;
	nv::foo ();
	cout << ns1::a << endl;
	cout << ns1::ns2::a << endl;
	cout << ns1::ns2::ns3::a << endl;
	namespace ns123 = ns1::ns2::ns3;
	cout << ns123::a << endl;
	return 0;
}



 
day02
add.c
#include "add.h"
int add (int a, int b) {
	return a + b;
}

add.h
#ifndef _ADD_H
#define _ADD_H
int add (int, int);
#endif // _ADD_H

main.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
extern "C" {
#include "add.h"
}
int main (void) {
	cout << add (100, 200) << endl;
	return 0;
}


add.cpp
#include "add.h"
int add (int a, int b) {
	return a + b;
}

add.h
#ifndef _ADD_H
#define _ADD_H
#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif
int add (int, int);
#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif
#endif // _ADD_H


main.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include "add.h"
int main (void) {
	printf ("计算结果：%d\n", add (100, 200));
	return 0;
}

defargs.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void foo (int a, int b = 1000) {
	cout << a << ' ' << b << endl;
}
void bar (int a = 100+900) {
	cout << a << endl;
}
int b = 1000;
void hum (int a = b) {
	cout << a << endl;
}
//void fun (int a, int b = a) {} // ERROR
void fun (int a = 1000);
void fff (int a, int b = 1000, int c = 2000) {
	cout << a << ' ' << b << ' ' << c << endl;
}
void fff (int a) {
	cout << a << endl;
}
int main (void) {
	foo (123, 456);
	foo (123); // foo (123, 1000);
	bar (); // bar (1000);
	hum ();
	fun ();
	fff (123, 456);
//	fff (123, , 456);
//	fff (123); // ERROR
	return 0;
}
void fun (int a /* = 1000 */) {
	cout << a << endl;
}

dummy.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int add (int a, int, int c) {
	return a + c;
}
void foo (int) {}
void bar (void) {}
void bar (int) {}
int main (void) {
	cout << add (100, 200, 300) << endl;
	return 0;
}

fptr.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
double foo (int n) {
	cout << 1 << endl;
}
char* foo (float f) {
	cout << 2 << endl;
}
int main (void) {
	double (*p1) (int) = foo;
	char* (*p2) (float) = foo;
	cout << (void*)p1 << ' ' << (void*)p2 << endl;
	p1 (3.14f); // 1
	p2 (10); // 2
	foo (3.14f); // 2
	foo (10); // 1
	return 0;
}

inline.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
inline double square (double x) {
	return x * x;
}
int main (void) {
	cout << square (3.0) << endl;
//	cout << 3.0 * 3.0 << endl;
	return 0;
}

match.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void funa (char* p) {
	cout << 1 << endl;
}
void funa (char const* p) {
	cout << 2 << endl;
}
void funb (char const* p, char c) {
	cout << 1 << endl;
}
void funb (char*p, int n) {
	cout << 2 << endl;
}
void func (char c) {
	cout << 1 << endl;
}
void func (int n) {
	cout << 2 << endl;
}
void func (long l) {
	cout << 3 << endl;
}
void fund (int n, void* p) {
	cout << 1 << endl;
}
void fund (double d, ...) {
	cout << 2 << endl;
}
int main (void) {
	char* p;
	funa (p); // 完全匹配优于常量转换
	char c;
	funb (p, c); // 常量转换优于升级转换
	short h;
	func (h); // 升级转换优于标准转换
	          // 但也没有必要过分升级
	double d;
	void* pv;
	fund (d, pv); // 可变长参数表匹配度最低
	return 0;
}

new.cpp
#include <cstdio>
#include <cstring>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main (void) {
//	int* p = (int*)malloc (sizeof (int));
	int* p = new int;
	*p = 1234;
	cout << *p << endl;
//	free (p);
	delete p;
	p = new int (); // 用0初始化
	cout << *p << endl;
	delete p;
	p = new int (5678); // 指定初始值
	cout << *p << endl;
	delete p;
	p = NULL;
	delete p;
//	p = (int*)malloc (5 * sizeof (int));
	p = new int[5] {10, 20, 30, 40, 50}; // C++11
	/*
	for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i)
		p[i] = (i+1)*10;
	*/
	for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i)
		cout << p[i] << ' ';
	cout << endl;
	delete[] p; // !!!
	int (*prow)[4] = new int[3][4];
//	int *prow[4]
	for (int i = 0; i < 3; ++i)
		for (int j = 0; j < 4; ++j)
			prow[i][j] = (i+1)*10+(j+1);
	for (int i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
		for (int j = 0; j < 4; ++j)
			cout << prow[i][j] << ' ';
		cout << endl;
	}
	delete[] prow;
	int (*ppage)[4][5] = new int[3][4][5];
//	int (*ppage)[4][5] =
//		(int (*)[4][5])malloc (60 * sizeof (int));
	delete[] ppage;
	try {
		p = new int[0xFFFFFFFF];
		// ...
		delete[] p;
	}
	catch (exception& ex) {
		cout << ex.what () << endl;
		perror ("new");
//		return -1;
	}
//	char* pool = new char[1024]; // 分配内存池
	char pool[1024];
	int* pn = new (pool) int (123); // 定位分配
	char* ps = new (pool+4) char[15];
	strcpy (ps, "Hello, World !");
	double* pd = new (pool+19) double (3.14);
	cout << *pn << ' ' << ps << ' ' << *pd
		<< endl;
//	delete[] pool; // 释放内存池
	return 0;
}

overload.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void foo (void) {
	cout << "1" << endl;
}
void foo (int n) {
	cout << "2" << endl;
}
void foo (int* n) {
	cout << "3" << endl;
}
void foo (int n, double d) {
	cout << "4" << endl;
}
void foo (double n, int d) {
	cout << "5" << endl;
}
//void foo (double d, int n) {} // ->15
//int foo (void) {} // ->3
int main (void) {
	foo (); // 1
	foo (100); // 2
	int n;
	foo (&n); // 3
	foo (n, 1.13); // 4
	foo (1.13, n); // 5
	return 0;
}

scope.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void foo (void) { cout << 1 << endl; }
namespace ns1 {
	void foo (int a) { cout << 2 << endl; }
	namespace ns2 {
		void foo (int a, int b) {
			cout << 3 << endl;
		}
		void bar (void) {
			foo (10, 20);
			ns1::foo (10);
			::foo ();
		}
	}
}
namespace nsa {
	void fun (int x) {
		cout << 'a' << endl;
	}
}
namespace nsb {
	void fun (double x) {
		cout << 'b' << endl;
	}
}
int main (void) {
	ns1::ns2::bar ();
	using namespace nsa;
	using namespace nsb;
	fun (100); // a
	fun (1.2); // b
	using nsa::fun;
	fun (100); // a
	fun (1.2); // a
	using nsb::fun;
	fun (100); // a
	fun (1.2); // b
	return 0;
}

 
day03
const.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main (void) {
	int volatile const x = 100;
	int& r = const_cast<int&> (x);
//	char& c = const_cast<char&> (x);
//	x = 200;
	r = 200;
	cout << &r << ' ' << (void*)&x << endl;
	cout << r << endl;
	cout << x << endl; // cout << 100 << endl;
	return 0;
}

ref.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main (void) {
	int a = 10;
	int& b = a;
	++b;
	cout << a << ' ' << b << endl;
	cout << &a << ' ' << &b << endl;
	int& c = b;
	++c;
	cout << a << ' ' << b << ' ' << c << endl;
	cout << &c << endl;
//	int const& d = a;
	const int& d = a;
	cout << d << endl;
	cout << &d << endl;
//	d = 20;
//	d++;
	a = 20;
	b++;
	--c;
	cout << d << endl;
//	int& e = 10;
	int x = 100, y = 200, z = 300;
	cout << x + y + z << endl;
//	x + y = z;
	int const& e = x + y;
	cout << e << endl;
	int const& f = 10;
	cout << f << endl;
//	int& g; // ERROR
	int& g = *new int (100);
	cout << g << endl; // 100
	delete &g;
//	此时g就是一个野引用
	return 0;
}

refarg.cpp
#include <cmath>
#include <cstring>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void foo (int a) {
	cout << "foo：" << &a << endl;
	++a;
	cout << "a = " << a << endl; // 124
}
void bar (int& a) {
	cout << "bar：" << &a << endl;
	++a;
	cout << "a = " << a << endl; // 124
}
double rect (double w, double h, double* c,
	double& s) {
	*c = (w + h) * 2;
	s = w * h;
	return sqrt (w * w + h * h);
}
struct Student {
	char name[64];
	char addr[256];
	char mbox[128];
};
void insert (Student const& student) {
	cout << student.name << "，"
		<< student.addr << "，"
		<< student.mbox << endl;
//	strcpy (student.name, "sb");
}
int main (void) {
	int x = 123;
	cout << "main：" << &x << endl;
	foo (x);
	cout << "x = " << x << endl; // 123
	bar (x);
	cout << "x = " << x << endl; // 124
	double w = 3, h = 4, c, s, t;
	t = rect (w, h, &c, s);
	cout << "周长：" << c << endl;
	cout << "面积：" << s << endl;
	cout << "对角线：" << t << endl;
	Student student = {"张飞", "达内科技",
		"[email protected]"};
	insert (student);
	cout << student.name << endl;
	return 0;
}

refarr.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void foo (int a[12]) {
	cout << sizeof (a) << endl; // 4
}
void bar (int a[]) {
	cout << sizeof (a) << endl; // 4
}
void hum (int* a) {
	cout << sizeof (a) << endl; // 4
}
void fun (int (&a)[12]) {
	cout << sizeof (a) << endl; // 48
}
void fff (int (*a)[12]) {
	cout << sizeof (*a) << endl; // 48
}
int main (void) {
	int a[12];
	cout << sizeof (a) << endl; // 48, a整体
	foo (a); // a首地址
	bar (a); // a首地址
	hum (a); // a首地址
	fun (a); // a整体
	fff (&a);// a整体
	return 0;
}

reffun.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int add (int x, int y) {
	return x + y;
}
int main (void) {
	// 古典写法
	int (*pfunc) (int, int) = &add;
	cout << (*pfunc) (100, 200) << endl;
	// 现代写法
	int (*pfun2) (int, int) = add;
	cout << pfun2 (100, 200) << endl;
	// 函数引用
	int (&rfunc) (int, int) = add;
	cout << rfunc (100, 200) << endl;
	return 0;
}

refret.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
struct A {
	int data;
	int& foo (void) {
		return data;
	}
};
int& bar (int& a) {
	return a;
}
int& hum (void) {
	static int n = 123;
	return n;
}
int& fun (void) {
	int m = 456;
	return m;
}
int main (void) {
	A a = {100};
	cout << a.data << endl; // 100
	a.foo () = 200;
	cout << a.data << endl; // 200
	int x;
	bar (x) = 1000;
	cout << x << endl; // 1000
	int& r = hum ();
	cout << r << endl; // 123
	fun ();
	cout << r << endl; // 456
	return 0;
}

reinter.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main (void) {
	char c[] = {0x78, 0x56, 0x34, 0x12};
	int* n = reinterpret_cast<int*> (c);
	cout << hex << showbase << *n << endl;
	double x = 3.14;
	double* p = &x;
	int i = reinterpret_cast<int> (p);
	char* h = reinterpret_cast<char*> (i);
	p = reinterpret_cast<double*> (h);
	cout << *p << endl;
	return 0;
}

static.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main (void) {
	short x = 10;
	void* v = &x;
	short* p = static_cast<short*> (v);
//	int* q = static_cast<int*> (p);
	return 0;
}

swap.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void swap1 (int x, int y) {
	int z = x;
	x = y;
	y = z;
}
void swap2 (int* x, int* y) {
	int z = *x;
	*x = *y;
	*y = z;
}
void swap3 (int& x, int& y) {
	int z = x;
	x = y;
	y = z;
}
void swapp (char const** x, char const** y) {
	char const* z = *x;
	*x = *y;
	*y = z;
}
void swapr (char const*& x, char const*& y) {
	char const* z = x;
	x = y;
	y = z;
}
int main (void) {
	int x = 100, y = 200;
//	swap1 (x, y);
//	swap2 (&x, &y);
	swap3 (x, y);
	cout << x << ' ' << y << endl;
	char const* p = "hello";
	char const* q = "world";
//	swapp (&p, &q);
	swapr (p, q);
	cout << p << ' ' << q << endl;
	return 0;
}

 
day04
cast.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Integer {
public:
	Integer (void) {
		m_data = 0;
	}
	explicit Integer (int data) {
		cout << "Integer类型转换构造函数" << endl;
		m_data = data;
	}
	int m_data;
};
void foo (Integer const& i) {
	cout << i.m_data << endl;
}
Integer bar (void) {
	return static_cast<Integer> (400);
}
int main (void) {
	Integer i;
	cout << i.m_data << endl; // 0
	i = static_cast<Integer> (200);
	cout << i.m_data << endl; // 200
	int x = 300;
	foo (static_cast<Integer> (x));
	cout << bar ().m_data << endl;
	return 0;
}

constructor.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Student {
public:
	/*
	Student (string const& name, int age) {
		m_name = name;
		m_age = age;
	}
	Student (string const& name) {
		m_name = name;
		m_age = 20;
	}
	// 缺省构造函数
	Student (void) {
		m_name = "";
		m_age = 20;
	}
	*/
	Student (string const& name = "", int age=20) {
		m_name = name;
		m_age = age;
	}
	void print (void) {
		cout << m_name << "，" << m_age << endl;
	}
private:
	string m_name;
	int m_age;
};
int main (void) {
//	Student s1 ("张飞", 25);
	Student s1 = Student ("张飞", 25);
	Student s2 ("赵云");
//	Student s3 (); // 被编译器误解为函数声明
	Student s3;
	s1.print ();
	s2.print ();
	s3.print ();
	cout << "----------------" << endl;
	Student* s4 = new Student ("关羽", 40);
	Student* s5 = new Student ("刘备");
	Student* s6 = new Student ();
	Student* s7 = new Student;
	s4->print ();
	s5->print ();
	s6->print ();
	s7->print ();
	delete s7;
	delete s6;
	delete s5;
	delete s4;
	cout << "----------------" << endl;
	Student sa[3];
	for (size_t i = 0; i < 3; ++i)
		sa[i].print ();
	cout << "----------------" << endl;
	Student sc[] = {
		Student ("曹操", 35),
		Student ("孙权"),
		Student ()};
	for (size_t i = 0; i < 3; ++i)
		(sc+i)->print ();
	cout << "----------------" << endl;
	Student* sd = new Student[3];
	for (size_t i = 0; i < 3; ++i)
		i[sd].print ();
	delete[] sd;
	cout << "----------------" << endl;
	Student* se = new Student[3] {
		Student ("黄忠", 50),
		Student ("马超"),
		Student ()};
	for (size_t i = 0; i < 3; ++i)
		se[i].print ();
	delete[] se;
	return 0;
}

copy.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Point3D {
public:
	Point3D (int x = 0, int y = 0, int z = 0) {
		m_x = x;
		m_y = y;
		m_z = z;
	}
	/*
	Point3D (Point3D const& that) {
		cout << "Point3D拷贝构造函数" << endl;
		m_x = that.m_x;
		m_y = that.m_y;
		m_z = that.m_z;
	}
	*/
	void print (void) {
		cout << "三维点(" << m_x << ',' << m_y
			<< ',' << m_z << ')' << endl;
	}
private:
	int m_x;
	int m_y;
	int m_z;
};
void foo (Point3D p) {
	p.print ();
}
Point3D bar (void) {
	Point3D p (40, 50, 60);
	cout << "bar：" << &p << endl;
	return p;
}
int main (void) {
	Point3D p1 (10, 20, 30);
	p1.print ();
	Point3D p2 = p1;
	p2.print ();
	foo (p2);
	Point3D const& p = bar ();
	cout << "main：" << &p << endl;
	return 0;
}

defcon.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class A {
public:
	A (void) {
		cout << "A的缺省构造函数" << endl;
		m_data = 0;
	}
	A (int data) {
		cout << "A的有参构造函数" << endl;
		m_data = data;
	}
	int m_data;
};
class B {
public:
	B (int i = 0) {
		m_i = i;
	}
	int m_i; // 基本类型成员
	A   m_a; // 类类型成员
};
int main (void) {
	B b;
	cout << b.m_i << endl;
	return 0;
}


init.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Student {
public:
	Student (string const& name = "",
		int age = 20) : m_name (name), m_age (age) {
	}
	void print (void) {
		cout << m_name << "，" << m_age << endl;
	}
private:
	string m_name;
	int m_age;
};
class A {
public:
	A (int data) : m_data (data) {}
	int m_data;
};
class B {
public:
	B (int data) : m_a (data) {}
	A m_a;
};
int g_x = 5678;
class C {
public:
	C (void) : m_i (1000), m_r (g_x) {}
	int const m_i;
	int& m_r;
};
class D {
public:
	D (string const& str) : m_str (str),
		m_len (str.length ()) {}
	int m_len;
	string m_str;
};
struct Date {
	int year;
	int mon;
	int day;
};
class E {
public:
	E (int a[], Date d) : m_a {a[0], a[1], a[2]},
	  /*m_d {d.year, d.mon, d.day}*/
	  m_d (d) {}
	int m_a[3];
	Date m_d;
};
int main (void) {
	Student s1 ("张飞", 25);
	Student s2 ("赵云");
	Student s3;
	s1.print ();
	s2.print ();
	s3.print ();
	B b (1234);
	cout << b.m_a.m_data << endl;
	C c;
	cout << c.m_i << ' ' << c.m_r << endl;
	D d ("ABCDEFG");
	cout << d.m_len << ' ' << d.m_str << endl;
	int a[3] = {123, 456, 789};
	Date dt = {2015, 1, 8};
	E e (a, dt);
	cout << e.m_a[0] << ' ' << e.m_a[1] << ' '
		<< e.m_a[2] << endl;
	cout << e.m_d.year << '-' << e.m_d.mon << '-'
		<< e.m_d.day << endl;
	return 0;
}

student.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Student {
public:
	// 构造函数
	Student (string const& name, int age, int no) {
		cout << "我出生了！呵呵！" << endl;
		m_name = name;
		m_age = age;
		m_no = no;
	}
	void eat (string const& food) {
		cout << "我叫" << m_name << "，正在吃"
			<< food << endl;
	}
	void sleep (int time) {
		cout << "我今年" << m_age << "岁，睡了"
			<< time << "小时" << endl;
	}
	void learn (string const& course) {
		cout << "我的学号是" << m_no << "，现在学"
			<< course << "课" << endl;
	}
	void setName (string const& name) {
		if (name == "二")
			cout << "拒绝接受不雅的姓名！" << endl;
		else
			m_name = name;
	}
	void setAge (int age) {
		if (age < 0)
			cout << "拒绝接受非法的年龄！" << endl;
		else
			m_age = age;
	}
	void setNo (int no) {
		if (no < 0 || 10000 < no)
			cout << "拒绝接受错误的学号！" << endl;
		else
			m_no = no;
	}
private:
	string m_name;
	int m_age;
	int m_no;
};
int main (void) {
	Student s1 ("张飞", 25, 1001);
	s1.setName ("二");
	s1.setAge (-1);
	s1.setNo (1001000);
	s1.eat ("面条");
	s1.sleep (1);
	s1.learn ("C++");
	Student* s2 = new Student ("赵云", 20, 1002);
	s2->eat ("烙饼");
	s2->sleep (2);
	s2->learn ("UNIX-C");
	delete s2;
	return 0;
}


student.h
#ifndef _STUDENT_H
#define _STUDENT_H
#include <string>
using namespace std;
// 声明学生类
class Student {
public:
	// 构造函数
	Student (string const& name, int age, int no);
	void eat (string const& food);
	void sleep (int time);
	void learn (string const& course);
	void setName (string const& name);
	void setAge (int age);
	void setNo (int no);
private:
	string m_name;
	int m_age;
	int m_no;
};
#endif // _STUDENT_H



student.cpp
// 实现学生类
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#include "student.h"
// 构造函数
Student::Student (string const& name, int age,
	int no) {
	cout << "我出生了！呵呵！" << endl;
	m_name = name;
	m_age = age;
	m_no = no;
}
void Student::eat (string const& food) {
	cout << "我叫" << m_name << "，正在吃"
		<< food << endl;
}
void Student::sleep (int time) {
	cout << "我今年" << m_age << "岁，睡了"
		<< time << "小时" << endl;
}
void Student::learn (string const& course) {
	cout << "我的学号是" << m_no << "，现在学"
		<< course << "课" << endl;
}
void Student::setName (string const& name) {
	if (name == "二")
		cout << "拒绝接受不雅的姓名！" << endl;
	else
		m_name = name;
}
void Student::setAge (int age) {
	if (age < 0)
		cout << "拒绝接受非法的年龄！" << endl;
	else
		m_age = age;
}
void Student::setNo (int no) {
	if (no < 0 || 10000 < no)
		cout << "拒绝接受错误的学号！" << endl;
	else
		m_no = no;
}

main.cpp
#include "student.h"
int main (void) {
	Student s1 ("张飞", 25, 1001);
	s1.setName ("二");
	s1.setAge (-1);
	s1.setNo (1001000);
	s1.eat ("面条");
	s1.sleep (1);
	s1.learn ("C++");
	Student* s2 = new Student ("赵云", 20, 1002);
	s2->eat ("烙饼");
	s2->sleep (2);
	s2->learn ("UNIX-C");
	delete s2;
	return 0;
}

 
day05
array.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Array {
public:
	Array (size_t size) : m_array (new int[size]),
		m_size (size) {
		cout << "构造函数：" << this << endl;
	}
	~Array (void) {
		cout << "析构函数：" << this << endl;
		delete[] m_array;
	}
	int& at (size_t i) {
		if (i >= m_size)
			throw string ("下标溢出！");
		return m_array[i];
	}
	int const& at (size_t i) const {
		return const_cast<Array*> (this)->at (i);
	}
private:
	int* m_array;
	size_t m_size;
};
Array g_a (3);
int main (void) {
	cout << "main函数开始了！" << endl;
	{
		Array a (5);
		for (size_t i = 0; i < 5; ++i)
			a.at (i) = i + 1;
		for (size_t i = 0; i < 5; ++i)
			cout << a.at (i) << ' ';
		cout << endl;
	}
	cout << "再见喽！" << endl;
	Array* a = new Array (10);
//	a = malloc (sizeof (Array));
//	Array::Array (a);
	// ...
	delete a;
//	Array::~Array (a);
//	free (a);
	return 0;
}

cfunc.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class A {
public:
	void foo (void) {} // 非常函数
//	void foo (A* this) {}
	void bar (void) const {} // 常函数
//	void bar (A const* this) {}
	void hum (void) {
//	void hum (A* this) {
		cout << "hum函数的非常版本" << endl;
	}
	void hum (void) const {
//	void hum (A const* this) {
		cout << "hum函数的常版本" << endl;
	}
	void fun (void) const {
		cout << "fun函数的常版本" << endl;
	}
};
int main (void) {
	A a; // 非常对象
	a.foo (); // foo (&a)
	a.bar (); // bar (&a)
	A const& r = a; // 常对象
//	r.foo (); // foo (&r)
	r.bar (); // bar (&r)
	A const* p = &a; // 常对象
//	p->foo (); // foo (p)
	p->bar (); // bar (p)
	a.hum (); // hum (&a);
	r.hum (); // hum (&r);
	p->hum (); // hum (p);
	a.fun ();
	r.fun ();
	p->fun ();
	return 0;
}

const.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Student {
public:
	Student (string const& name = "", int age = 0) :
		m_name (name), m_age (age), m_times (0) {}
	// 常函数
	void print (void) const {
//	void print (Student const* this) {
		cout << m_name << "，" << m_age << endl;
//		this->m_name = "sb";
//		this->m_age = -1;
//		++const_cast<Student*> (this)->m_times;
		++m_times;
	}
	string m_name;
	int m_age;
	mutable int m_times;
};
void print (Student const& student) {
	cout << student.m_name << "，"
		<< student.m_age << endl;
//	student.m_name = "sb";
//	student.m_age = -1;
}
int main (void) {
	Student student ("张飞", 25);
	print (student);
	print (student);
	student.print ();
	student.print ();
	cout << student.m_times << endl;
	return 0;
}

cp.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Integer {
public:
	Integer (int i) : m_i (new int (i)) {}
	/* 缺省的支持浅拷贝的拷贝构造函数
	Integer (Integer const& that) :
		m_i (that.m_i) {}
	*/
	// 自定义支持深拷贝的拷贝构造函数
	Integer (Integer const& that) :
		m_i (new int (*that.m_i)) {}
	~Integer (void) {
		if (m_i) {
			delete m_i;
			m_i = NULL;
		}
	}
	/* 缺省的支持浅拷贝的拷贝赋值运算符函数
	Integer& operator= (Integer const& rhs) {
		cout << "拷贝赋值运算符函数" << endl;
		m_i = rhs.m_i;
	}
	*/
	// 自定义支持深拷贝的拷贝赋值运算符函数
	Integer& operator= (Integer const& rhs) {
		if (&rhs != this) { // 防止自赋值
			int* i = new int (*rhs.m_i);
			delete m_i; // 释放旧资源
			m_i = i;
			// 分配新资源
			// 拷贝新内容
		}
		return *this; // 返回自引用
	}
	int* m_i;
};
int main (void) {
	Integer i1 (100);
	cout << *i1.m_i << endl;
	Integer i2 = i1; // 拷贝构造
	cout << *i2.m_i << endl;
	*i1.m_i = 200;
	cout << *i2.m_i << endl;
	Integer i3 (300);
	i1 = i3; // 拷贝赋值
//	i1.operator= (i3); // 拷贝赋值运算符函数
	cout << *i1.m_i << endl; // 300
	cout << *i3.m_i << endl; // 300
	*i3.m_i = 400;
	cout << *i1.m_i << endl; // 300
	cout << *i3.m_i << endl; // 400
	cout << i1.m_i << ' ' << i3.m_i << endl;
	int x = 10, y = 20, z = 30;
	(x = y) = z;
	cout << x << ' ' << y << ' ' << z << endl;
	// 30 20 30
	(i1 = i2) = i3;
//	i1.operator= (i2).operator= (i3)
	i1 = i1;
	return 0;
}

defdes.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class A {
public:
	A (void) {
		cout << "A构造" << endl;
	}
	~A (void) {
		cout << "A析构" << endl;
	}
};
class B {
private:
	A m_a;
};
class C {
public:
	C (void) : m_a (new A) {}
	~C (void) {
		delete m_a;
	}
private:
	A* m_a;
};
int main (void) {
//	B b;
	C c;
	return 0;
}


object.cpp
#include <cstring>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Student {
public:
	Student (char const* name, int age) :
//	Student (Student* this, char const* name,
//		int age)
		m_age (age) {
		cout << "构造函数中的this：" << this
			<< endl;
		strcpy (m_name, name);
	}
	void print (void) {
		cout << "this：" << this << endl;
		cout << m_name << "，" << m_age << endl;
	}
	/*
	void print (Student* this) {
		cout << this->m_name << "，" <<
			this->m_age << endl;
	}
	*/
private:
	char m_name[256];
	int m_age;
};
int main (void) {
	Student s1 ("张飞", 25);
	// s1.Student (&s1, "张飞", 25);
	cout << "&s1：" << &s1 << endl;
	s1.print (); // s1.print (&s1);
	cout << sizeof (s1) << endl;
	Student s2 ("赵云", 20);
	cout << "&s2：" << &s2 << endl;
	s2.print (); // s2.print (&s2);
	return 0;
}

question.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Student;
class Teacher {
public:
	void educate (Student* student);
	void reply (char const* answer) {
		m_answer = answer;
	}
private:
	string m_answer;
};
class Student {
public:
	void ask (char const* question,
		Teacher* teacher) {
		cout << "问题：" << question << endl;
		teacher->reply ("我不知道！");
	}
};
void Teacher::educate (Student* student) {
	student->ask ("什么是this指针？", this);
	cout << "回答：" << m_answer << endl;
}
class A {
public:
	A (void) {
		cout << "我出生了！" << endl;
	}
	~A (void) {
		cout << "我要死了！" << endl;
	}
	void work (void) {
		cout << "我工作了..." << endl;
		delete this; // 自我毁灭
	}
};
int main (void) {
	Teacher t;
	Student s;
	t.educate (&s);
	(new A)->work ();
	return 0;
}

string.cpp
#include <cstring>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class String {
public:
	String (char const* str = NULL) :
		m_str (strcpy (
			new char [strlen (str ? str : "") + 1],
			str ? str : "")) {}
	String (String const& that) :
		m_str (strcpy (
			new char [strlen (that.m_str) + 1],
			that.m_str)) {}
	~String (void) {
		if (m_str) {
			delete[] m_str;
			m_str = NULL;
		}
	}
	String& operator= (String const& rhs) {
	}
	char const* c_str (void) const {
		return m_str;
	}
private:
	char* m_str;
};
int main (void) {
	String s1 ("hello");
	cout << s1.c_str () << endl;
	String s2 = s1;
	cout << s2.c_str () << endl;
	String s3 ("world");
	s2 = s3;
	cout << s2.c_str () << endl;
	return 0;
}

this.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class A {
public:
	A (int* data, int numb) : numb (numb) {
		for (int i = 0; i < numb; ++i)
			this->data[i] = data[i];
//		this->numb = numb;
	}
	int data[1024];
	int numb;
};
class B {
public:
	B (void) : m_counter (0) {}
	B& inc (void) {
		++m_counter;
		return *this; // 返回自引用
	}
	int m_counter;
};
int main (void) {
	int data[5] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
	A a (data, 5);
	for (int i = 0; i < a.numb; ++i)
		cout << a.data[i] << ' ';
	cout << endl;
	B b;
	b.inc ().inc ().inc ();
	cout << b.m_counter << endl; // 3
	return 0;
}

 
day06
account.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Account {
public:
	Account (double balance) :
		m_balance (balance) {}
	double settle (void) {
		return m_balance *= (1 + m_inter);
	}
	static void setInter (double inter) {
		m_inter = inter;
	}
private:
	double m_balance;
	static double m_inter;
};
double Account::m_inter = 0.01;
int main (void) {
	Account a1 (1000), a2 (10000);
	cout << a1.settle () << ' '
		<< a2.settle () << endl;
	Account::setInter (0.05);
	cout << a1.settle () << ' '
		<< a2.settle () << endl;
	return 0;
}

complex1.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Complex {
public:
	Complex (int r = 0, int i = 0) :
		m_r (r), m_i (i) {}
	void show (void) const {
		cout << m_r << '+' << m_i << 'i' << endl;
	}
	// 第一个const：返回常对象，禁止对返回值赋值
	// 第二个const：支持常对象形式的右操作数
	// 第三个const：支持常对象形式的左操作数
	Complex const operator+ (
		Complex const& rhs) const {
		return Complex (m_r + rhs.m_r,
			m_i + rhs.m_i);
	}
private:
	int m_r;
	int m_i;
	friend Complex const operator- (
		Complex const&, Complex const&);
};
Complex const operator- (Complex const& lhs,
	Complex const& rhs) {
	return Complex (lhs.m_r - rhs.m_r,
		lhs.m_i - rhs.m_i);
}
int main (void) {
	Complex c1 (1, 2), c2 (3, 4), c3 (5, 6);
	c1.show ();
	c2.show ();
	c3.show ();
//	Complex c4 = c1.operator+ (c2).operator+ (c3);
	Complex c4 = c1 + c2 + c3;
	c4.show ();
	/*
	int a, b, c;
	(a + b) = c;
	*/
//	(c1 + c2) = c3;
	Complex const c5 (7, 8);
	(c1 + c5).show (); // c1.operator+ (c5)
	(c5 + c1).show (); // c5.operator+ (c1)
	c4 = c3 - c2;
//	c4 = ::operator- (c3, c2);
	c4.show ();
	return 0;
}

complex2.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Complex {
public:
	Complex (int r = 0, int i = 0) :
		m_r (r), m_i (i) {}
	void show (void) const {
		cout << m_r << '+' << m_i << 'i' << endl;
	}
	Complex& operator+= (Complex const& rhs) {
		m_r += rhs.m_r;
		m_i += rhs.m_i;
		return *this;
	}
	friend Complex& operator-= (Complex& lhs,
		Complex const& rhs) {
		lhs.m_r -= rhs.m_r;
		lhs.m_i -= rhs.m_i;
		return lhs;
	}
private:
	int m_r;
	int m_i;
};
int main (void) {
	Complex c1 (1, 2), c2 (3, 4), c3 (5, 6);
	c1 += c2; // c1.operator+= (c2)
	c1.show (); // 4+6i
	(c1 += c2) += c3;
	c1.show (); // 12+16i
	/*
	int a = 1, b = 3, c = 5;
	(a += b) += c;
	cout << a << endl; // 9
	*/
	c1 -= c3;
	c1.show (); // 7+10i
	return 0;
}

complex3.cpp
#include <cmath>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Complex {
public:
	Complex (int r = 0, int i = 0) :
		m_r (r), m_i (i) {}
	Complex const operator- () const {
		return Complex (-m_r, -m_i);
	}
	friend int operator~ (Complex const& opd) {
		return sqrt (opd.m_r * opd.m_r +
			opd.m_i * opd.m_i);
	}
	friend istream& operator>> (istream& lhs,
		Complex& rhs) {
		return lhs >> rhs.m_r >> rhs.m_i;
	}
	friend ostream& operator<< (ostream& lhs,
		Complex const& rhs) {
		return lhs << rhs.m_r << '+' << rhs.m_i
			<< 'i';
	}
private:
	int m_r, m_i;
};
int main (void) {
	Complex c1, c2;
	cin >> c1 >> c2;
//	::operator>> (::operator>> (cin, c1), c2);
	cout << c1 << ' ' << c2 << endl;
//	::operator<< (
//		::operator<< (
//			::operator<< (
//				::operator<< (cout, c1), ' '), c2),
//					endl);
	cout << -c1 << endl;
	cout << ~c2 << endl;
	return 0;
}
complex4.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Complex {
public:
	Complex (int r = 0, int i = 0) :
		m_r (r), m_i (i) {}
	void show (void) const {
		cout << m_r << '+' << m_i << 'i' << endl;
	}
	// 成员函数形式的前++
	Complex& operator++ (void) {
		++m_r;
		++m_i;
		return *this;
	}
	// 全局函数形式的前--
	friend Complex& operator-- (Complex& opd) {
		--opd.m_r;
		--opd.m_i;
		return opd;
	}
	// 成员函数形式的后++
	Complex const operator++ (int) {
		Complex old = *this;
		++*this;
		return old;
	}
	// 全局函数形式的后--
	friend Complex const operator-- (Complex& opd,
		int) {
		Complex old = opd;
		--opd;
		return old;
	}
	friend ostream& operator<< (ostream& lhs,
		Complex const& rhs) {
		return lhs << rhs.m_r << '+' << rhs.m_i
			<< 'i';
	}
private:
	int m_r, m_i;
};
int main (void) {
	int x = 10;
	++x = 20;
	cout << x << endl; // 20
	++++++++x; // ++(++(++(++x)))
	cout << x << endl; // 24
	cout << ++x << endl; // 25
	cout << x << endl; // 25
	Complex c1 (1, 2), c2 (30, 40);
	cout << ++c1 << endl; // 2+3i
//	cout << c1.operator++ () << endl;
	cout << c1 << endl; // 2+3i
	++c1 = c2;
	cout << c1 << endl; // 30+40i
	++++++++c1;
	cout << c1 << endl; // 34+44i
	cout << --c1 << endl; // 33+43i
	cout << c1 << endl; // 33+43i
	------c1;
	cout << c1 << endl; // 30+40i
//	x++ = 30;
//	x++++++++;
	cout << c1++ << endl; // 30+40i
//	cout << c1.operator++ (0) << endl;
	cout << c1 << endl; // 31+41i
	cout << c1-- << endl; // 31+41i
	cout << c1 << endl; // 30+40i
	return 0;
}

membptr.cpp
#include <cstring>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Student {
public:
	Student (string const& name = "", int age = 0) :
		m_name (name), m_age (age) {}
	void who (void) const {
		cout << m_name << "，" << m_age << endl;
	}
	bool m_sex;
	double m_score;
	string m_name;
	int m_age;
};
int main (void) {
	string Student::*pname = &Student::m_name;
	int Student::*page = &Student::m_age;
	Student s ("张飞", 25), *p = &s;
	// .* - 成员指针解引用运算符
	cout << s.*pname << "，" << s.*page << endl;
	// ->* - 间接成员指针解引用运算符
	cout << p->*pname << "，" << p->*page << endl;
	int i;
	memcpy (&i, &pname, 4);
	cout << i << endl;
	memcpy (&i, &page, 4);
	cout << i << endl;
	void (Student::*pwho) (void) const =
		&Student::who;
	memcpy (&i, &pwho, 4);
	cout << hex << showbase << i << endl;
	(s.*pwho) ();
	(p->*pwho) ();
	return 0;
}

others.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class A {
public:
	int& operator[] (int i) {
		return m_array[i];
	}
	int const& operator[] (int i) const {
		return const_cast<A&> (*this)[i];
	}
private:
	int m_array[10];
};
class B {
public:
	int operator() (int x, int y) const {
		return x + y;
	}
};
class Integer {
public:
	Integer (int i = 0) : m_i (i) {}
	operator int (void) const {
		return m_i;
	}
	int m_i;
};
int main (void) {
	A a;
	a[0] = 1; // a.operator[] (0) = 1
	a[1] = 2; // a.operator[] (1) = 2
	cout << a[0] << ' ' << a[1] << endl;
	A const& cr = a;
	cout << cr[0] << endl;
//	cr[0]++;
	B b;
	cout << b (123, 456) << endl;
//	cout << b.operator() (123, 456) << endl;
	Integer x;
	x = 123;
	cout << x.m_i << endl;
	int y;
	y = x;
	cout << y << endl;
	return 0;
}

single.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// 单例模式
class A {
public:
	void work (void) {
		cout << "使用对象的功能..." << endl;
	}
	static A& getInstance (void) {
//		return m_a;
		if (! m_a)
			m_a = new A;
		return *m_a;
	}
private:
	A (void) {};
	A (const A&) {};
//	static A m_a;
	static A* m_a;
};
//A A::m_a;
A* A::m_a = NULL;
/*
A g_a;
A g_b;
A g_c;
*/
int main (void) {
	A& a = A::getInstance ();
	a.work ();
	A& b = A::getInstance ();
	b.work ();
	cout << &a << ' ' << &b << endl;
	return 0;
}

static.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
static int g = 100; // 静态全局变量
static void foo (void) { // 静态全局函数
	static int i = 10; // 静态局部变量
	int j = 10;
	cout << ++i << ' ' << ++j << endl;
}
class A {
public:
	A (void) : m_memb (300) {}
	static int m_smemb; // 静态成员变量
	int m_memb;
	static void foo (void) { // 静态成员函数
		cout << m_smemb << endl;
//		cout << m_memb << endl; // 错误
//		cout << this << endl; // 错误
//		bar (); // 错误
	}
	void bar (void) {
		cout << m_memb << endl;
		cout << m_smemb << endl;
		foo ();
	}
private:
	static int m_spriv;
	static int const m_i = 10; // 只有常静态成员变量
	                           // 才能在类的声明部分
	                           // 初始化
};
int A::m_smemb = 200; // 定义静态成员变量
int A::m_spriv = 400;
int main (void) {
	foo (); // 11 11
	foo (); // 12 11
	foo (); // 13 11
	A a1, a2;
	cout << &a1.m_smemb << ' ' << &a1.m_memb<<endl;
	cout << &a2.m_smemb << ' ' << &a2.m_memb<<endl;
	++a1.m_smemb;
	cout << a2.m_smemb << endl; // 201
	++a1.m_memb;
	cout << a2.m_memb << endl; // 300
	cout << A::m_smemb << endl; // 201
//	cout << A::m_memb << endl; // 错误
//	cout << a1.m_spriv << endl;// 私有无法访问
//	cout << A::m_spriv << endl;
	return 0;
}

string.cpp
#include <cstring>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class String {
public:
	String (char const* str = NULL) :
		m_str (strcpy (
			new char [strlen (str ? str : "") + 1],
			str ? str : "")) {}
	String (String const& that) :
		m_str (strcpy (
			new char [strlen (that.m_str) + 1],
			that.m_str)) {}
	~String (void) {
		if (m_str) {
			delete[] m_str;
			m_str = NULL;
		}
	}
	/* 菜鸟
	void operator= (String const& rhs) {
		m_str = new char[strlen (rhs.m_str) + 1];
		strcpy (m_str, rhs.m_str);
	}*/
	/* 小鸟
	String& operator= (String const& rhs) {
		if (&rhs != this) {
			delete[] m_str;
			m_str = strcpy (
				new char[strlen (rhs.m_str) + 1],
				rhs.m_str);
		}
		return *this;
	}*/
	/* 大鸟
	String& operator= (String const& rhs) {
		if (&rhs != this) {
			char* str =
				new char[strlen (rhs.m_str) + 1];
			delete[] m_str;
			m_str = strcpy (str, rhs.m_str);
		}
		return *this;
	}*/
	// 老鸟
	String& operator= (String const& rhs) {
		if (&rhs != this) {
			String str (rhs);
			swap (m_str, str.m_str);
		}
		return *this;
	}
	char const* c_str (void) const {
		return m_str;
	}
private:
	char* m_str;
};
int main (void) {
	String s1 ("hello");
	cout << s1.c_str () << endl;
	String s2 = s1;
	cout << s2.c_str () << endl;
	String s3 ("world");
	s2 = s3;
	cout << s2.c_str () << endl;
	return 0;
}

 
day07
abc.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class A {
public:
	A (void) : m_x (0) {
		cout << "A缺省构造" << endl;
	}
	A (int x) : m_x (x) {
		cout << "A有参构造" << endl;
	}
	A (A const& that) : m_x (that.m_x) {
		cout << "A拷贝构造" << endl;
	}
	A& operator= (A const& rhs) {
		cout << "A拷贝赋值" << endl;
		m_x = rhs.m_x;
		return *this;
	}
	~A (void) {
		cout << "A析构函数" << endl;
	}
	friend ostream& operator<< (ostream& lhs,
		A const& rhs) {
		return lhs << rhs.m_x;
	}
private:
	int m_x;
};
class B : public A {
public:
	B (void) : /*A (), */m_y (0) {
		cout << "B缺省构造" << endl;
	}
	B (int x, int y) : A (x), m_y (y) {
		cout << "B有参构造" << endl;
	}
	B (B const& that) : A (that), m_y (that.m_y) {
		cout << "B拷贝构造" << endl;
	}
	B& operator= (B const& rhs) {
		cout << "B拷贝赋值" << endl;
		A::operator= (rhs);
		m_y = rhs.m_y;
		return *this;
	}
	~B (void) {
		cout << "B析构函数" << endl;
	}
	friend ostream& operator<< (ostream& lhs,
		B const& rhs) {
		return lhs << static_cast<A const&> (rhs)
			<< '+' << rhs.m_y << 'i';
	}
private:
	int m_y;
};
int main (void) {
	cout << "-------- 1 --------" << endl;
	B b1 (100, 200);
	cout << "-------- 2 --------" << endl;
	B b2 = b1;
	cout << "-------- 3 --------" << endl;
	B b3;
	b3 = b2;
	cout << "-------- 4 --------" << endl;
	cout << b3 << endl;
	cout << "-------- 5 --------" << endl;
	A* p = new B;
	delete p; // A::~A
	cout << "-------- 6 --------" << endl;
	return 0;
}

access.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class A {
public:
	int m_pub;
	void pub (void) { cout << "pub" << endl; }
protected:
	int m_pro;
	void pro (void) { cout << "pro" << endl;
		m_pri = 100;
		cout << m_pri << endl;
	}
private:
	int m_pri;
	void pri (void) { cout << "pri" << endl; }
};
class B : public A {
public:
	void foo (void) {
		m_pub = 0;
		pub ();
		m_pro = 0;
		pro ();
//		m_pri = 0;
//		pri ();
	}
};
int main (void) {
	B b;
	b.m_pub = 1;
	b.pub ();
//	b.m_pro = 1;
//	b.pro ();
//	b.m_pri = 1;
//	b.pri ();
	cout << sizeof (b) << endl;
	b.foo ();
	return 0;
}

diamond.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class A {
public:
	A (int data) : m_data (data) {}
protected:
	int m_data;
};
class B : virtual public A {
public:
	B (int data) : A (data) {}
	void set (int data) {
		m_data = data;
	}
};
class C : virtual public A {
public:
	C (int data) : A (data) {}
	int get (void) {
		return m_data;
	}
};
class D : public B, public C {
public:
	D (int data) : B (-9), C (23), A (data) {}
};
int main (void) {
	D d (1000);
	cout << d.get () << endl;
	d.set (2000);
	cout << d.get () << endl;
	cout << sizeof (D) << endl; // 12
	cout << sizeof (B) << endl; // 
	cout << sizeof (C) << endl; // 
	cout << sizeof (A) << endl; // 
	return 0;
}

hide.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class A {
public:
	void foo (void) {
		cout << "A::foo" << endl;
	}
	void bar (void) {}
	int hum;
};
class B : public A {
public:
	using A::foo;
	void foo (int x) {
		cout << "B::foo" << endl;
		A::hum = 10;
	}
	int bar;
	typedef unsigned int hum;
};
int main (void) {
	B b;
//	b.A::foo ();
	b.foo ();
	b.foo (100);
	b.A::bar ();
	b.A::hum = 10;
	return 0;
}

hst.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// 人类
class Human {
public:
	Human (string const& name = "", int age = 0) :
		m_name (name), m_age (age) {}
	void eat (string const& food) const {
		cout << m_name << "吃" << food << endl;
	}
	void sleep (int hours) const {
		cout << m_name << "睡" << hours << "小时"
			<< endl;
	}
	void old (void) const {
		cout << "我今年" << m_age << "岁" << endl;
	}
protected:
	string m_name;
	int m_age;
};
// 学生类
class Student : public Human {
public:
	Student (string const& name, int age, int no) :
		Human (name, age), m_no (no) {}
	void learn (string const& course) const {
		cout << "我的学号" << m_no << "，正在学习"
			<< course << endl;
	}
private:
	int m_no;
};
// 教师类
class Teacher : public Human {
public:
	Teacher (string const& name, int age,
		double salary) : Human (name, age),
		m_salary (salary) {}
	void teach (string const& course) const {
		cout << "我的工资" << m_salary
			<< "，正在讲授" << course << endl;
	}
private:
	double m_salary;
};
int main (void) {
	Student s1 ("张飞", 25, 1001);
	s1.eat ("包子");
	s1.sleep (5);
	s1.old ();
	s1.learn ("C++");
	cout << sizeof (s1) << endl;
	Teacher t1 ("曹操", 60, 50000);
	t1.eat ("煎饼");
	t1.sleep (2);
	t1.old ();
	t1.teach ("标C");
	cout << sizeof (t1) << endl;
	Human* h = &s1; // 向上造型安全，皆然性
	h->eat ("KFC");
	h->sleep (10);
	h->old ();
//	h->learn ("UNIX");
	Student* s = static_cast<Student*> (h);
	s->learn ("UNIX");
	Human h1 ("刘备", 40);
	s = static_cast<Student*> (&h1);
	s->learn ("Win32");
	return 0;
}

pointer.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class B {
public:
	B (void) : m_data (1234) {}
	void foo (void) {
		cout << "B::foo" << endl;
	}
	string operator() (string const& x = "我在吃", 
		string const& y = "好吃的") const {
		return x + y;
	}
	int m_data;
};
class A {
public:
	A (B* b) : m_b (b) {}
	B* operator-> (void) const {
		return m_b;
	}
	B& operator* (void) const {
		return *m_b;
	}
private:
	B* m_b;
};
int main (void) {
	B b;
	A a (&b);
	cout << a->m_data << endl;
//	cout << a.operator->()->m_data << endl;
	a->foo ();
//	a.operator->()->foo ();
	cout << (*a).m_data << endl;
//	cout << a.operator*().m_data << endl;
	(*a).foo ();
//	a.operator*().foo ();
	cout << b ("我在学习", "标准C++编程") << endl;
//	cout << b.operator() (
//		"我在学习", "标准C++编程") << endl;
	cout << b () << endl;
	return 0;
}

sp.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Phone {
public:
	Phone (string const& no) : m_no (no) {}
	void call (string const& no) const {
		cout << m_no << "打电话给" << no << endl;
	}
	int m_a;
	int foo (int x, int y) const {
		return x + y;
	}
private:
	string m_no;
};
class Player {
public:
	Player (string const& media) :
		m_media (media) {}
	void play (string const& clip) const {
		cout << m_media << "播放器播放" << clip
			<< endl;
	}
	typedef int m_a;
	int foo (int x, int y, int z) const {
		return x + y + z;
	}
private:
	string m_media;
};
class Computer {
public:
	Computer (string const& os) : m_os (os) {}
	void run (string const& app) const {
		cout << "在" << m_os << "系统上运行"
			<< app << endl;
	}
	void m_a (void) {}
private:
	string m_os;
};
class SmartPhone : public Phone, public Player,
	public Computer {
public:
	SmartPhone (string const& no,
		string const& media, string const os) :
		Phone (no), Player (media), Computer (os) {}
	int m_a;
	using Phone::foo;
	using Player::foo;
};
int main (void) {
	SmartPhone sp ("13910110072", "MP4", "iOS");
	sp.call ("01062332018");
	sp.play ("小苹果");
	sp.run ("LOL");
	Phone* phone = &sp;
//	Player* player = reinterpret_cast<Player*>(&sp);
	Player* player = &sp;
	Computer* computer = &sp;
	cout << &sp << ' ' << phone << ' ' << player
		<< ' ' << computer << endl;
	phone->call ("01062332018");
	player->play ("小苹果");
	computer->run ("LOL");
	SmartPhone* psp =
		static_cast<SmartPhone*> (player);
	cout << psp << endl;
	psp = static_cast<SmartPhone*> (computer);
	cout << psp << endl;
	sp.Phone::m_a = 20;
	SmartPhone::Player::m_a i;
	sp.m_a = 10;
	sp.Computer::m_a ();
//	cout << sp.Phone::foo (100, 200) << endl;
//	cout << sp.Player::foo (100, 200, 300) << endl;
	cout << sp.foo (100, 200) << endl;
	cout << sp.foo (100, 200, 300) << endl;
	return 0;
}

xyz.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class X {
public:
	int m_pub;
protected:
	int m_pro;
private:
	int m_pri;
};
class Y1 : public X { // 公子
};
class Z1 : public Y1 {
public:
	void foo (void) {
		m_pub = 0;
		m_pro = 0;
//		m_pri = 0;
	}
};
class Y2 : protected X { // 保子
};
class Z2 : public Y2 {
public:
	void foo (void) {
		m_pub = 0;
		m_pro = 0;
//		m_pri = 0;
	}
};
class Y3 : private X { // 私子
};
class Z3 : public Y3 {
public:
	void foo (void) {
//		m_pub = 0;
//		m_pro = 0;
//		m_pri = 0;
	}
};
int main (void) {
	Y1 y1;
	y1.m_pub = 0;
//	y1.m_pro = 0;
//	y1.m_pri = 0;
	Y2 y2;
//	y2.m_pub = 0;
//	y2.m_pro = 0;
//	y2.m_pri = 0;
	Y3 y3;
//	y3.m_pub = 0;
//	y3.m_pro = 0;
//	y3.m_pri = 0;
	X* x = &y1;
//	x = &y2;
//	x = &y3;
	return 0;
}

 
day08
dao.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Employee {
public:
	string m_name;
	int m_no;
	int m_age;
	// ...
};
class Dao {
public:
	virtual void insert (
		Employee const& emp) const = 0;
};
class OracleDao : public Dao {
public:
	void insert (Employee const& emp) const {
		cout << "向Oracle数据库插入记录" << endl;
	}
};
class SQLServerDao : public Dao {
public:
	void insert (Employee const& emp) const {
		cout << "向SQLServer数据库插入记录" << endl;
	}
};
void business (Dao const& dao) {
	// 通过Pro*C向Oracle数据库插入一条记录
	// 通过ODBC向SQLServer数据库插入一条记录
	Employee emp;
	// ...
	dao.insert (emp); // 面向抽象编程
}
int main (void) {
//	business (OracleDao ());
	business (SQLServerDao ());
	return 0;
}

dc.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <stdexcept>
using namespace std;
class A {
public:
	virtual void foo (void) {}
};
class B : public A {};
class C : public B {};
class D {};
int main (void) {
	B b;
	A* pa = &b;
	cout << "pa = " << pa << endl;
	// pa实际指向B类对象，转换成功
	B* pb = dynamic_cast<B*> (pa);
	cout << "pb = " << pb << endl;
	// pa没有指向C类对象，转换失败，安全
	C* pc = dynamic_cast<C*> (pa);
	cout << "pc = " << pc << endl;
	try {
		A& ra = b;
		C& rc = dynamic_cast<C&> (ra);
	}
	catch (exception& ex) {
		cout << "转换失败：" << ex.what () << endl;
	}
	// pa没有指向D类对象，转换失败，安全
	D* pd = dynamic_cast<D*> (pa);
	cout << "pd = " << pd << endl;
	// B是A的子类，转换成功
	pb = static_cast<B*> (pa);
	cout << "pb = " << pb << endl;
	// C是A的间接子类，转换成功，危险
	pc = static_cast<C*> (pa);
	cout << "pc = " << pc << endl;
	// D与A没有亲缘关系，转换失败，安全
//	pd = static_cast<D*> (pa);
//	cout << "pd = " << pd << endl;
	// 编译期、运行期都不检查，永远成功，危险
	pb = reinterpret_cast<B*> (pa);
	cout << "pb = " << pb << endl;
	pc = reinterpret_cast<C*> (pa);
	cout << "pc = " << pc << endl;
	pd = reinterpret_cast<D*> (pa);
	cout << "pd = " << pd << endl;
	return 0;
}

override.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
/* 全局函数不能是虚函数
virtual void foo (void) {}
*/
class A {
public:
	/* 静态成员函数不能是虚函数
	virtual static void foo (void) {}
	*/
	void foo (void) {
		cout << "A::foo" << endl;
	}
};
class B : public A {
public:
	virtual void foo (void) { // 隐藏A::foo
		cout << "B::foo" << endl;
	}
};
class C : public B {
public:
	void foo (void) { // 覆盖B::foo
		cout << "C::foo" << endl;
	}
};
class D : public C {
public:
	void foo (void) { // 覆盖C::foo
		cout << "D::foo" << endl;
	}
};
class E {
public:
	virtual void foo (void) {}
};
class F : public E {
public:
	virtual void bar (void) {} // 函数名不一致
	virtual void foo (int x) {} // 形参表不一致
	virtual void foo (void) const {} // 常属性不一致
	void foo (void) {} // 覆盖E::foo
};
class X {};
class Y : public X {};
class Z {};
class G {
public:
	virtual void foo (void) {}
	virtual int bar (void) {}
	virtual X hum (void) {}
	virtual /*Y**/X* fun (void) {}
};
class H : public G {
public:
	/*int*/void foo (void) {}
	/*long*/int bar (void) {};
	/*Y*/X hum (void) {}
	/*Z**//*X**/Y* fun (void) {}
};
class I {
public:
	virtual void foo (void) {
		cout << "I::foo" << endl;
	}
};
class J : public I {
private:
	void foo (void) { // 覆盖I::foo
		cout << "J::foo" << endl;
	}
};
int main (void) {
	B b;
	A& a = b;
	a.foo ();
	C c;
	B& rb = c;
	rb.foo ();
	D d;
	B* pb = &d;
	pb->foo ();
	J j;
//	j.foo ();
	I& i = j;
	i.foo ();
	return 0;
}

parser.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Text {};
class Rect {};
class Image {};
class Parser {
public:
	void parse (char const* filename) {
		// 解析出文本
		Text text;
		showText (text);
		// 解析出矩形
		Rect rect;
		showRect (rect);
		// 解析出图像
		Image image;
		showImage (image);
		// ...
	}
private:
	virtual void showText (Text const&) = 0;
	virtual void showRect (Rect const&) = 0;
	virtual void showImage (Image const&) = 0;
	// ...
};
class RenderForWindows : public Parser {
private:
	void showText (Text const& text) {
		cout << "显示文本" << endl;
	}
	void showRect (Rect const& rect) {
		cout << "显示矩形" << endl;
	}
	void showImage (Image const& image) {
		cout << "显示图像" << endl;
	}
	// ...
};
/*
class RenderForMac : public Parser { ... };
*/
int main (void) {
	RenderForWindows render;
//	RenderForMac render;
	render.parse ("xxx.pdf");
	return 0;
}

poly.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class A {
public:
	A (void) {
		/*this->*/foo (); // A::foo
	}
	~A (void) {
		/*this->*/foo (); // A::foo
	} 
	virtual void foo (void) {
		cout << "A::foo" << endl;
	}
	void bar (void) {
		/*this->*/foo (); // B::foo
	}
};
class B : public A {
public:
	void foo (void) {
		cout << "B::foo" << endl;
	}
};
int main (void) {
	B b;
//	A a = b;
	A& a = b;
	a.foo ();
	b.bar ();
	return 0;
}

shape.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Shape { // 抽象类
public:
	Shape (int x, int y) : m_x (x), m_y (y) {}
	/*
	virtual void draw (void) const {
		cout << "图形(" << m_x << ',' << m_y << ')'
			<< endl;
	}
	*/
	// 纯虚函数
	virtual void draw (void) const = 0;
protected:
	int m_x;
	int m_y;
};
class Rect : public Shape {
public:
	Rect (int x, int y, int w, int h) :
		Shape (x, y), m_w (w), m_h (h) {}
	void draw (void) const {
		cout << "矩形(" << m_x << ',' << m_y << ','
			<< m_w << ',' << m_h << ')' << endl;
	}
private:
	int m_w;
	int m_h;
};
class Circle : public Shape {
public:
	Circle (int x, int y, int r) :
		Shape (x, y), m_r (r) {}
	void draw (void) const {
		cout << "圆形(" << m_x << ',' << m_y << ','
			<< m_r << ')' << endl;
	}
private:
	int m_r;
};
class Triangle : public Shape {
public:
	void foo (void) {}
};
void render (Shape* shapes[]) {
	for (size_t i = 0; shapes[i]; ++i)
		shapes[i]->draw ();
}
int main (void) {
	Shape* shapes[1024] = {};
	shapes[0] = new Rect (1, 2, 3, 4);
	shapes[1] = new Circle (5, 6, 7);
	shapes[2] = new Circle (8, 9, 10);
	shapes[3] = new Rect (11, 12, 13, 14);
	shapes[4] = new Rect (15, 16, 17, 18);
	render (shapes);
//	Shape shape (1, 2);
//	Triangle* pt = new Triangle;
	return 0;
}

type.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class A {
public:
	int foo (int x, int y) {
//		m_data = 10;
		return x + y;
	}
	int m_data;
};
class B : public A {
public:
	int m_memb;
};
int main (void) {
	A* p = NULL;
	cout << p->foo (100, 200) << endl;
	B b;
	p = &b;
	cout << (p->m_data = 100) << endl;
	A a;
	B* pb = static_cast<B*> (&a);
	cout << (pb->m_memb = 200) << endl;
	return 0;
}

typeid.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <typeinfo>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;
class XYZ {};
class A { virtual void foo (void) {} };
class B : public A {};
void bar (A* pa) {
//	if (! strcmp (typeid (*pa).name (), "1A"))
	if (typeid (*pa) == typeid (A))
		cout << "传入的是个A对象" << endl;
	else
//	if (! strcmp (typeid (*pa).name (), "1B"))
	if (typeid (*pa) == typeid (B))
		cout << "传入的是个B对象" << endl;
	else
		cout << "传入的是个怪物" << endl;
}
int main (void) {
	cout << typeid (char).name () << endl;
	cout << typeid (unsigned char).name () << endl;
	cout << typeid (short).name () << endl;
	cout << typeid (unsigned short).name () << endl;
	cout << typeid (int).name () << endl;
	cout << typeid (unsigned int).name () << endl;
	cout << typeid (long).name () << endl;
	cout << typeid (unsigned long).name () << endl;
	cout << typeid (long long).name () << endl;
	cout << typeid (unsigned long long).name ()
		<< endl;
	cout << typeid (float).name () << endl;
	cout << typeid (double).name () << endl;
	cout << typeid (long double).name () << endl;
	cout << typeid (int*****).name () << endl;
	cout << typeid (const char*).name () << endl;
	cout << typeid (char const*).name () << endl;
	cout << typeid (char *const).name () << endl;
	cout << typeid (float[10]).name () << endl;
	cout << typeid (float[10][5]).name () << endl;
	cout << typeid (int* (*) (int*)).name ()
		<< endl;
	cout << typeid (int* (*[10]) (int*)).name ()
		<< endl;
	cout << typeid (XYZ).name () << endl;
	B b;
	A* pa = &b;
	cout << typeid (*pa).name () << endl;
	A a;
	bar (&a);
	bar (&b);
	return 0;
}

vdes.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class A {
public:
	A (void) { cout << "A构造" << endl; }
	virtual ~A (void) { cout << "A析构" << endl; }
};
class B : public A {
public:
	B (void) { cout << "B构造" << endl; }
	~B (void) { cout << "B析构" << endl; }
};
int main (void) {
//	B* p = new B;
	A* p = new B;
	// ...
	delete p;
	return 0;
};

vtbl.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
typedef void (*VFUN) (void*);
typedef VFUN* VPTR;
class A {
public:
	A (int data) : m_data (data) {}
	virtual void foo (void) {
		cout << "A::foo：" << m_data << endl;
	}
	virtual void bar (void) {
		cout << "A::bar：" << m_data << endl;
	}
protected:
	int m_data;
};
class B : public A {
public:
	B (int data) : A (data) {}
	void foo (void) {
		cout << "B::foo：" << m_data << endl;
	}
};
int main (void) {
	A a (100);
	a.foo ();
	a.bar ();
	B b (200);
	b.foo ();
	b.bar ();
	A& r = b;
	r.foo ();
	r.bar ();
	cout << "----------------" << endl;
	VPTR vptr = *(VPTR*)&a;
	cout << (void*)vptr[0] << ' '
		<< (void*)vptr[1] << endl;
	vptr[0] (&a);
	vptr[1] (&a);
	vptr = *(VPTR*)&b;
	cout << (void*)vptr[0] << ' '
		<< (void*)vptr[1] << endl;
	vptr[0] (&b);
	vptr[1] (&b);
	return 0;
}
 
day09
consex.cpp
#include <cstdio>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class A {
public:
	A (size_t size) : m_data (new int[size]) {
		FILE* fp = fopen ("none", "r");
		if (! fp) {
			cout << "释放内存资源" << endl;
			delete[] m_data;
			throw -1;
		}
		// ...
		fclose (fp);
	}
	~A (void) {
		if (m_data) {
			cout << "释放内存资源" << endl;
			delete[] m_data;
			m_data = NULL;
		}
	}
private:
	int* m_data;
};
int main (void) {
	try {
		A a (1024);
		// ...
	}
	catch (int& ex) {
		cout << ex << endl;
		return -1;
	}
	return 0;
}

copy.cpp
#include <cstdio>
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
using namespace std;
int main (int argc, char* argv[]) {
	if (argc < 3) {
		cout << "用法：" << argv[0]
			<< " <源文件> <目的文件>" << endl;
		return -1;
	}
	ifstream ifs (argv[1], ios::binary);
	if (! ifs) {
		perror ("打开源文件失败");
		return -1;
	}
	ofstream ofs (argv[2], ios::binary);
	if (! ofs) {
		perror ("打开目的文件失败");
		return -1;
	}
	char buf[1024];
	while (ifs.read (buf, 1024))
		ofs.write (buf, 1024);
	if (ifs.eof ())
		ofs.write (buf, ifs.gcount ());
	else
		perror ("读取源文件失败");
	ofs.close ();
	ifs.close ();
	return 0;
}

except.cpp
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cstdio>
#include <errno.h>
#include <cstring>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class CalcException {
public:
	CalcException (string const& msg,
		string const& file, string const& func,
		int no) : m_msg (msg), m_file (file),
		m_func (func), m_no (no) {}
	friend ostream& operator<< (ostream& os,
		CalcException const& ex) {
		return os << ex.m_msg << "："
			<< ex.m_file << "，"
			<< ex.m_func << "，"
			<< ex.m_no;
	}
private:
	string m_msg;
	string m_file;
	string m_func;
	int m_no;
};
void foo (void) {
	// ...
	cout << "要分配内存..." << endl;
	void* p = malloc (/*0xFFFFFFFF*/1);
	if (! p)
		throw 17;
	cout << "分配内存成功！" << endl;
	// ...
	free (p);
	FILE* fp = fopen ("none", "r");
	if (! fp)
		throw string (strerror (errno));
	// ...
	fclose (fp);
	if (0) {
		throw CalcException ("计算错误", __FILE__,
			__FUNCTION__, __LINE__);
	}
	if (1)
		throw 3.14;
}
void bar (void) {
	cout << "调用foo之前..." << endl;
	foo ();
	cout << "调用foo之后..." << endl;
}
void hum (void) {
	try {
		cout << "调用bar之前..." << endl;
		bar ();
		cout << "调用bar之后..." << endl;
	}
	catch (double& ex) {
		cout << ex << endl;
		throw;
	}
}
int main (void) {
	try {
		cout << "调用hum之前..." << endl;
		hum ();
		cout << "调用hum之后..." << endl;
	}
	catch (int& ex) {
		cout << "出错啦：" << ex << endl;
		return -1;
	}
	catch (string& ex) {
		cout << "失败啦：" << ex << endl;
		return -1;
	}
	catch (CalcException& ex) {
		cout << ex << endl;
		return -1;
	}
	catch (...) {
		cout << "其它异常！" << endl;
		return -1;
	}
	return 0;
};

format.cpp
#include <cmath>
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <fstream>
using namespace std;
int main (void) {
	cout << sqrt (200) << endl;
	cout.precision (10);
	cout << sqrt (200) << endl;
	cout.setf (ios::scientific);
	cout << sqrt (200) << endl;
	cout << setprecision (8) << sqrt (200) << endl;
	cout << oct << 127 << endl;
	cout << hex << 127 << endl;
	cout << dec << 127 << endl;
	cout << '[' << setw (10) << 256 << ']' << endl;
	cout << '[' << setw (10) << left << 256 << ']'
		<< endl;
	cout << '[' << setfill ('_') << setw (10)
		<< 256 << ']' << endl;
	cout << '[' << setw (10) << 345 << ']'
		<< '[' << 678 << ']' << endl;
	ifstream ifs ("i.txt");
	ifs.unsetf (ios::skipws);
	char c;
	while (ifs >> c)
		cout << c;
	cout << endl;
	ifs.close ();
	return 0;
}

seek.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
using namespace std;
int main (void) {
	fstream fs ("seek.txt", ios::in | ios::out);
	fs << "0123456789";
	fs.seekp (-7, ios::cur);
	cout << "当前位置：" << fs.tellp () << endl;
	cout << "当前位置：" << fs.tellg () << endl;
	fs << "ABCD";
	fs.seekg (ios::beg);
	cout << "当前位置：" << fs.tellg () << endl;
	cout << "当前位置：" << fs.tellp () << endl;
//	fs.seekg (0, ios::beg);
	int i;
	fs >> i;
	cout << i << endl; // 12
	return 0;
}

stdexcept.cpp
#include <errno.h>
#include <cstring>
#include <cstdio>
#include <iostream>
#include <stdexcept>
using namespace std;
class FileException : public exception {
public:
	FileException (void) :
		m_msg (strerror (errno)) {}
	const char* what (void) const throw () {
		return m_msg.c_str ();
	}
	~FileException (void) throw () {}
private:
	string m_msg;
};
void foo (void) {
	char* p = new char[/*0xFFFFFFFF*/1];
	FILE* fp = fopen ("none", "r");
	if (! fp) {
		delete[] p;
		throw FileException ();
	}
	// ...
	fclose (fp);
	delete[] p;
}
int main (void) {
	try {
		foo ();
	}
	catch (bad_alloc& ex) {
		cout << "处理内存分配失败..." << endl;
		return -1;
	}
	catch (FileException& ex) {
		cout << "处理文件访问失败..." << endl;
		return -1;
	}
	catch (exception& ex) {
		cout << "系统错误，请联系系统管理员..."
			<< endl;
		cout << ex.what () << endl;
		return -1;
	}
	catch (...) {
	}
	return 0;
}

text.cpp
#include <cstdio>
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
using namespace std;
int main (void) {
	ofstream ofs ("text.txt");
	if (! ofs)
		perror ("打开文件失败");
	ofs << 1234 << ' ' << 56.78 << ' '
		<< "apples" << endl;
	ofs.close ();
	ofs.open ("text.txt", ios::app);
	if (! ofs)
		perror ("打开文件失败");
	ofs << "append_a_line" << endl;
	ofs.close ();
	ifstream ifs ("text.txt");
	if (! ifs)
		perror ("打开文件失败");
	int i;
	double d;
	string s1, s2;
	ifs >> i >> d >> s1 >> s2;
	cout << i << endl;
	cout << d << endl;
	cout << s1 << endl;
	cout << s2 << endl;
	ifs.close ();
	return 0;
}

throw.cpp
#include <cstdlib>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void foo (int a) throw (float, int,double,string);
//void foo (int a) throw (int, double, string) {
void foo (int a) throw (int,double,float,string){
//void foo (int a) throw () {
//void foo (int a) {
	if (a == 1)
		throw 1;
	else if (a == 2)
		throw 3.14;
	else if (a == 3)
		throw string ("Hello, World !");
	else
		throw 3.14f;
}
int main (int argc, char* argv[]) {
	try {
		foo (atoi (argv[1]));
	}
	catch (int& ex) {
		cout << ex << endl;
	}
	catch (double& ex) {
		cout << ex << endl;
	}
	catch (string& ex) {
		cout << ex << endl;
	}
	catch (float& ex) {
		cout << ex << endl;
	}
	catch (...) {
		cout << "其它异常！" << endl;
	}
	return 0;
}

vtbl.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
typedef void (*VFUN) (void*);
typedef VFUN* VPTR;
class A {
public:
	A (int data) : m_data (data) {
		cout << "A构造" << endl;
		VPTR vptr = *(VPTR*)this;
		cout << vptr << "->" << (void*)vptr[0]
			<< ',' << (void*)vptr[1] << endl;
	}
	~A (void) {
		cout << "A析构" << endl;
		VPTR vptr = *(VPTR*)this;
		cout << vptr << "->" << (void*)vptr[0]
			<< ',' << (void*)vptr[1] << endl;
	}
	virtual void foo (void) {
		cout << "A::foo：" << m_data << endl;
	}
	virtual void bar (void) {
		cout << "A::bar：" << m_data << endl;
	}
protected:
	int m_data;
};
class B : public A {
public:
	B (int data) : A (data) {
		cout << "B构造" << endl;
		VPTR vptr = *(VPTR*)this;
		cout << vptr << "->" << (void*)vptr[0]
			<< ',' << (void*)vptr[1] << endl;
	}
	~B (void) {
		cout << "B析构" << endl;
		VPTR vptr = *(VPTR*)this;
		cout << vptr << "->" << (void*)vptr[0]
			<< ',' << (void*)vptr[1] << endl;
	}
	void foo (void) {
		cout << "B::foo：" << m_data << endl;
	}
};
int main (void) {
	A a (100);
	a.foo ();
	a.bar ();
	B b (200);
	b.foo ();
	b.bar ();
	A& r = b;
	r.foo ();
	r.bar ();
	cout << "----------------" << endl;
	VPTR vptr = *(VPTR*)&a;
	cout << "A之虚表指针：" << vptr << endl;
	cout << (void*)vptr[0] << ' '
		<< (void*)vptr[1] << endl;
	vptr[0] (&a);
	vptr[1] (&a);
	vptr = *(VPTR*)&b;
	cout << "B之虚表指针：" << vptr << endl;
	cout << (void*)vptr[0] << ' '
		<< (void*)vptr[1] << endl;
	vptr[0] (&b);
	vptr[1] (&b);
	return 0;
}

 
STL
day01
array.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
template<typename T>
class Array {
public:
	T& operator[] (size_t i) {
		return m_array[i];
	}
	T const& operator[] (size_t i) const {
		return const_cast<Array<T>&> (*this) [i];
	}
private:
	T m_array[3];
};
int main (void) {
	Array<int> a1;
	a1[0] = 13;
	a1[1] = 27;
	a1[2] = 39;
	for (size_t i = 0; i < 3; ++i)
		cout << a1[i] << ' ';
	cout << endl;
	Array<double> a2;
	a2[0] = 1.26;
	a2[1] = 2.35;
	a2[2] = 3.14;
	for (size_t i = 0; i < 3; ++i)
		cout << a2[i] << ' ';
	cout << endl;
	Array<string> a3;
	a3[0] = "北京";
	a3[1] = "上海";
	a3[2] = "广州";
	for (size_t i = 0; i < 3; ++i)
		cout << a3[i] << ' ';
	cout << endl;
	Array<Array<int> > a4;
	for (size_t i = 0; i < 3; ++i)
		for (size_t j = 0; j < 3; ++j)
			a4[i][j] = (i+1)*10+j+1;
//			a4.operator[](i).operator[](j) = ..;
	for (size_t i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
		for (size_t j = 0; j < 3; ++j)
			cout << a4[i][j] << ' ';
		cout << endl;
	}
	Array<Array<Array<int> > > a5;
	return 0;
}

ctmpl.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// 类模板
/*
template<typename T>
class Comparator {
public:
	Comparator (T x, T y) : m_x (x), m_y (y) {}
	T max (void) const {
		return m_x < m_y ? m_y : m_x;
	}
	T min (void) const {
		return m_x < m_y ? m_x : m_y;
	}
private:
	T m_x;
	T m_y;
};
*/
template<typename T>
class Comparator {
public:
	Comparator (T x, T y);
	Comparator (Comparator<T> const& that);
	T max (void) const;
	T min (void) const;
	bool equal (void) const;
private:
	T m_x;
	T m_y;
};
template<typename T>
Comparator<T>::Comparator (T x, T y) :
	m_x (x), m_y (y) {}
template<typename T>
Comparator<T>::Comparator (
	Comparator<T> const& that) :
	m_x (that.m_x), m_y (that.m_y) {}
template<typename T>
T Comparator<T>::max (void) const {
	return m_x < m_y ? m_y : m_x;
}
template<typename T>
T Comparator<T>::min (void) const {
	return m_x < m_y ? m_x : m_y;
}
template<typename T>
bool Comparator<T>::equal (void) const {
	return m_x == m_y;
}
class Integer {
public:
	Integer (int data = 0) : m_data (data) {}
	friend ostream& operator<< (ostream& os,
		Integer const& integer) {
		return os << integer.m_data;
	}
	bool operator< (Integer const& rhs) const {
		return m_data < rhs.m_data;
	}
private:
	int m_data;
};
int main (void) {
	Comparator<int> c1 (123, 456);
	cout << c1.max () << ' ' << c1.min () << endl;
	Comparator<double> c2 (1.23, 4.56);
	cout << c2.max () << ' ' << c2.min () << endl;
	Comparator<string> c3 ("hello", "world");
	cout << c3.max () << ' ' << c3.min () << endl;
	Comparator<string> c4 = c3;
	cout << c4.max () << ' ' << c4.min () << endl;
	Integer i1 (123), i2 (456);
	Comparator<Integer> c5 (i1, i2);
	cout << c5.max () << ' ' << c5.min () << endl;
//	cout << c5.equal () << endl;
	return 0;
}

ftmpl.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// 函数模板
template<typename T>
T max (T x, T y) {
	return x < y ? y : x;
}
int main (void) {
//	cout << ::max<int> (123, 456) << endl;
	cout << ::max (123, 456) << endl;
//	cout << ::max<double> (1.23, 4.56) << endl;
	cout << ::max (1.23, 4.56) << endl;
	char s1[] = "hello";
	char s2[] = "world";
	cout << ::max<string> (s1, s2) << endl;
//	cout << ::max (s1, s2) << endl;
	return 0;
}

ftmpl2.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
template<typename T>
void foo (void) {
	T t (100); // A t (100)
	if (false)
		cout << t.m_data << endl;
	cout << t << endl;
}
class A {
public:
	A (int data) : m_data (data) {}
private:
	int m_data;
};
ostream& operator<< (ostream& os, A const& a) {
	return os << a.m_data;
}
int main (void) {
	foo<A> ();
//	foo<int> ();
	return 0;
}

ftmpl3.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <typeinfo>
using namespace std;
template<typename T>
void foo (T const& x, T const& y) {
	cout << "foo：T = " << typeid (T).name ()
		<< endl;
}
template<typename T>
void bar (T x, T y) {
	cout << "bar：T = " << typeid (T).name ()
		<< endl;
}
template<typename T>
void hum (int a, int b) {
	T t;
	cout << "hum：T = " << typeid (T).name ()
		<< endl;
}
template<typename R, typename T>
//template<typename T, typename R>
R fun (T const& t) {
	R r;
	cout << "fun：R = " << typeid (R).name ()
		<< "，T = " << typeid (T).name () << endl;
	return r;
}
int main (void) {
	int a, b;
	foo (a, b);
	double c, d;
	foo (c, d);
	char e[256], f[256], g[255];
	e[10] = 'A'; // *(e+10) = 'A'
	cout << sizeof (e) << endl; // 256
	foo (e, f); // 数组名e和f表示数组整体
	bar (e, f); // 数组名e和f表示首元素地址
//	foo (e, g);
	bar (e, g);
	foo ("hello", "world");
//	foo ("hello", "tarena");
	bar ("hello", "tarena");
	hum<string> (10, 20);
	int x;
//	double y = fun<double, int> (x);
	double y = fun<double> (x);
	foo (c, (double)a); // 显式转换，隐式推断
	foo<double> (c, a); // 显式实例化，隐式转换
	return 0;
}

macro.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#define MAX(T) \
T max_##T (T x, T y) { \
	return x < y ? y : x; \
}
MAX (int) // int max_int (int x, int y) { ... }
MAX (double) // double max_double (...) { ... }
MAX (string) // string max_string (...) { ... }
#define max(T) max_##T
int main (void) {
	cout << max(int) (123, 456) << endl;
//	cout << max_int (123, 456) << endl;
	cout << max(double) (1.23, 4.56) << endl;
	char s1[] = "hello";
	char s2[] = "world";
	cout << max(string) (s1, s2) << endl;
	return 0;
}

overload.cpp
#include <cstring>
#include <iostream>
#include <typeinfo>
using namespace std;
template<typename T>
T const& max (T const& x, T const& y) {
	cout << "<1" << typeid (x).name () << '>'
		<< flush;
	return x < y ? y : x;
}
char const* const& max (char const* const& x,
	char const* const& y) {
	cout << "<2" << typeid (x).name () << '>'
		<< flush;
	return strcmp (x, y) < 0 ? y : x;
}
/*
char const* max (char const* x, const char* y) {
	return strcmp (x, y) < 0 ? y : x;
}
*/
template<typename T>
T* const& max (T* const& x, T* const& y) {
	cout << "<3" << typeid (x).name () << '>'
		<< flush;
	return *x < *y ? y : x;
}
template<typename T>
T const& max (T const& x, T const& y, T const& z) {
	cout << "<4" << typeid (x).name () << '>'
		<< flush;
	return ::max (::max (x, y), z);
}
/*
char const* const& max (char const* const& x,
	char const* const& y) {
	cout << "<2" << typeid (x).name () << '>'
		<< flush;
	return strcmp (x, y) < 0 ? y : x;
}
*/
int main (void) {
	cout << ::max (123, 456) << endl;
	cout << ::max (1.23, 4.56) << endl;
	cout << ::max<string> ("hello", "world")
		<< endl;
	cout << ::max ("hello", "world") << endl;
	int x = 123, y = 456;
	cout << *::max (&x, &y) << endl;
	char const* a = "ABC";
	char const* b = "AB";
	char const* c = "A";
	// 编译器优先选择普通函数
	cout << ::max (a, b) << endl; // 2
	// 除非函数模板能够产生具有更好匹配性的函数
	int d = 100, e = 200;
	cout << ::max (d, e) << endl; // 1
	// 在参数传递过程中如果需要隐式类型转换，编译器
	// 只能选择普通函数
	cout << ::max (a, (char*)b) << endl; // 2
	// 通过模板参数表告知编译器使用函数模板
	// 针对指针的版本显然比任意类型版本更加具体
	cout << ::max<> (b, a) << endl; // 3
	// 显式指定的模板参数必须在所选择的重载版本中与
	// 调用参数的类型保持一致
	cout << ::max<char const*> (b, a) << endl; // 1
	cout << ::max (123, 789, 456) << endl;
	// 在函数模板的实例化函数中，编译器优先选择普通
	// 函数，但是该普通函数必须声明于模板之前
	cout << ::max (a, b, c) << endl;
	char const* const& r = max (a, b, c);
	cout << r << endl; // ABC
	char const* g = "123";
	char const* h = "12";
	char const* i = "1";
	max (g, h, i);
	cout << r << endl; // ABC
	return 0;
}

static.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
template<typename T>
class A {
public:
	static int* addr (void) {
		return &m_data;
	}
private:
	static int m_data;
};
template<typename T>
int A<T>::m_data = 0;
int main (void) {
	A<int> a1, a2;
	A<double> a3, a4;
	cout << a1.addr () << ' ' << a2.addr () << endl;
	cout << a3.addr () << ' ' << a4.addr () << endl;
	return 0;
}

typed.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int max_int (int x, int y) {
	return x < y ? y : x;
}
double max_double (double x, double y) {
	return x < y ? y : x;
}
string max_string (string x, string y) {
	return x < y ? y : x;
}
int main (void) {
	cout << max_int (123, 456) << endl;
	cout << max_double (1.23, 4.56) << endl;
	cout << max_string ("hello", "world") << endl;
	return 0;
}

untyped.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#define max(x, y) ((x) < (y) ? (y) : (x))
int main (void) {
	cout << max (123, 456) << endl;
	cout << max (1.23, 4.56) << endl;
	char s2[] = "hello";
	char s1[] = "world";
	cout << max (s2, s1) << endl;
	return 0;
}

 
day02
array.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <typeinfo>
using namespace std;
template<typename T = int, size_t S = 3>
class Array {
public:
	T& operator[] (size_t i) {
		return m_array[i];
	}
	T const& operator[] (size_t i) const {
		return const_cast<Array<T,S>&> (*this) [i];
	}
	void typeOf (void) const {
		cout << typeid (m_array).name () << endl;
	}
private:
	T m_array[S];
};
int square (int x) {
	return x * x;
}
template<int x>
int square (void) {
	return x * x;
}
template<int/*float*//*double*//*string*/ x>
void foo (void) { cout << x << endl; }
template<char const* x>
void bar (void) { cout << x << endl; }
char const* g_global = "Hello, World !";
static char g_static[] = "Hello, World !";
char g_extern[] = "Hello, World !";
int main (void) {
//	Array<int, 5> a1;
//	Array<int, 2+3> a1;
	int const /*volatile*/ a = 2, b = 3;
	Array<int, a+b> a1;
	a1.typeOf ();
	Array<string> a2;
	a2.typeOf ();
	int x;
	cin >> x;
	cout << square (x) << endl;
	cout << square<13> () << endl;
	foo<3> ();
//	bar<"Hello, World !"> ();
//	bar<g_global> ();
//	bar<g_static> ();
	bar<g_extern> ();
	return 0;
}

defarg.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <typeinfo>
using namespace std;
template<typename A = long, typename B = A,
	typename C = string>
class D {
public:
	static void print (void) {
		cout << typeid (A).name () << ' '
			<< typeid (B).name () << ' '
			<< typeid (C).name () << endl;
	}
};
template<typename A = long, typename B = A,
	typename C = string>
void print (void) {
	cout << typeid (A).name () << ' '
		<< typeid (B).name () << ' '
		<< typeid (C).name () << endl;
}
/*
void foo (int x, int y = x) {
	int a = 100, b = a;
	cout << x << ' ' << y << endl;
}
*/
int main (void) {
	D<char, short, int>::print ();
	D<char, short>::print ();
	D<char>::print ();
	D<>::print ();
	cout << "----------------" << endl;
	print<char, short, int> ();
	print<char, short> ();
	print<char> ();
	print<> ();
//	foo (100);
	return 0;
}

inherit.cpp
#include <cstdlib>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
template<typename T>
class A {
public:
	A (void) : m_data (1234) {}
	void foo (void) {
		cout << "A::foo" << endl;
	}
	void exit (int status) {
		cout << "再见！" << endl;
	}
protected:
	int m_data;
};
template<typename T>
class B : public A<T> {
public:
	void bar (void) {
		/*
		A<T>::foo ();
		cout << A<T>::m_data << endl;
		*/
		this->foo ();
		cout << this->m_data << endl;
		this->exit (0);
	}
};
int main (void) {
	B<int> b;
	b.bar ();
	return 0;
}

init.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
template<typename T>
void foo (void) {
	T t = T ();
//	string t = string ();
//	int t = int ();
	cout << '[' << t << ']' << endl;
}
int main (void) {
	foo<string> ();
	foo<int> ();
	return 0;
}

part.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <typeinfo>
using namespace std;
// 通用版本
template<typename A, typename B>
class C {
public:
	static void print (void) {
		cout << "C<A,B>" << endl;
	}
};
// 针对B取short类型的局部特化版本
template<typename A>
class C<A, short> {
public:
	static void print (void) {
		cout << "C<A,short>" << endl;
	}
};
// 针对A和B取相同类型的局部特化版本
template<typename A>
class C<A, A> {
public:
	static void print (void) {
		cout << "C<A,A>" << endl;
	}
};
// 针对A和B都取指针的局部特化版本
template<typename A, typename B>
class C<A*, B*> {
public:
	static void print (void) {
		cout << "C<A*,B*>" << endl;
	}
};
// 针对A和B都去同类型指针的局部特化版本
template<typename A>
class C<A*, A*> {
public:
	static void print (void) {
		cout << "C<A*,A*>" << endl;
	}
};
// 针对数组的局部特化版本
template<typename A, typename B>
class C<A[], B[]> {
public:
	static void print (void) {
		cout << "C<A[],B[]>" << endl;
	}
};
template<typename A, typename B>
void foo (void) {
	cout << "通用版本" << endl;
}
template<>
void foo<int, int> (void) {
	cout << "完全特化" << endl;
}
/* 函数模板不能局部特化
template<typename A>
void foo<A, short> (void) {
	cout << "局部特化" << endl;
}
*/
int main (void) {
	C<int, char>::print ();
	C<int, short>::print ();
	C<double, short>::print ();
	C<int, int>::print ();
	C<double, double>::print ();
//	C<short, short>::print ();
	C<int*, char*>::print ();
	C<int*, int*>::print ();
	C<int[], char[]>::print ();
	foo<char, short> ();
	foo<int, int> ();
	return 0;
}

spec.cpp
#include <cstring>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// 通用版本
template<typename T>
T max (T x, T y) {
	return x < y ? y : x;
}
// 针对char const*类型的重载版本
char const* max (char const* x, char const* y) {
	return strcmp (x, y) < 0 ? y : x;
}
// 通用版本
template<typename T>
class Comparator {
public:
	Comparator (T x, T y) : m_x (x), m_y (y) {}
	T max (void) const {
		return m_x < m_y ? m_y : m_x;
	}
private:
	T m_x;
	T m_y;
};
// 针对char const*类型的特化版本
/*
template<>
class Comparator<char const*> {
public:
	static char const* zuidazhi (char const*x,
		char const* y) {
		return strcmp (x, y) < 0 ? y : x;
	}
};
*/
// 针对char const*类型的成员特化版本
template<>
char const* Comparator<char const*>::max (
	void) const {
	return strcmp (m_x, m_y) < 0 ? m_y : m_x;
}
int main (void) {
	cout << ::max (123, 456) << endl;
	cout << ::max (1.23, 4.56) << endl;
	cout << ::max<string> ("hello", "world")
		<< endl;
	cout << ::max ("hello", "world") << endl;
	cout << "----------------" << endl;
	cout << Comparator<int> (123, 456).max ()
		<< endl;
	cout << Comparator<double> (1.23, 4.56).max ()
		<< endl;
	cout << Comparator<string> ("hello",
		"world").max () << endl;
	/*
	cout << Comparator<char const*>::zuidazhi (
		"hello", "world") << endl;
	*/
	cout << Comparator<char const*> ("hello",
		"world").max () << endl;
	return 0;
}

template.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <typeinfo>
using namespace std;
class A {
public:
	template<typename T>
	void foo (void) {
		T t;
		cout << typeid (t).name () << endl;
	}
	void bar (void) {
		cout << "bar函数" << endl;
	}
};
template<typename T>
void bar (void) {
	T a, *p = &a;
	a.template foo<int> ();
	a.bar ();
	p->template foo<double> ();
	p->bar ();
}
int main (void) {
	A a;
	a.foo<int> ();
	a.foo<double> ();
	bar<A> ();
	return 0;
}

tmplarg.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
template<typename T>
class A {
public:
	A (T const& t) : m_t (t) {}
	void print (void) const {
		cout <<"A：" << m_t << endl;
	}
private:
	T m_t;
};
template<typename T>
class C {
public:
	C (T const& t) : m_t (t) {}
	void print (void) const {
		cout << "C：" << m_t << endl;
	}
private:
	T m_t;
};
template<typename T, template<typename> class D>
class B {
public:
	B (T const& t) : m_d (t) {}
//	A<T> m_a;
//	C<T> m_c;
	D<T> m_d;
};
int main (void) {
	B<int, A> b1 (1234);
	b1.m_d.print ();
	B<string, C> b2 ("达内科技");
	b2.m_d.print ();
	return 0;
}

tmplarg2.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <typeinfo>
using namespace std;
template<typename A, typename B>
class C {
public:
	static void print (void) {
		cout << "C：" << typeid (A).name () << ' '
			<< typeid (B).name () << endl;
	}
};
template<typename A, typename B>
class D {
public:
	static void print (void) {
		cout << "D：" << typeid (A).name () << ' '
			<< typeid (B).name () << endl;
	}
};
template<typename A, typename B,
	template<typename, typename> class Y>
class X : public Y<A, B> {};
int main (void) {
	X<int, double, C>::print ();
	X<short, string, D>::print ();
	return 0;
}

typename.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class A {
public:
	typedef unsigned int UINT;
	typedef struct Student {
		char name[128];
		int age;
	}	STUDENT;
	class B {};
};
template</*typename*/class T>
void foo (void) {
	typename T::UINT x;
	typename T::STUDENT y = {"张飞", 25};
	typename T::B z;
}
int main (void) {
	A::UINT x;
	A::STUDENT y = {"张飞", 25};
	A::B z;
	foo<A> ();
	return 0;
}

virtual.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <typeinfo>
using namespace std;
template<typename T>
class A {
public:
	/*
	template<typename B>
	void foo (B const& b) {
		cout << typeid (*this).name () << ' ' <<
			typeid (b).name () << endl;
	}
	*/
	template<typename B>
	void foo (B const& b);
	virtual void bar (void) {
		cout << "A::bar" << endl;
	}
	/*
	template<typename D>
	virtual void hum (void) {
		cout << "A::hum" << endl;
	}
	*/
};
template<typename T>
	template<typename B>
void A<T>::foo (B const& b) {
	cout << typeid (*this).name () << ' ' <<
		typeid (b).name () << endl;
}
template<typename T>
class C : public A<T> {
private:
	void bar (void) {
		cout << "C::bar" << endl;
	}
};
int main (void) {
	A<int> a;
	double d;
	a.foo (d);
	C<double> c;
	A<double>& r = c;
	r.bar ();
	return 0;
}

/error
max.h
#ifndef _MAX_H
#define _MAX_H
template<typename T> T max (T x, T y);
template<typename T> class Comparator {
public:
	Comparator (T x, T y);
	T max (void) const;
private:
	T m_x, m_y;
};
#endif // _MAX_H

max.cpp
#include <cstring>
#include "max.h"
template<typename T>
T max (T x, T y) {
	return x < y ? y : x;
}
char const* max (char const* x, char const* y) {
	return strcmp (x, y) < 0 ? y : x;
}
template<typename T>
Comparator<T>::Comparator (T x, T y) :
	m_x (x), m_y (y) {}
template<typename T>
T Comparator<T>::max (void) const {
	return m_x < m_y ? m_y : m_x;
}
template<>
char const* Comparator<char const*>::max (
	void) const {
	return strcmp (m_x, m_y) < 0 ? m_y : m_x;
}

main.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#include "max.h"
int main (void) {
	cout << ::max (123, 456) << endl;
	cout << ::max (1.23, 4.56) << endl;
	cout << ::max<string> ("hello", "world")
		<< endl;
	cout << ::max<char const*> ("hello", "world")
		<< endl;
	cout << "----------------" << endl;
	cout << Comparator<int> (123, 456).max ()
		<< endl;
	cout << Comparator<double> (1.23, 4.56).max ()
		<< endl;
	cout << Comparator<string> ("hello",
		"world").max () << endl;
	cout << Comparator<char const*> ("hello",
		"world").max () << endl;
	return 0;
}

/export
max.h
#ifndef _MAX_H
#define _MAX_H
export template<typename T> T max (T x, T y);
export template<typename T> class Comparator {
public:
	Comparator (T x, T y);
	T max (void) const;
private:
	T m_x, m_y;
};
#endif // _MAX_H

max.cpp
#include <cstring>
#include "max.h"
template<typename T>
T max (T x, T y) {
	return x < y ? y : x;
}
char const* max (char const* x, char const* y) {
	return strcmp (x, y) < 0 ? y : x;
}
template<typename T>
Comparator<T>::Comparator (T x, T y) :
	m_x (x), m_y (y) {}
template<typename T>
T Comparator<T>::max (void) const {
	return m_x < m_y ? m_y : m_x;
}
template<>
char const* Comparator<char const*>::max (
	void) const {
	return strcmp (m_x, m_y) < 0 ? m_y : m_x;
}

main.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#include "max.h"
int main (void) {
	cout << ::max (123, 456) << endl;
	cout << ::max (1.23, 4.56) << endl;
	cout << ::max<string> ("hello", "world")
		<< endl;
	cout << ::max<char const*> ("hello", "world")
		<< endl;
	cout << "----------------" << endl;
	cout << Comparator<int> (123, 456).max ()
		<< endl;
	cout << Comparator<double> (1.23, 4.56).max ()
		<< endl;
	cout << Comparator<string> ("hello",
		"world").max () << endl;
	cout << Comparator<char const*> ("hello",
		"world").max () << endl;
	return 0;
}

/include
max.h
#ifndef _MAX_H
#define _MAX_H
template<typename T> T max (T x, T y);
template<typename T> class Comparator {
public:
	Comparator (T x, T y);
	T max (void) const;
private:
	T m_x, m_y;
};
#include "max.cpp"
#endif // _MAX_H

max.cpp
#include <cstring>
template<typename T>
T max (T x, T y) {
	return x < y ? y : x;
}
char const* max (char const* x, char const* y) {
	return strcmp (x, y) < 0 ? y : x;
}
template<typename T>
Comparator<T>::Comparator (T x, T y) :
	m_x (x), m_y (y) {}
template<typename T>
T Comparator<T>::max (void) const {
	return m_x < m_y ? m_y : m_x;
}
template<>
char const* Comparator<char const*>::max (
	void) const {
	return strcmp (m_x, m_y) < 0 ? m_y : m_x;
}

main.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#include "max.h"
int main (void) {
	cout << ::max (123, 456) << endl;
	cout << ::max (1.23, 4.56) << endl;
	cout << ::max<string> ("hello", "world")
		<< endl;
	cout << ::max ("hello", "world") << endl;
	cout << "----------------" << endl;
	cout << Comparator<int> (123, 456).max ()
		<< endl;
	cout << Comparator<double> (1.23, 4.56).max ()
		<< endl;
	cout << Comparator<string> ("hello",
		"world").max () << endl;
	cout << Comparator<char const*> ("hello",
		"world").max () << endl;
	return 0;
}

/inst
max.h
#ifndef _MAX_H
#define _MAX_H
template<typename T> T max (T x, T y);
char const* max (char const*, char const*);
template<typename T> class Comparator {
public:
	Comparator (T x, T y);
	T max (void) const;
private:
	T m_x, m_y;
};
#endif // _MAX_H

max.cpp
#include <cstring>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
#include "max.h"
template<typename T>
T max (T x, T y) {
	return x < y ? y : x;
}
char const* max (char const* x, char const* y) {
	return strcmp (x, y) < 0 ? y : x;
}
template<typename T>
Comparator<T>::Comparator (T x, T y) :
	m_x (x), m_y (y) {}
template<typename T>
T Comparator<T>::max (void) const {
	return m_x < m_y ? m_y : m_x;
}
template<>
char const* Comparator<char const*>::max (
	void) const {
	return strcmp (m_x, m_y) < 0 ? m_y : m_x;
}
// 显式实例化
template int max<int> (int, int);
template double max<double> (double, double);
template string max<string> (string, string);
template class Comparator<int>;
template class Comparator<double>;
template class Comparator<string>;
template class Comparator<char const*>;

main.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#include "max.h"
int main (void) {
	cout << ::max (123, 456) << endl;
	cout << ::max (1.23, 4.56) << endl;
	cout << ::max<string> ("hello", "world")
		<< endl;
	cout << ::max ("hello", "world") << endl;
	cout << "----------------" << endl;
	cout << Comparator<int> (123, 456).max ()
		<< endl;
	cout << Comparator<double> (1.23, 4.56).max ()
		<< endl;
	cout << Comparator<string> ("hello",
		"world").max () << endl;
	cout << Comparator<char const*> ("hello",
		"world").max () << endl;
	return 0;
}

 
day03
defarg.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <typeinfo>
using namespace std;
template<typename T = int>
void foo (T t) {
	cout << typeid (t).name () << endl;
}
int main (void) {
	foo (1.23); // 隐式推断优先
	return 0;
}

list.cpp
// 双向线性链表容器
#include <cstring>
#include <iostream>
#include <stdexcept>
using namespace std;
template<typename T>
class List {
public:
	// 构造、析构、拷贝构造、拷贝赋值
	List (void) : m_head (NULL), m_tail (NULL) {}
	~List (void) {
		clear ();
	}
	List (List const& that) : m_head (NULL),
		m_tail (NULL) {
		for (Node* node = that.m_head; node;
			node = node->m_next)
			push_back (node->m_data);
	}
	List& operator= (List const& rhs) {
		if (&rhs != this) {
			List list = rhs;
			swap (m_head, list.m_head);
			swap (m_tail, list.m_tail);
		}
		return *this;
	}
	// 获取首元素
	T& front (void) {
		if (empty ())
			throw underflow_error ("链表下溢！");
		return m_head->m_data;
	}
	T const& front (void) const {
		return const_cast<List*> (this)->front ();
	}
	// 向首部压入
	void push_front (T const& data) {
		m_head = new Node (data, NULL, m_head);
		if (m_head->m_next)
			m_head->m_next->m_prev = m_head;
		else
			m_tail = m_head;
	}
	// 从首部弹出
	void pop_front (void) {
		if (empty ())
			throw underflow_error ("链表下溢！");
		Node* next = m_head->m_next;
		delete m_head;
		m_head = next;
		if (m_head)
			m_head->m_prev = NULL;
		else
			m_tail = NULL;
	}
	// 获取尾元素
	T& back (void) {
		if (empty ())
			throw underflow_error ("链表下溢！");
		return m_tail->m_data;
	}
	T const& back (void) const {
		return const_cast<List*> (this)->back ();
	}
	// 向尾部压入
	void push_back (T const& data) {
		m_tail = new Node (data, m_tail);
		if (m_tail->m_prev)
			m_tail->m_prev->m_next = m_tail;
		else
			m_head = m_tail;
	}
	// 从尾部弹出
	void pop_back (void) {
		if (empty ())
			throw underflow_error ("链表下溢！");
		Node* prev = m_tail->m_prev;
		delete m_tail;
		m_tail = prev;
		if (m_tail)
			m_tail->m_next = NULL;
		else
			m_head = NULL;
	}
	// 删除所有匹配元素
	void remove (T const& data) {
		for (Node* node = m_head, *next; node;
			node = next) {
			next = node->m_next;
			if (equal (node->m_data, data)) {
				if (node->m_prev)
					node->m_prev->m_next =
						node->m_next;
				else
					m_head = node->m_next;
				if (node->m_next)
					node->m_next->m_prev =
						node->m_prev;
				else
					m_tail = node->m_prev;
				delete node;
			}
		}
	}
	// 清空
	void clear (void) {
		for (Node* next; m_head; m_head = next) {
			next = m_head->m_next;
			delete m_head;
		}
		m_tail = NULL;
	}
	// 判空
	bool empty (void) const {
		return ! m_head && ! m_tail;
	}
	// 大小
	size_t size (void) const {
		size_t nodes = 0;
		for (Node* node = m_head; node;
			node = node->m_next)
			++nodes;
		return nodes;
	}
	// SHIT !
	T& operator[] (size_t i) {
		for (Node* node = m_head; node;
			node = node->m_next)
			if (i-- == 0)
				return node->m_data;
		throw out_of_range ("链表越界！");
	}
	// 输出
	friend ostream& operator<< (ostream& os,
		List const& list) {
		for (Node* node = list.m_head; node;
			node = node->m_next)
			os << *node;
		return os;
	}
private:
	// 节点
	class Node {
	public:
		Node (T const& data, Node* prev = NULL,
			Node* next = NULL) : m_data (data),
			m_prev (prev), m_next (next) {}
		friend ostream& operator<< (ostream& os,
			Node const& node) {
			return os << '(' << node.m_data << ')';
		}
		T     m_data; // 数据
		Node* m_prev; // 前指针
		Node* m_next; // 后指针
	};
	// 通用版本
	bool equal (T const& x, T const& y) const {
		return x == y;
	}
	Node* m_head; // 头指针
	Node* m_tail; // 尾指针
public:
	// 正向迭代器
	class Iterator {
	public:
		Iterator (Node* head = NULL,
			Node* tail = NULL, Node* node = NULL) :
			m_head (head), m_tail (tail),
			m_node (node) {}
		bool operator== (Iterator const& it) const {
			return m_node == it.m_node;
		}
		bool operator!= (Iterator const& it) const {
			return ! (*this == it);
		}
		Iterator& operator++ (void) {
			if (m_node)
				m_node = m_node->m_next;
			else
				m_node = m_head;
			return *this;
		}
		Iterator const operator++ (int) {
			Iterator old = *this;
			++*this;
			return old;
		}
		Iterator& operator-- (void) {
			if (m_node)
				m_node = m_node->m_prev;
			else
				m_node = m_tail;
			return *this;
		}
		Iterator const operator-- (int) {
			Iterator old = *this;
			--*this;
			return old;
		}
		T& operator* (void) const {
			return m_node->m_data;
		}
		T* operator-> (void) const {
			return &**this;
		}
	private:
		Node* m_head;
		Node* m_tail;
		Node* m_node;
		friend class List;
	};
	// 获取起始正向迭代器
	Iterator begin (void) {
		return Iterator (m_head, m_tail, m_head);
	}
	// 获取终止正向迭代器
	Iterator end (void) {
		return Iterator (m_head, m_tail);
	}
	// 插入
	Iterator insert (Iterator loc, T const& data) {
		if (loc == end ()) {
			push_back (data);
			return Iterator (m_head, m_tail,
				m_tail);
		}
		else {
			Node* node = new Node (data,
				loc.m_node->m_prev, loc.m_node);
			if (node->m_prev)
				node->m_prev->m_next = node;
			else
				m_head = node;
			node->m_next->m_prev = node;
			return Iterator (m_head, m_tail, node);
		}
	}
	// 删除
	Iterator erase (Iterator loc) {
		if (loc == end ())
			throw invalid_argument ("无效参数！");
		if (loc.m_node->m_prev)
			loc.m_node->m_prev->m_next =
				loc.m_node->m_next;
		else
			m_head = loc.m_node->m_next;
		if (loc.m_node->m_next)
			loc.m_node->m_next->m_prev =
				loc.m_node->m_prev;
		else
			m_tail = loc.m_node->m_prev;
		Node* next = loc.m_node->m_next;
		delete loc.m_node;
		return Iterator (m_head, m_tail, next);
	}
	// 常正向迭代器
	// 反向迭代器
	// 常反向迭代器
};
// 针对char const*类型的特化版本
template<>
bool List<char const*>::equal (char const* const& x,
	char const* const& y) const {
	return ! strcmp (x, y);
}
// 线性查找
template<typename IT, typename T>
IT find (IT begin, IT end, T const& key) {
	IT it;
	for (it = begin; it != end; ++it)
		if (*it == key)
			break;
	return it;
}
// 测试用例
void test1 (void) {
	List<int> l1;
	l1.push_front (30);
	l1.push_front (20);
	l1.push_front (10);
	cout << l1 << endl; // 10 20 30
	l1.pop_front ();
	cout << l1 << endl; // 20 30
	l1.front () += 5;
	cout << l1 << endl; // 25 30
	List<int> const& cr = l1;
	cout << cr.front () << endl;
//	cr.front () = 20;
	l1.push_back (40);
	l1.push_back (50);
	l1.push_back (60);
	cout << l1 << endl; // 25 30 40 50 60
	l1.pop_back ();
	cout << l1 << endl; // 25 30 40 50
	--l1.back ();
	cout << l1 << endl; // 25 30 40 49
	List<int> const* cp = &l1;
	cout << cp->back () << endl;
//	cp->back ()++;
	l1.push_front (40);
	l1.push_back (40);
	l1.push_back (40);
	cout << l1 << endl; // 40 25 30 40 49 40 40
	l1.remove (40);
	cout << l1 << endl; // 25 30 49
	cout << l1.size () << endl; // 3
	cout << boolalpha << l1.empty () << endl;
	// false
	l1.clear ();
	cout << l1.size () << endl; // 0
	cout << l1.empty () << endl; // true
	l1.push_back (100);
	l1.push_back (200);
	l1.push_back (300);
	List<int> l2 = l1; // 拷贝构造
	cout << "l1：" << l1 << endl; // 100 200 300
	cout << "l2：" << l2 << endl; // 100 200 300
	l1.pop_front ();
	++l2.back ();
	cout << "l1：" << l1 << endl; // 200 300
	cout << "l2：" << l2 << endl; // 100 200 301
	l2 = l1; // 拷贝赋值
	cout << "l1：" << l1 << endl; // 200 300
	cout << "l2：" << l2 << endl; // 200 300
	l1.push_front (100);
	l2.back () = 400;
	cout << "l1：" << l1 << endl; // 100 200 300
	cout << "l2：" << l2 << endl; // 200 400
}
void test2 (void) {
	char sa[][256] = {
		"北京", "天津", "上海",
		"天津", "北京", "天津"};
	List<string> l1;
	for (size_t i = 0; i < 6; ++i)
		l1.push_back (sa[i]);
	cout << l1 << endl;
	l1.remove ("天津");
	cout << l1 << endl;
	List<char const*> l2;
	for (size_t i = 0; i < 6; ++i)
		l2.push_back (sa[i]);
	cout << l2 << endl;
	l2.remove ("天津");
	cout << l2 << endl;
}
void test3 (void) {
	List<int> l1;
	l1.push_back (13);
	l1.push_back (26);
	l1.push_back (19);
	l1.push_back (26);
	l1.push_back (37);
	cout << l1 << endl;
	/*
	size_t size = l1.size ();
	for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i)
		++l1[i];
	*/
	for (List<int>::Iterator it = l1.begin ();
		it != l1.end (); ++it)
		++*it;
	cout << l1 << endl;
}
void test4 (void) {
	List<int> l1;
	l1.insert (
		l1.insert (
			l1.insert (
				l1.insert (
					l1.insert (l1.end (), 50),
				40),
			30),
		20),
	10);
	cout << l1 << endl; // 10 20 30 40 50
	List<int>::Iterator loc = l1.begin ();
	l1.insert (++++loc, 25);
	cout << l1 << endl;
	l1.insert (l1.begin (), 5);
	cout << l1 << endl;
	l1.insert (l1.end (), 55);
	cout << l1 << endl;
	loc = l1.end ();
	l1.erase (l1.erase (l1.erase (--------loc)));
	cout << l1 << endl;
}
void test5 (void) {
	int ai[] = {17, 23, 44, 19, 23};
	int* p = find (ai, ai + 5, /*45*/44);
	if (p == ai + 5)
		cout << "没找到！" << endl;
	else
		cout << "找到了：" << *p << endl;
	List<string> ls;
	ls.push_back ("张飞");
	ls.push_back ("赵云");
	ls.push_back ("关羽");
	ls.push_back ("刘备");
	ls.push_back ("曹操");
	List<string>::Iterator it = find (ls.begin (),
		ls.end (), "刘备"/*"黄忠"*/);
	if (it == ls.end ())
		cout << "没找到！" << endl;
	else
		cout << "找到了：" << *it << endl;
}
int main (void) {
//	test1 ();
//	test2 ();
//	test3 ();
//	test4 ();
	test5 ();
	return 0;
}

nontype.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int square (int x) {
	return x * x;
}
template<int x>
int square2 (void) {
	return x * x;
}
int main (void) {
	cout << square (13) << endl;
	cout << square (14) << endl;
	cout << square2<13> () << endl;
	cout << square2<14> () << endl;
	return 0;
}

poly.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int add (int x, int y) {
	return x + y;
}
int sub (int x, int y) {
	return x - y;
}
int mul (int x, int y) {
	return x * y;
}
int div (int x, int y) {
	return x / y;
}
// 基于函数指针的多态函数
int cal (int x, int y, int (*pfunc) (int, int)) {
	return pfunc (x, y);
}
class Cal {
public:
	virtual int cal (int x, int y) const = 0;
};
class Add : public Cal {
public:
	int cal (int x, int y) const { return x + y; }
};
class Sub : public Cal {
public:
	int cal (int x, int y) const { return x - y; }
};
class Mul : public Cal {
public:
	int cal (int x, int y) const { return x * y; }
};
class Div : public Cal {
public:
	int cal (int x, int y) const { return x / y; }
};
// 基于虚函数的多态函数
int cal (int x, int y, Cal const& c) {
	return c.cal (x, y);
}
class A {
public:
	static int cal (int x, int y) {
		return x + y; }
};
class S {
public:
	static int cal (int x, int y) {
		return x - y; }
};
class M {
public:
	static int cal (int x, int y) {
		return x * y; }
};
class D {
public:
	static int cal (int x, int y) {
		return x / y; }
};
// 基于模板的多态函数
template<typename T>
int cal (int x, int y) {
	return T::cal (x, y);
}
int main (void) {
	cout << cal (200, 100, add) << endl;
	cout << cal (200, 100, sub) << endl;
	cout << cal (200, 100, mul) << endl;
	cout << cal (200, 100, div) << endl;
	cout << "--------" << endl;
	cout << cal (200, 100, Add ()) << endl;
	cout << cal (200, 100, Sub ()) << endl;
	cout << cal (200, 100, Mul ()) << endl;
	cout << cal (200, 100, Div ()) << endl;
	cout << "--------" << endl;
	cout << cal<A> (200, 100) << endl;
	cout << cal<S> (200, 100) << endl;
	cout << cal<M> (200, 100) << endl;
	cout << cal<D> (200, 100) << endl;
	return 0;
}

virtual.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class A {
public:
	template<int x>
	virtual int square (void) const {
		return x * x;
	}
};
int main (void) {
	A a;
	cout << a.square<13> () << endl;
	cout << a.square<14> () << endl;
	return 0;
};

 
day04
deque.cpp
#include <deque>
#include "print.h"
int main (void) {
	deque<int> di;
	di.push_front (30);
	di.push_front (20);
	di.push_front (10);
	print (di.begin (), di.end ()); // 10 20 30
	di.pop_front ();
	print (di.begin (), di.end ()); // 20 30
	di.push_back (40);
	di.push_back (50);
	di.push_back (60);
	print (di.begin (), di.end ());
	// 20 30 40 50 60
	di.pop_back ();
	print (di.begin (), di.end ()); // 20 30 40 50
	di[1] += 5;
	*(di.begin () + 2) -= 3;
	print (di.begin (), di.end ()); // 20 35 37 50
//	cout << di.capacity () << endl;
	cout << di.size () << endl;
	return 0;
}

list.cpp
#include <list>
#include <algorithm>
#include "print.h"
int main (void) {
	list<int> l1;
	l1.push_back (10);
	l1.push_back (20);
	l1.push_back (20);
	l1.push_back (20);
	l1.push_back (10);
	l1.push_back (30);
	l1.push_back (30);
	l1.push_back (20);
	l1.push_back (30);
	l1.push_back (30);
	print (l1.begin (), l1.end ());
	l1.sort ();
	print (l1.begin (), l1.end ());
	l1.unique ();
	print (l1.begin (), l1.end ()); // 10 20 30
	list<int> l2;
	l2.push_back (10000);
	l2.push_back (20000);
	l2.push_back (30000);
	l2.push_back (40000);
	list<int>::iterator pos = l1.begin ();
	++pos;
	/*
	l1.splice (pos, l2);
	*//*
	list<int>::iterator del = l2.end ();
	----del;
	l1.splice (pos, l2, del);
	*/
	list<int>::iterator begin = l2.begin ();
	++begin;
	list<int>::iterator end = l2.end ();
	--end;
	l1.splice (pos, l2, begin, end);
	cout << "l1：" << flush;
	print (l1.begin (), l1.end ());
	cout << "l2：" << flush;
	print (l2.begin (), l2.end ());
	list<int> l3;
	l3.push_back (16);
	l3.push_back (22);
	l3.push_back (28);
	l3.push_back (43);
	l3.push_back (57);
	list<int> l4;
	l4.push_back (25);
	l4.push_back (33);
	l4.push_back (51);
	l3.merge (l4); // O(N)
	cout << "l3：" << flush;
	print (l3.begin (), l3.end ());
	cout << "l4：" << flush;
	print (l4.begin (), l4.end ());
	return 0;
}

map.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <map>
using namespace std;
int main (void) {
	map<string, int> msi;
	msi.insert (pair<string, int> ("张飞", 10000));
	msi.insert (make_pair ("赵云", 20000));
	msi["关羽"] = 30000;
	typedef map<string, int>::iterator IT;
	IT it = msi.find ("赵云"); // O(logN)
	cout << it->first << "：" << it->second << endl;
	cout << msi["赵云"] << endl;
//	msi["张飞"] = 40000;
	pair<IT, bool> res = msi.insert (pair<string,
		int> ("张飞2", 40000));
	if (! res.second)
		cout << "插入失败！" << endl;
	else
		cout << "插入成功：" << res.first->first
			<< ',' << res.first->second << endl;
	for (IT it = msi.begin (); it != msi.end ();
		++it)
		cout << it->first << "：" << it->second
			<< endl;
	return 0;
}

mmap.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <map>
using namespace std;
int main (void) {
	multimap<string, int> msi;
	msi.insert (pair<string, int> ("张飞", 10000));
	msi.insert (make_pair ("赵云", 20000));
	typedef multimap<string, int>::iterator IT;
	msi.insert (pair<string, int> ("张飞", 40000));
	for (IT it = msi.begin (); it != msi.end ();
		++it)
		cout << it->first << "：" << it->second
			<< endl;
	IT l = msi.lower_bound ("赵云");
	cout << l->first << "，" << l->second << endl;
	IT u = msi.upper_bound ("赵云");
//	cout << u->first << "，" << u->second << endl;
	for (IT it = l; it != u; ++it)
		cout << it->first << "，" << it->second
			<< endl;
	return 0;
}

mset.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <set>
using namespace std;
int main (void) {
	multiset<int> si;
	si.insert (10);
	si.insert (20);
	si.insert (10);
	si.insert (30);
	si.insert (20);
	si.insert (40);
	for (multiset<int>::iterator it = si.begin ();
		it != si.end (); ++it)
		cout << *it << ' ';
	cout << endl;
	return 0;
}

print.h
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
template<typename iterator>
void print (iterator begin, iterator end) {
	while (begin != end)
		cout << *begin++ << ' ';
	cout << endl;
}

set.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <set>
using namespace std;
int main (void) {
	set<int> si;
	si.insert (10);
	si.insert (20);
	si.insert (10); // 失败
	si.insert (30);
	si.insert (20); // 失败
	si.insert (40);
	for (set<int>::iterator it = si.begin ();
		it != si.end (); ++it)
		cout << *it << ' ';
	cout << endl;
	return 0;
}

sq.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <stack>
#include <queue>
#include <vector>
#include <list>
using namespace std;
class CmpInt {
public:
	bool operator() (int a, int b) const {
		return a > b;
	}
};
int main (void) {
//	stack<string, /*vector*/list<string> > ss;
	stack<string> ss;
	ss.push ("C++");
	ss.push ("喜欢");
	ss.push ("我们");
	while (! ss.empty ()) {
		cout << ss.top () << flush;
		ss.pop ();
	}
	cout << endl;
//	queue<string, list<string> > qs;
	queue<string> qs;
	qs.push ("我们");
	qs.push ("讨厌");
	qs.push ("Java");
	while (! qs.empty ()) {
		cout << qs.front () << flush;
		qs.pop ();
	}
	cout << endl;
//	priority_queue<int, vector<int> > pi;
	priority_queue<int, vector<int>, CmpInt> pi;
	pi.push (26);
	pi.push (19);
	pi.push (37);
	pi.push (11);
	pi.push (88);
	while (! pi.empty ()) {
		cout << pi.top () << ' ' << flush;
		pi.pop ();
	}
	cout << endl;
	return 0;
}

vector1.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;
void print (vector<int> const& vi) {
	size_t size = vi.size ();
	cout << "大小：" << size << endl;
	cout << "内容：" << flush;
	for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i)
		cout << vi[i] << ' '; // *(p+i), O(1)
	cout << endl;
}
void show (vector<int> const& vi) {
	cout << "迭代：" << flush;
	for (vector<int>::const_iterator it =
		vi.begin (); it != vi.end (); ++it)
		cout << *it << ' ';
	cout << endl;
}
void rshow (vector<int> const& vi) {
	cout << "反向：" << flush;
	for (vector<int>::const_reverse_iterator it =
		vi.rbegin (); it != vi.rend (); ++it)
		cout << *it << ' ';
	cout << endl;
}
int main (void) {
	vector<int> v1;
	print (v1);
	vector<int> v2 (5);
	print (v2);
	vector<int> v3 (5, 13);
	print (v3);
	int a[] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
//	vector<int> v4 (a, a + 5);
	vector<int> v4 (&a[0], &a[5]);
	print (v4);
	show (v4);
	rshow (v4);
	++v4[2];
	show (v4);
	++*(v4.begin () + 2);
	show (v4);
	vector<int>::iterator it = v4.begin ();
//	++++it;
	it += 2;
	++*it;
	show (v4);
	vector<int>::iterator it2 = v4.begin ();
	cout << boolalpha << (it > it2) << endl;
	cout << it - it2 << endl;
//	cout << it + it2 << endl;
	vector<int>::reverse_iterator it3 =
		v4.rbegin (), it4 = it3;
	it4 += 2;
	cout << *it4 << ' ' << *it3 << endl;
	cout << (it3 > it4) << endl;
	cout << it3 - it4 << endl;
	vector<int> const* cp = &v4;
	vector<int>::const_iterator cit = cp->begin ();
	cout << *cit << endl;
//	*cit = 100;
	it = v4.begin ();
	cout << *it << endl; // 10
	v4.push_back (60);
	it = v4.begin ();
	cout << *it << endl; // 10
	show (v4);
	return 0;
}

vector2.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>
using namespace std;
void show (vector<int> const& vi) {
	for (vector<int>::const_iterator it =
		vi.begin (); it != vi.end (); ++it)
		cout << *it << ' ';
	cout << endl;
}
bool cmpint (int a, int b) {
	return a > b;
}
class CmpInt {
public:
	bool operator() (int a, int b) const {
		return a > b;
	}
};
class Student {
public:
	Student (string const& name, int age) :
		m_name (name), m_age (age) {}
	bool operator< (Student const& rhs) const {
//		return m_name < rhs.m_name;
		return m_age < rhs.m_age;
	}
	friend ostream& operator<< (ostream& os,
		Student const& student) {
		return os << student.m_name << ','
			<< student.m_age;
	}
private:
	string m_name;
	int m_age;
	friend class OrderByName;
	friend class OrderByAge;
	friend class OrderByNameAndAge;
};
class OrderByName {
public:
	bool operator() (Student const& a,
		Student const& b) const {
		return a.m_name < b.m_name;
	}
};
class OrderByAge {
public:
	bool operator() (Student const& a,
		Student const& b) const {
		return a.m_age < b.m_age;
	}
};
class OrderByNameAndAge {
public:
	bool operator() (Student const& a,
		Student const& b) const {
		if (a.m_name == b.m_name)
			return a.m_age > b.m_age;
		return a.m_name < b.m_name;
	}
};
int main (void) {
	vector<int> vi;
	vi.push_back (10);
	vi.push_back (20);
	vi.push_back (30);
	vi.push_back (20);
	vi.push_back (50);
	show (vi);
	/*
	// 将向量中的第二个20改成40
	vector<int>::iterator it = find (vi.begin (),
		vi.end (), 20);
	it = find (it+1, vi.end (), 20);
	*it = 40;
	*/
	// 将向量中所有的20都改成40
	for (vector<int>::iterator begin = vi.begin ();
		begin != vi.end (); ++begin) {
		vector<int>::iterator it = find (begin,
			vi.end (), 20);
		if (it == vi.end ())
			break;
		*it = 40;
		begin = it;
	}
	show (vi);
	vector<int> v2;
	v2.push_back (50);
	v2.push_back (40);
	v2.push_back (30);
	v2.push_back (20);
	v2.push_back (10);
	show (v2);
	sort (v2.begin () + 1, v2.end () - 1);
	show (v2);
	sort (v2.begin (), v2.end ());
	show (v2);
//	sort (v2.rbegin (), v2.rend ());
//	sort (v2.begin (), v2.end (), cmpint);
	sort (v2.begin (), v2.end (), CmpInt ());
	show (v2);
	vector<Student> vs;
	vs.push_back (Student ("zhangfei", 25));
	vs.push_back (Student ("zhaoyun", 22));
	vs.push_back (Student ("zhangfei", 20));
	vs.push_back (Student ("zhaoyun", 28));
	vs.push_back (Student ("guanyu", 60));
//	sort (vs.begin (), vs.end (), OrderByName ());
//	sort (vs.begin (), vs.end (), OrderByAge ());
	sort (vs.begin (), vs.end (),
		OrderByNameAndAge ());
	for (vector<Student>::iterator it = vs.begin ();
		it != vs.end (); ++it)
		cout << *it << endl;
	return 0;
}

vector3.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>
using namespace std;
class A {
public:
	A (void) : m_data (0) {
		cout << "缺省构造：" << this << endl;
	}
	A (int data) : m_data (data) {
		cout << "有参构造：" << this << endl;
	}
	~A (void) {
		cout << "析构函数：" << this << endl;
	}
	A (A const& that) : m_data (that.m_data) {
		cout << "拷贝构造：" << &that << "->"
			<< this << endl;
	}
	A& operator= (A const& rhs) {
		m_data = rhs.m_data;
		cout << "拷贝赋值：" << &rhs << "->"
			<< this << endl;
	}
	/*
	bool operator< (A const& rhs) const {
		return m_data < rhs.m_data;
	}
	*/
	bool operator== (A const& rhs) const {
		return m_data == rhs.m_data;
	}
	friend ostream& operator<< (ostream& os,
		A const& a) {
		return os << a.m_data;
	}
private:
	int m_data;
	friend class CmpA;
};
class CmpA {
public:
	bool operator() (A const& x, A const& y) const {
		return x.m_data < y.m_data;
	}
};
int main (void) {
	cout << "-------- 1 --------" << endl;
//	vector<A> v1 (3);
	vector<A> v1 (3, 10);
	cout << "-------- 2 --------" << endl;
	v1.push_back (10);
	cout << "-------- 3 --------" << endl;
	v1.erase (v1.begin ());
	cout << "-------- 4 --------" << endl;
	v1[0] = 17;
	v1[1] = 15;
	v1[2] = 29;
//	sort (v1.begin (), v1.end ());
	sort (v1.begin (), v1.end (), CmpA ());
	for (vector<A>::iterator it = v1.begin ();
		it != v1.end (); ++it)
		cout << *it << ' ';
	cout << endl;
	vector<A>::iterator it = find (
		v1.begin (), v1.end (), 17);
	if (it == v1.end ())
		cout << "没找到！" << endl;
	else
		cout << "找到了：" << *it << endl;
	cout << "-------- X --------" << endl;
	return 0;
}

vector4.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;
void print (vector<int> const& vi) {
	cout << "大小：" << vi.size () << endl;
	cout << "容量：" << vi.capacity () << endl;
	cout << "元素：" << flush;
	for (vector<int>::const_iterator it =
		vi.begin (); it != vi.end (); ++it)
		cout << *it << ' ';
	cout << endl;
}
int main (void) {
	vector<int> vi;
	print (vi);
	vi.push_back (10);
	print (vi);
	vi.push_back (20);
	print (vi);
	vi.push_back (30);
	print (vi);
	vi.push_back (40);
	print (vi);
	vi.push_back (50);
	print (vi);
	vi.pop_back ();
	print (vi);
	vi.clear ();
	print (vi);
	vi.reserve (0);
	print (vi);
	vi.reserve (100);
	print (vi);
	vi.reserve (10);
	print (vi);
	return 0;
}