这一节我们会详细街上slim库下面的一些函数的使用。
一 简介
slim被放在tensorflow.contrib这个库下面，导入的方法如下：
import tensorflow.contrib.slim as slim
这样我们就可以使用slim了，既然说到了，先来了解tensorflow.contrib这个库，tensorflow官方对它的描述是：此目录中的任何代码未经官方支持，可能会随时更改或删除。每个目录下都有指定的所有者。它旨在包含额外功能和贡献，最终会合并到核心TensorFlow中，但其接口可能仍然会发生变化，或者需要进行一些测试，看是否可以获得更广泛的接受。所以slim依然不属于原生tensorflow。
那么什么是slim？slim到底有什么用？
上一节已经讲到slim是一个使构建，训练，评估神经网络变得简单的库。它可以消除原生tensorflow里面很多重复的模板性的代码，让代码更紧凑，更具备可读性。另外slim提供了很多计算机视觉方面的著名模型（VGG, AlexNet等），我们不仅可以直接使用，甚至能以各种方式进行扩展。
slim的子模块及功能介绍：
- arg_scope: provides a new scope named arg_scope that allows a user to define default arguments for specific operations within that scope.
除了基本的name_scope，variabel_scope外，又加了arg_scope，它是用来控制每一层的默认超参数的。（后面会详细说）
- data: contains TF-slim's dataset definition, data providers, parallel_reader, and decoding utilities.
貌似slim里面还有一套自己的数据定义，这个跳过，我们用的不多。
- evaluation: contains routines for evaluating models.
评估模型的一些方法，用的也不多。
- layers: contains high level layers for building models using tensorflow.
这个比较重要，slim的核心和精髓，一些复杂层的定义。
- learning: contains routines for training models.
一些训练规则。
- losses: contains commonly used loss functions.
一些loss。
- metrics: contains popular evaluation metrics.
评估模型的度量标准。
- nets: contains popular network definitions such as VGG and AlexNet models.
包含一些经典网络，VGG等，用的也比较多。
- queues: provides a context manager for easily and safely starting and closing QueueRunners.
文本队列管理，比较有用。
- regularizers: contains weight regularizers.
包含一些正则规则。
- variables: provides convenience wrappers for variable creation and manipulation.
这个比较有用，我很喜欢slim管理变量的机制。
二.slim定义模型
在slim中，组合使用variables, layers和scopes可以简洁的定义模型。
1.variable
定义于模型变量。生成一个weight变量, 用truncated normal初始化它, 并使用l2正则化，并将其放置于CPU上, 只需下面的代码即可：
#定义模型变量
weights = slim.model_variable('weights', shape=[10, 10, 3 , 3],
initializer=tf.truncated_normal_initializer(stddev=0.1),
regularizer=slim.l2_regularizer(0.05),
device='/CPU:0')
model_variables = slim.get_model_variables()
原生tensorflow包含两类变量：普通变量和局部变量。大部分变量都是普通变量，它们一旦生成就可以通过使用saver存入硬盘，局部变量只在session中存在，不会保存。
- slim进一步的区分了变量类型，定义了model_variables(模型变量)，这种变量代表了模型的参数。模型变量通过训练或者微调而得到学习，或者在评测或前向传播中可以从ckpt文件中载入。
- 非模型参数在实际前向传播中不需要的参数，比如global_step。同样的，移动平均反应了模型参数，但它本身不是模型参数。如下：
#常规变量
my_var = slim.variable('my_var',shape=[20, 1],
initializer=tf.zeros_initializer())
#get_variables()得到模型参数和常规参数
regular_variables_and_model_variables = slim.get_variables()
当我们通过slim的layers或着直接使用slim.model_variable创建变量时，tf会将此变量加入tf.GraphKeys.MODEL_VARIABLES这个集合中,当你需要构建自己的变量时，可以通过以下代码
将其加入模型参数。
#Letting TF-Slim know about the additional variable.
slim.add_model_variable(my_var)
2.layers
抽象并封装了常用的层，并且提供了repeat和stack操作，使得定义网络更加方便。
首先让我们看看tensorflow怎么实现一个层，例如卷积层：
#在tensorflow下实现一个层
input_x = tf.placeholder(dtype=tf.float32,shape=[None,224,224,3])
with tf.name_scope('conv1_1') as scope:
weight = tf.Variable(tf.truncated_normal([3, 3, 3, 64],
dtype=tf.float32,
stddev=1e-1),
name='weights')
conv = tf.nn.conv2d(input_x, weight, [1, 1, 1, 1], padding='SAME')
bias = tf.Variable(tf.constant(0.0, shape=[64], dtype=tf.float32),
trainable=True, name='biases')
conv1 = tf.nn.relu(tf.nn.bias_add(conv, bias), name=scope)
然后slim的实现：
#在slim实现一层
net = slim.conv2d(input_x, 64, [3, 3], scope='conv1_1')
但这个不是重要的，因为tenorflow目前也有大部分层的简单实现，这里比较吸引人的是slim中的repeat和stack操作：
假设定义三个相同的卷积层：
net = ...
net = slim.conv2d(net, 256, [3, 3], scope='conv2_1')
net = slim.conv2d(net, 256, [3, 3], scope='conv2_2')
net = slim.conv2d(net, 256, [3, 3], scope='conv2_3')
net = slim.max_pool2d(net, [2, 2], scope='pool2')
在slim中的repeat操作可以减少代码量：
net = slim.repeat(net, 3, slim.conv2d, 256, [3, 3], scope='conv2')
net = slim.max_pool2d(net, [2, 2], scope='pool2')
repeat不仅只实现了相同操作相同参数的重复，它还将scope进行了展开，例子中的scope被展开为 'conv2/conv2_1', 'conv2/conv2_2' and 'conv2/conv2_3'。
而stack是处理卷积核或者输出不一样的情况,假设定义三层FC：
#stack的使用 stack是处理卷积核或者输出不一样的情况,
x = tf.placeholder(dtype=tf.float32,shape=[None,784])
x = slim.fully_connected(x, 32, scope='fc/fc_1')
x = slim.fully_connected(x, 64, scope='fc/fc_2')
x = slim.fully_connected(x, 128, scope='fc/fc_3')
#使用stack操作：
x = slim.stack(x, slim.fully_connected, [32, 64, 128], scope='fc')
同理卷积层也一样：
# 普通方法:
net = slim.conv2d(input_x, 32, [3, 3], scope='core/core_1')
net = slim.conv2d(net, 32, [1, 1], scope='core/core_2')
net = slim.conv2d(net, 64, [3, 3], scope='core/core_3')
net = slim.conv2d(net, 64, [1, 1], scope='core/core_4')
# 简便方法:
net = slim.stack(input_x, slim.conv2d, [(32, [3, 3]), (32, [1, 1]), (64, [3, 3]), (64, [1, 1])], scope='core')
3.scope
除了tensorflow中的name_scope和variable_scope, tf.slim新增了arg_scope操作，这一操作符可以让定义在这一scope中的操作共享参数，即如不指定参数的话，则使用默认参数。且参数可以被局部覆盖。
如果你的网络有大量相同的参数，如下：
net = slim.conv2d(input_x, 64, [11, 11], 4, padding='SAME',
weights_initializer=tf.truncated_normal_initializer(stddev=0.01),
weights_regularizer=slim.l2_regularizer(0.0005), scope='conv1')
net = slim.conv2d(net, 128, [11, 11], padding='VALID',
weights_initializer=tf.truncated_normal_initializer(stddev=0.01),
weights_regularizer=slim.l2_regularizer(0.0005), scope='conv2')
net = slim.conv2d(net, 256, [11, 11], padding='SAME',
weights_initializer=tf.truncated_normal_initializer(stddev=0.01),
weights_regularizer=slim.l2_regularizer(0.0005), scope='conv3')
然后我们用arg_scope处理一下：
#使用arg_scope
with slim.arg_scope([slim.conv2d], padding='SAME',
weights_initializer=tf.truncated_normal_initializer(stddev=0.01),
weights_regularizer=slim.l2_regularizer(0.0005)):
net = slim.conv2d(input_x, 64, [11, 11], scope='conv1')
net = slim.conv2d(net, 128, [11, 11], padding='VALID', scope='conv2')
net = slim.conv2d(net, 256, [11, 11], scope='conv3')
如上倒数第二行代码，对padding进行了重新赋值。那如果除了卷积层还有其他层呢？那就要如下定义：
with slim.arg_scope([slim.conv2d, slim.fully_connected],
activation_fn=tf.nn.relu,
weights_initializer=tf.truncated_normal_initializer(stddev=0.01),
weights_regularizer=slim.l2_regularizer(0.0005)):
with slim.arg_scope([slim.conv2d], stride=1, padding='SAME'):
net = slim.conv2d(input_x, 64, [11, 11], 4, padding='VALID', scope='conv1')
net = slim.conv2d(net, 256, [5, 5],
weights_initializer=tf.truncated_normal_initializer(stddev=0.03),
scope='conv2')
net = slim.fully_connected(net, 1000, activation_fn=None, scope='fc')
写两个arg_scope就行了。采用如上方法，定义一个VGG也就十几行代码的事了。
#定义一个vgg16网络
def vgg16(inputs):
with slim.arg_scope([slim.conv2d, slim.fully_connected],
activation_fn=tf.nn.relu,
weights_initializer=tf.truncated_normal_initializer(0.0, 0.01),
weights_regularizer=slim.l2_regularizer(0.0005)):
net = slim.repeat(inputs, 2, slim.conv2d, 64, [3, 3], scope='conv1')
net = slim.max_pool2d(net, [2, 2], scope='pool1')
net = slim.repeat(net, 2, slim.conv2d, 128, [3, 3], scope='conv2')
net = slim.max_pool2d(net, [2, 2], scope='pool2')
net = slim.repeat(net, 3, slim.conv2d, 256, [3, 3], scope='conv3')
net = slim.max_pool2d(net, [2, 2], scope='pool3')
net = slim.repeat(net, 3, slim.conv2d, 512, [3, 3], scope='conv4')
net = slim.max_pool2d(net, [2, 2], scope='pool4')
net = slim.repeat(net, 3, slim.conv2d, 512, [3, 3], scope='conv5')
net = slim.max_pool2d(net, [2, 2], scope='pool5')
net = slim.fully_connected(net, 4096, scope='fc6')
net = slim.dropout(net, 0.5, scope='dropout6')
net = slim.fully_connected(net, 4096, scope='fc7')
net = slim.dropout(net, 0.5, scope='dropout7')
net = slim.fully_connected(net, 1000, activation_fn=None, scope='fc8')
return net
三.训练模型
这里直接选用经典网络。
import tensorflow as tf
vgg = tf.contrib.slim.nets.vgg
# Load the images and labels.
images, labels = ...
# Create the model.
predictions, _ = vgg.vgg_16(images)
# Define the loss functions and get the total loss.
loss = slim.losses.softmax_cross_entropy(predictions, labels)
关于loss,要说一下定义自己的loss的方法，以及注意不要忘记加入到slim中让slim看到你的loss。
还有正则项也是需要手动添加进loss当中的，不然最后计算的时候就不优化正则目标了。
# Load the images and labels.
images, scene_labels, depth_labels, pose_labels = ...
# Create the model.
scene_predictions, depth_predictions, pose_predictions = CreateMultiTaskModel(images)
# Define the loss functions and get the total loss.
classification_loss = slim.losses.softmax_cross_entropy(scene_predictions, scene_labels)
sum_of_squares_loss = slim.losses.sum_of_squares(depth_predictions, depth_labels)
pose_loss = MyCustomLossFunction(pose_predictions, pose_labels)
slim.losses.add_loss(pose_loss) # Letting TF-Slim know about the additional loss.
# The following two ways to compute the total loss are equivalent:
regularization_loss = tf.add_n(slim.losses.get_regularization_losses())
total_loss1 = classification_loss + sum_of_squares_loss + pose_loss + regularization_loss
# (Regularization Loss is included in the total loss by default).
total_loss2 = slim.losses.get_total_loss()
slim在learning.py中提供了一个简单而有用的训练模型的工具。我们只需调用slim.learning.create_train_op 和slim.learning.train就可以完成优化过程。
slim.learning.train函数被用来训练神经网络，函数定义如下：
def slim.learning.train(train_op, logdir, train_step_fn=train_step, train_step_kwargs=_USE_DEFAULT, log_every_n_steps=1, graph=None, master='', is_chief=True, global_step=None, number_of_steps=None, init_op=_USE_DEFAULT, init_feed_dict=None, local_init_op=_USE_DEFAULT, init_fn=None, ready_op=_USE_DEFAULT, summary_op=_USE_DEFAULT, save_summaries_secs=600, summary_writer=_USE_DEFAULT, startup_delay_steps=0, saver=None, save_interval_secs=600, sync_optimizer=None, session_config=None, trace_every_n_steps=None):
其中部分参数的说明如下：
- train_op: A `Tensor` that, when executed, will apply the gradients and return the loss value.
- logdir: The directory where training logs are written to. If None, model checkpoints and summaries will not be written.检查点文件和日志文件的保存路径。
- number_of_steps: The max number of gradient steps to take during training,as measured by 'global_step': training will stop if global_step is greater than 'number_of_steps'. If the value is left as None, training proceeds indefinitely.默认是一致循环训练。
- save_summaries_secs: How often, in seconds, to save summaries.
- summary_writer: `SummaryWriter` to use. Can be `None` to indicate that no summaries should be written. If unset, we create a SummaryWriter.
- startup_delay_steps: The number of steps to wait for before beginning. Note that this must be 0 if a sync_optimizer is supplied.
- saver: Saver to save checkpoints. If None, a default one will be created and used.
- save_interval_secs: How often, in seconds, to save the model to `logdir`.
g = tf.Graph()
# Create the model and specify the losses...
...
total_loss = slim.losses.get_total_loss()
optimizer = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(learning_rate).minimum(total_loss)
# create_train_op ensures that each time we ask for the loss, the update_ops
# are run and the gradients being computed are applied too.
train_op = slim.learning.create_train_op(total_loss, optimizer)
logdir = ... # Where checkpoints are stored.
slim.learning.train(
train_op,
logdir,
number_of_steps=1000, #迭代次数
save_summaries_secs=300, #存summary间隔秒数
save_interval_secs=600) #存模型间隔秒数
四.读取保存模型变量
在迁移学习中，我们经常会用到别人已经训练好的网络和模型参数，这时候我们可能需要从检查点文件中加载部分变量，下面我就会讲解如何加载指定变量。以及当前图的变量名和检查点文件中变量名不一致时怎么办。
1. 从检查恢复部分变量
通过以下功能我们可以载入模型的部分变量：
# Create some variables. v1 = tf.Variable(..., name="v1") v2 = tf.Variable(..., name="v2") ... # Add ops to restore all the variables. restorer = tf.train.Saver() # Add ops to restore some variables. restorer = tf.train.Saver([v1, v2]) # Later, launch the model, use the saver to restore variables from disk, and # do some work with the model. with tf.Session() as sess: # Restore variables from disk. restorer.restore(sess, "/tmp/model.ckpt") print("Model restored.") # Do some work with the model ...
通过这种方式我们可以加载不同变量名的变量！
2 从从检查点恢复部分变量还可以采用其他方法
# Create some variables. v1 = slim.variable(name="v1", ...) v2 = slim.variable(name="nested/v2", ...) ... # Get list of variables to restore (which contains only 'v2'). These are all # equivalent methods: #从检查点文件中恢复name='v2'的变量 variables_to_restore = slim.get_variables_by_name("v2") # or 从检查点文件中恢复name带有2的所有变量 variables_to_restore = slim.get_variables_by_suffix("2") # or 从检查点文件中恢复命名空间scope='nested'的所有变量 variables_to_restore = slim.get_variables(scope="nested") # or 恢复包含命名空间为nested的所有变量 variables_to_restore = slim.get_variables_to_restore(include=["nested"]) # or 除了命名空间为'v1'之外的所有变量 variables_to_restore = slim.get_variables_to_restore(exclude=["v1"]) # Create the saver which will be used to restore the variables. restorer = tf.train.Saver(variables_to_restore) with tf.Session() as sess: # Restore variables from disk. restorer.restore(sess, "/tmp/model.ckpt") print("Model restored.") # Do some work with the model ...
3.当图的变量名与checkpoint中的变量名不同时，恢复模型参数
当从checkpoint文件中恢复变量时，Saver在checkpoint文件中定位到变量名，并且把它们映射到当前图中的变量中。之前的例子中，我们创建了Saver，并为其提供了变量列表作为参数。这时，在checkpoint文件中定位的变量名，是隐含地从每个作为参数给出的变量的var.op.name而获得的。这一方式在图与checkpoint文件中变量名字相同时，可以很好的工作。而当名字不同时，必须给Saver提供一个将checkpoint文件中的变量名映射到图中的每个变量的字典。
假设我们定义的网络变量是conv1/weights，而从VGG检查点文件加载的变量名为vgg16/conv1/weights，正常load肯定会报错（找不到变量名），但是可以这样：例子见下：
# Assuming that 'conv1/weights' should be restored from 'vgg16/conv1/weights' def name_in_checkpoint(var): return 'vgg16/' + var.op.name # Assuming that 'conv1/weights' and 'conv1/bias' should be restored from 'conv1/params1' and 'conv1/params2' def name_in_checkpoint(var): if "weights" in var.op.name: return var.op.name.replace("weights", "params1") if "bias" in var.op.name: return var.op.name.replace("bias", "params2") variables_to_restore = slim.get_model_variables() variables_to_restore = {name_in_checkpoint(var):var for var in variables_to_restore} restorer = tf.train.Saver(variables_to_restore) with tf.Session() as sess: # Restore variables from disk. restorer.restore(sess, "/tmp/model.ckpt")
4.在一个不同的任务上对网络进行微调
比如我们要将1000类的imagenet分类任务应用于20类的Pascal VOC分类任务中，我们只导入部分层，见下例：
image, label = MyPascalVocDataLoader(...) images, labels = tf.train.batch([image, label], batch_size=32) # Create the model,20类 predictions = vgg.vgg_16(images,num_classes=20) train_op = slim.learning.create_train_op(...) # Specify where the Model, trained on ImageNet, was saved. model_path = '/path/to/pre_trained_on_imagenet.checkpoint' # Specify where the new model will live: log_dir = '/path/to/my_pascal_model_dir/' # Restore only the convolutional layers: 从检查点载入除了fc6,fc7,fc8层之外的参数 variables_to_restore = slim.get_variables_to_restore(exclude=['fc6', 'fc7', 'fc8']) init_fn = assign_from_checkpoint_fn(model_path, variables_to_restore) # Start training. slim.learning.train(train_op, log_dir, init_fn=init_fn)