Android硬件通信之 蓝牙通信

一,简介

1.1 现在的手机设备基本上都支持蓝牙模块,蓝牙与蓝牙之前可以相互通信,所以只要物联网机器上配有蓝牙模块,就可以用手机蓝牙连接机器蓝牙,从而和机器通信

1.2 蓝牙按协议常见可以分为经典蓝牙和低功耗蓝牙,下面是主要区别:

对比 经典蓝牙 低功耗蓝牙
协议 4.0以下 4.0以上
   传输速度 慢,100ms

快,3ms

传输大小 大,可以传大文件 小,大文件需要分包 
网络拓扑 点对点 点对点,广播,Mesh组网
应用领域 无线耳机,无线音箱 鼠标,单车,智能家居,监控系统,灯光组网


 

二,经典蓝牙

2.1 开启蓝牙

获取BluetoothAdapter对象

BluetoothAdapter mBluetoothAdapter = BluetoothAdapter.getDefaultAdapter();

2.2 判断设备是否支持蓝牙 

/**
 * 设备是否支持蓝牙  true为支持
 * @return
 */
public boolean isSupportBlue(){
    return mBluetoothAdapter != null;
}

 2.3 判断蓝牙是否开启

/**
 * 蓝牙是否打开
 * @return
 */
public boolean isBlueEnable(){
    return mBluetoothAdapter.isEnabled();
}

2.4 添加权限

<!-- 使用蓝牙的权限 -->
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.BLUETOOTH" />
<!-- 扫描蓝牙设备或者操作蓝牙设置 -->
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.BLUETOOTH_ADMIN" />
<!--模糊定位权限,仅作用于6.0+-->
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION" />
<!--精准定位权限,仅作用于6.0+-->
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION" />

2.5 动态请求权限

/**
 * 检查权限
 */
private void checkPermissions() {
    String[] permissions = {Manifest.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION};
    List<String> permissionDeniedList = new ArrayList<>();
    for (String permission : permissions) {
        int permissionCheck = ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission(this, permission);
        if (permissionCheck == PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
            onPermissionGranted(permission);
        } else {
            permissionDeniedList.add(permission);
        }
    }
    if (!permissionDeniedList.isEmpty()) {
        String[] deniedPermissions = permissionDeniedList.toArray(new String[permissionDeniedList.size()]);
        ActivityCompat.requestPermissions(this, deniedPermissions, REQUEST_CODE_PERMISSION_LOCATION);
    }
}
 
/**
 * 权限回调
 * @param requestCode
 * @param permissions
 * @param grantResults
 */
@Override
public final void onRequestPermissionsResult(int requestCode,
                                             @NonNull String[] permissions,
                                             @NonNull int[] grantResults) {
    super.onRequestPermissionsResult(requestCode, permissions, grantResults);
    switch (requestCode) {
        case REQUEST_CODE_PERMISSION_LOCATION:
            if (grantResults.length > 0) {
               //权限成功做其它任务
            }
            break;
    }
}

 2.6 检查GPS是否打开

/**
 * 检查GPS是否打开
 * @return
 */
private boolean checkGPSIsOpen() {
    LocationManager locationManager = (LocationManager) this.getSystemService(Context.LOCATION_SERVICE);
    if (locationManager == null)
        return false;
    return locationManager.isProviderEnabled(android.location.LocationManager.GPS_PROVIDER);
}

 2.7 前往设置里面开启GPS

Intent intent = new Intent(Settings.ACTION_LOCATION_SOURCE_SETTINGS);
                                        startActivityForResult(intent, REQUEST_CODE_OPEN_GPS);

2.8 扫描蓝牙

//发现蓝牙
public void startBluetoothDiscovery() {
	//当前是否在扫描,如果是就取消当前的扫描,重新扫描
    if (mBluetoothAdapter.isDiscovering()){
        mBluetoothAdapter.cancelDiscovery();
    }
	mBluetoothAdapter.startDiscovery();
}

2.9 监听蓝牙扫描状态

IntentFilter filter = new IntentFilter();
filter.addAction(BluetoothAdapter.ACTION_STATE_CHANGED);//蓝牙开关状态
filter.addAction(BluetoothAdapter.ACTION_DISCOVERY_STARTED);//蓝牙开始搜索
filter.addAction(BluetoothAdapter.ACTION_DISCOVERY_FINISHED);//蓝牙搜索结束
filter.addAction(BluetoothDevice.ACTION_FOUND);//蓝牙发现新设备(未配对的设备)
registerReceiver(scanBlueReceiver, filter);
/**
 * 扫描广播接收类
 */
 
public class ScanBlueReceiver extends BroadcastReceiver {
    private static final String TAG = ScanBlueReceiver.class.getName();
    private ScanBlueCallBack callBack;
 
    public ScanBlueReceiver(ScanBlueCallBack callBack){
        this.callBack = callBack;
    }
 
    //广播接收器,当远程蓝牙设备被发现时,回调函数onReceiver()会被执行
    @Override
    public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) {
        String action = intent.getAction();
        Log.d(TAG, "action:" + action);
        BluetoothDevice device = intent.getParcelableExtra(BluetoothDevice.EXTRA_DEVICE);
        switch (action){
            case BluetoothAdapter.ACTION_STATE_CHANGED:
                int blueState = intent.getIntExtra(BluetoothAdapter.EXTRA_STATE, 0);
                switch (blueState) {
                    case BluetoothAdapter.STATE_TURNING_ON:
                        Log.e(TAG,"蓝牙正在打开中");
                        break;
                    case BluetoothAdapter.STATE_ON:
                        Log.e(TAG,"蓝牙已经打开");
                        mListener.stateOn();
                        break;
                    case BluetoothAdapter.STATE_TURNING_OFF:
                        Log.e(TAG,"蓝牙正在关闭中");

                        break;
                    case BluetoothAdapter.STATE_OFF:
                        Log.e(TAG,"蓝牙已经关闭");
                        mListener.stateOff();
                        break;
                }
                break;
            case BluetoothAdapter.ACTION_DISCOVERY_STARTED:
                Log.d(TAG, "开始扫描...");
                callBack.onScanStarted();
                break;
            case BluetoothAdapter.ACTION_DISCOVERY_FINISHED:
                Log.d(TAG, "结束扫描...");
                callBack.onScanFinished();
                break;
            case BluetoothDevice.ACTION_FOUND:
                Log.d(TAG, "发现设备...");
                callBack.onScanning(device);
                break;
        }
    }
}

2.10 连接蓝牙

/*
 * 连接蓝牙线程
 */
 
public class ConnectBlueTask extends AsyncTask<BluetoothDevice, Integer, BluetoothSocket> {
    private static final String TAG = ConnectBlueTask.class.getName();
    private BluetoothDevice bluetoothDevice;
    private ConnectBlueCallBack callBack;
 
    public ConnectBlueTask(ConnectBlueCallBack callBack){
        this.callBack = callBack;
    }
 
    @Override
    protected BluetoothSocket doInBackground(BluetoothDevice... bluetoothDevices) {
        bluetoothDevice = bluetoothDevices[0];
        BluetoothSocket socket = null;
        try{
            Log.d(TAG,"开始连接socket,uuid:" + ClassicsBluetooth.UUID);
            socket = bluetoothDevice.createRfcommSocketToServiceRecord(UUID.fromString(ClassicsBluetooth.UUID));
            if (socket != null && !socket.isConnected()){
                socket.connect();
            }
            mOutputStream = socket.getOutputStream();
            mInputStream = socket.getInputStream();
        }catch (IOException e){
            Log.e(TAG,"socket连接失败");
            try {
                socket.close();
            } catch (IOException e1) {
                e1.printStackTrace();
                Log.e(TAG,"socket关闭失败");
            }
        }
        return socket;
    }
 
    @Override
    protected void onPreExecute() {
        Log.d(TAG,"开始连接");
        if (callBack != null) callBack.onStartConnect();
    }
 
    @Override
    protected void onPostExecute(BluetoothSocket bluetoothSocket) {
        if (bluetoothSocket != null && bluetoothSocket.isConnected()){
            Log.d(TAG,"连接成功");
            if (callBack != null) callBack.onConnectSuccess(bluetoothDevice, bluetoothSocket);
        }else {
            Log.d(TAG,"连接失败");
            if (callBack != null) callBack.onConnectFail(bluetoothDevice, "连接失败");
        }
    }
}

2.11 判断蓝牙是否连接

/**
 * 当前设备与指定设备是否连接
 */
public boolean isBlueToothConnected() {
   boolean connected = (bluetoothSocket != null && bluetoothSocket.isConnected());
		if (bluetoothDevice == null)
			return connected;
	return connected && bluetoothSocket.getRemoteDevice().equals(bluetoothDevice);
}

2.12 读取蓝牙消息

 private class ReadThread extends Thread {
 
        @Override
        public void run() {
            super.run();
            while (!isInterrupted()) {
                int size;
                try {
                    byte[] buffer = new byte[512];
                    if (mInputStream == null) return;
                    size = mInputStream.read(buffer);
                    if (size > 0) {
                        String mReception=new String(buffer, 0, size);
                        String msg = mReception.toString().trim();
                        Log.e(TAG, "接收短消息:" + msg);
                    }
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                    return;
                }
            }
        }
    }

 2.13 发送蓝牙指令

 private class WriteRunnable implements Runnable {
        @Override
        public void run() {
            try {
                String cmd="KZMT;";
                Log.e(TAG, "发送短消息:" + cmd);
                mOutputStream.write(cmd.getBytes());
                mOutputStream.flush();
            } catch (IOException e) {
 
            }
        }
    }

2.14 断开连接

/**
 * 关闭蓝牙Socket连接
 */
public void closeBluetoothStream() {
	try {    
		if (mOutputStream != null) {
			mOutputStream.close();
			mOutputStream = null;
		}
		if (mInputStream != null) {
			mInputStream.close();
			mInputStream = null;
		}
		if (bluetoothSocket != null) {
			if (bluetoothSocket.isConnected()) {
				bluetoothSocket.close();
			}
			bluetoothSocket = null;
		}
	} catch (Exception e) {
		e.printStackTrace();
	}
}

三,低功耗蓝牙

3.1 低功耗蓝牙扫描之前的步骤都一样,开启,请求权限等,从扫描开始有变化,所以扫描之前步骤可以参考经典蓝牙,下面是扫描的操作:

    private BluetoothAdapter mBluetoothAdapter;
    private boolean isScanning;//是否正在搜索
    private Handler mHandler;
    //15秒搜索时间
    private static final long SCAN_PERIOD = 15000;
 
    private void scanLeDevice(final boolean enable) {
        if (enable) {//true
            //15秒后停止搜索
            mHandler.postDelayed(new Runnable() {
                @Override
                public void run() {
                    isScanning = false;
                    mBluetoothAdapter.stopLeScan(mLeScanCallback);
                }
            }, SCAN_PERIOD);
            isScanning = true;
            mBluetoothAdapter.startLeScan(mLeScanCallback); //开始搜索
        } else {//false
            isScanning = false;
            mBluetoothAdapter.stopLeScan(mLeScanCallback);//停止搜索
        }
    } 

    private BluetoothAdapter.LeScanCallback mLeScanCallback = new BluetoothAdapter.LeScanCallback() {
        @Override
        public void onLeScan(final BluetoothDevice device, int rssi, byte[] scanRecord) {
            //这里是个子线程,下面把它转换成主线程处理
            runOnUiThread(new Runnable() {
                @Override
                public void run() {
                    //在这里可以把搜索到的设备保存起来
                    //device.getName();获取蓝牙设备名字
                    //device.getAddress();获取蓝牙设备mac地址
                    //这里的rssi即信号强度,即手机与设备之间的信号强度。
                }
            });
        }
 
    };

3.2 停止扫描

mBluetoothAdapter.stopLeScan(mLeScanCallback);//停止搜索

3.3 连接蓝牙

//这个方法需要三个参数:一个Context对象,自动连接(boolean值,表示只要BLE设备可用是否自动连接它),和BluetoothGattCallback调用。
BluetoothGatt mBluetoothGatt = device.connectGatt(this, false, mBluetoothGattCallback);

BluetoothGattCallback mBluetoothGattCallback = new BluetoothGattCallback() {
        @Override
        public void onPhyUpdate(BluetoothGatt gatt, int txPhy, int rxPhy, int status) {
            super.onPhyUpdate(gatt, txPhy, rxPhy, status);
        }
 
        @Override
        public void onPhyRead(BluetoothGatt gatt, int txPhy, int rxPhy, int status) {
            super.onPhyRead(gatt, txPhy, rxPhy, status);
        }
 
        //当连接状态发生改变
        @Override
        public void onConnectionStateChange(BluetoothGatt gatt, int status, int newState) {
            super.onConnectionStateChange(gatt, status, newState);
        }
 
        //发现新服务,即调用了mBluetoothGatt.discoverServices()后,返回的数据
        @Override
        public void onServicesDiscovered(BluetoothGatt gatt, int status) {
            super.onServicesDiscovered(gatt, status);
        }
 
        //调用mBluetoothGatt.readCharacteristic(characteristic)读取数据回调,在这里面接收数据
        @Override
        public void onCharacteristicRead(BluetoothGatt gatt, BluetoothGattCharacteristic characteristic, int status) {
            super.onCharacteristicRead(gatt, characteristic, status);
        }
 
        //发送数据后的回调
        @Override
        public void onCharacteristicWrite(BluetoothGatt gatt, BluetoothGattCharacteristic characteristic, int status) {
            super.onCharacteristicWrite(gatt, characteristic, status);
        }
 
        @Override
        public void onCharacteristicChanged(BluetoothGatt gatt, BluetoothGattCharacteristic characteristic) {
            super.onCharacteristicChanged(gatt, characteristic);
        }
 
        @Override
        public void onDescriptorRead(BluetoothGatt gatt, BluetoothGattDescriptor descriptor, int status) {//descriptor读
            super.onDescriptorRead(gatt, descriptor, status);
        }
 
        @Override
        public void onDescriptorWrite(BluetoothGatt gatt, BluetoothGattDescriptor descriptor, int status) {//descriptor写
            super.onDescriptorWrite(gatt, descriptor, status);
        }
 
        @Override
        public void onReliableWriteCompleted(BluetoothGatt gatt, int status) {
            super.onReliableWriteCompleted(gatt, status);
        }
 
        //调用mBluetoothGatt.readRemoteRssi()时的回调,rssi即信号强度
        @Override
        public void onReadRemoteRssi(BluetoothGatt gatt, int rssi, int status) {//读Rssi
            super.onReadRemoteRssi(gatt, rssi, status);
        }
 
        @Override
        public void onMtuChanged(BluetoothGatt gatt, int mtu, int status) {
            super.onMtuChanged(gatt, mtu, status);
        }
    };

3.4 断开连接

mBluetoothGatt.disconnect(); //主动断开连接

3.5 写入数据,通过mBluetoothGatt.writeCharacteristic(characteristic)

写入的数据长度是有限制的,如果要改变这个限制,可以通过MTU来改变

/**
 * 向蓝牙发送数据
 */
public void dataSend(){
    //byte[] send={(byte) 0xaa,0x01,0x01,(byte)0x81,(byte) 0xff};
    byte[] send = new byte[20];
    send = hexStringToBytes(et_send.getText().toString());
    byte[] sendData=new byte[send.length+2];
    sendData[0]=(byte) 0xaa;
    sendData[sendData.length-1]=(byte) 0xff;
    for(int i=1;i<sendData.length-1;i++){
        sendData[i]=send[i-1];
    }
    mCharacteristic.setValue(sendData);
    boolean status = mBluetoothGatt.writeCharacteristic(mCharacteristic);
}

3.6 读取数据,通过mBluetoothGatt.readCharacteristic(characteristic),在BluetoothGattCallback 回调方法onCharacteristicRead中获取到数据。

//读取数据时调用这个方法,数据会在回调接口中(BluetoothGattCallback )获取到
mBluetoothGatt.readCharacteristic(characteristic)
 
 
BluetoothGattCallback mBluetoothGattCallback = new BluetoothGattCallback() {     
 
        //调用mBluetoothGatt.readCharacteristic(characteristic)读取数据回调,在这里面接收数据
        @Override
        public void onCharacteristicRead(BluetoothGatt gatt, BluetoothGattCharacteristic characteristic, int status) {
            super.onCharacteristicRead(gatt, characteristic, status);
            //这里面就是数据
            characteristic.getValue();
        }
}

3.7 总结

第一步:我们要判断手机是否支持BLE,并且获得各种权限,才能让我们之后的程序能正常运行。 
然后,我们去搜索BLE设备,得到它的MAC地址。 
第二步:我们通过这个MAC地址去连接,连接成功后,去遍历得到Characteristic的uuid。 
在我们需要发送数据的时候,通过这个uuid找到Characteristic,去设置其值,最后通过writeCharacteristic(characteristic)方法发送数据。 
如果我们想知道手机与BLE设备的距离,则可以通过readRemoteRssi()去得到rssi值,通过这个信号强度,就可以换算得到距离。 
第三步:连接上后,我们就可以用BluetoothGatt的各种方法进行数据的读取等操作

3.8 相关api

1、BluetoothManager

通过BluetoothManager来获取BluetoothAdapter。 

2、BluetoothAdapter

代表了移动设备的本地的蓝牙适配器, 通过该蓝牙适配器可以对蓝牙进行基本操作,一个Android系统只有一个BluetoothAdapter,通过BluetoothManager获取。 

3、BluetoothDevice

扫描后发现可连接的设备,获取已经连接的设备,通过它可以获取到BluetoothGatt。

4、BluetoothGatt

继承BluetoothProfile,通过BluetoothGatt可以连接设备(connect),发现服务(discoverServices),并把相应地属性返回到BluetoothGattCallback,可以看成蓝牙设备从连接到断开的生命周期。

5、BluetoothGattService

服务,Characteristic的集合。

6、BluetoothGattCharacteristic

相当于一个数据类型,可以看成一个特征或能力,它包括一个value和0~n个value的描述(BluetoothGattDescriptor)。

7、BluetoothGattDescriptor

描述符,对Characteristic的描述,包括范围、计量单位等。

8、BluetoothProfile

一个通用的规范,按照这个规范来收发数据。 

9、BluetoothGattCallback

已经连接上设备,对设备的某些操作后返回的结果。

10、总结:当我们扫描后发现多个设备BluetoothDevice,每个设备下会有很多服务BluetoothGattService,这些服务通过service_uuid(唯一标识符)来区分,每个服务下又会有很多特征BluetoothGattCharacteristic,这些特征通过uuid来区分的,它是手机与BLE终端设备交换数据的关键。而BluetoothGatt可以看成手机与BLE终端设备建立通信的一个管道,只有有了这个管道,才有了通信的前提

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转载自blog.csdn.net/qq_29848853/article/details/130258380