我的ubuntu系统有5个扇区，划分如下
名称 用于 大小 挂载点 分区类型 说明
EFI分区 efi 512M 主分区 第一个设置项
/boot ext4 512M /boot 逻辑分区
交换区 交换区间 4G（电脑内存够大的化不用划分） 逻辑分区
/ ext4 40G / 主分区 系统安装的地方，相当与win10的c盘
/home ext4 剩余空间 /home 逻辑分区 相当与win10的d盘
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原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_38153833/article/details/123054055
备份系统需要进入U盘启动盘去操作，需要备份除了swap扇区以外的4个扇区。本文按照mksquashfs 命令备份。下面是备份系统整个过程的命令，需要的人可以参考。
ubuntu@ubuntu:~$
sudo su
root@ubuntu:/home/ubuntu#
cd /
# 查看当前挂载点
root@ubuntu:/#
df -kh
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
tmpfs 3.2G 19M 3.1G 1% /run
/dev/sdc1 3.6G 3.6G 0 100% /cdrom
/cow 16G 75M 16G 1% /
/dev/disk/by-label/writable 12G 13M 11G 1% /var/log
tmpfs 16G 0 16G 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 5.0M 8.0K 5.0M 1% /run/lock
tmpfs 16G 0 16G 0% /tmp
tmpfs 3.2G 144K 3.2G 1% /run/user/999
root@ubuntu:/#
mkdir /mnt/efi /mnt/boot /mnt/root /mnt/home
root@ubuntu:/#
fdisk -l
# 列举所有磁盘
Disk /dev/nvme0n1: 953.87 GiB, 1024209543168 bytes, 2000409264 sectors
Disk model: SAMSUNG MZVL21T0HCLR-00BL2
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: gpt
Disk identifier: E362169A-5959-41F8-B89B
Device Start End Sectors Size Type
/dev/nvme0n1p1 2048 616447 614400 300M EFI System
/dev/nvme0n1p2 616448 878591 262144 128M Microsoft reserved
/dev/nvme0n1p3 878592 336483630 335605039 160G Microsoft basic data
/dev/nvme0n1p4 336485176 337681207 1196032 584M Windows recovery environment
/dev/nvme0n1p5 337681208 784056319 446375112 212.8G Microsoft basic data
/dev/nvme0n1p6 784056320 951830527 167774208 80G Microsoft basic data
/dev/nvme0n1p7 951830528 2000409230 1048578703 500G Microsoft basic data
Disk /dev/sda: 465.76 GiB, 500107862016 bytes, 976773168 sectors
Disk model: PSSD T7
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 33553920 bytes
Disklabel type: gpt
Disk identifier: 477CF23C-DABB-464C-8503-0A20B221F810
# 这个是要被备份的Ubuntu系统所在的磁盘
Device Start End Sectors Size Type
/dev/sda1 2048 1050623 1048576 512M EFI System
/dev/sda2 1050624 2099199 1048576 512M Linux filesystem
/dev/sda3 2099200 10487807 8388608 4G Linux swap
/dev/sda4 10487808 94373887 83886080 40G Linux filesystem
/dev/sda5 94373888 157288447 62914560 30G Linux filesystem
/dev/sda6 157288448 576718847 419430400 200G Microsoft basic data
/dev/sda7 576718848 976773119 400054272 190.8G Microsoft basic data
Disk /dev/sdb: 698.64 GiB, 750156374016 bytes, 1465149168 sectors
Disk model:
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x1463c369
# 这个是打算备份到的区域
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sdb1 2048 1347962879 1347960832 642.8G 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sdb2 1347962880 1465147391 117184512 55.9G 83 Linux
Disk /dev/sdc: 14.84 GiB, 15938355200 bytes, 31129600 sectors
Disk model: Flash Disk
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: gpt
Disk identifier: 9240A165-D190-4AB6-8A10-46DC207B42EE
Device Start End Sectors Size Type
/dev/sdc1 64 7465119 7465056 3.6G Microsoft basic data
/dev/sdc2 7465120 7473615 8496 4.1M EFI System
/dev/sdc3 7473616 7474215 600 300K Microsoft basic data
/dev/sdc4 7475200 31129536 23654337 11.3G Linux filesystem
# 挂载除了swap以外所有的ubuntu系统的盘
root@ubuntu:/#
mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/efi
root@ubuntu:/#
mount /dev/sda2 /mnt/boot
root@ubuntu:/#
mount /dev/sda4 /mnt/root
root@ubuntu:/#
mount /dev/sda5 /mnt/home
# 挂载备份的U盘
root@ubuntu:/#
mkdir backup
root@ubuntu:/#
mount /dev/sdb2 /backup
root@ubuntu:/#
cd backup
# 以前有备份过，还是发现sfs更好用一些
root@ubuntu:/backup#
ls
backupcommand.txt fstab lost+found
bk_boot_2.sfs home_msy_Documents ubuntu2204_@22-09-24:09:03.tar.gz
bk_home_5.sfs home_msy_Downloads ubuntu2204_boot@22-09-24:09:33.tar.gz
bk_mnt_4.sfs home_msy_Pictures ubuntu2204_home@22-09-24:09:24.tar.gz
bookmarks-2022-09-23.json log.txt
# 正式开始制作备份，顺序随意都可
root@ubuntu:/backup#
mksquashfs /mnt/root /backup/bk_09251950_root.sfs
Parallel mksquashfs: Using 16 processors
Creating 4.0 filesystem on /backup/bk_09251950_root.sfs, block size 131072.
[========================================================================/ ] 326433/333375 97%
Unrecognised xattr prefix system.posix_acl_access
[========================================================================- ] 327612/333375 98%
Unrecognised xattr prefix system.posix_acl_access
Unrecognised xattr prefix system.posix_acl_access
[========================================================================\ ] 327838/333375 98%
Unrecognised xattr prefix system.posix_acl_access
[=========================================================================| ] 330313/333375 99%
Unrecognised xattr prefix system.posix_acl_access
[=========================================================================/ ] 330718/333375 99%
Unrecognised xattr prefix system.posix_acl_access
[=========================================================================- ] 332691/333375 99%
Unrecognised xattr prefix system.posix_acl_access
Unrecognised xattr prefix system.posix_acl_access
Unrecognised xattr prefix system.posix_acl_default
Unrecognised xattr prefix system.posix_acl_access
Unrecognised xattr prefix system.posix_acl_default
[==========================================================================|] 333375/333375 100%
Exportable Squashfs 4.0 filesystem, gzip compressed, data block size 131072
compressed data, compressed metadata, compressed fragments,
compressed xattrs, compressed ids
duplicates are removed
Filesystem size 8135844.52 Kbytes (7945.16 Mbytes)
52.81% of uncompressed filesystem size (15407224.84 Kbytes)
Inode table size 3141744 bytes (3068.11 Kbytes)
26.81% of uncompressed inode table size (11716539 bytes)
Directory table size 3085659 bytes (3013.34 Kbytes)
39.74% of uncompressed directory table size (7764869 bytes)
Xattr table size 396 bytes (0.39 Kbytes)
30.48% of uncompressed xattr table size (1299 bytes)
Number of duplicate files found 50779
Number of inodes 318290
Number of files 249544
Number of fragments 16731
Number of symbolic links 40228
Number of device nodes 7
Number of fifo nodes 0
Number of socket nodes 2
Number of directories 28509
Number of ids (unique uids + gids) 39
Number of uids 19
root (0)
lp (7)
systemd-oom (108)
whoopsie (117)
usbmux (111)
systemd-network (100)
messagebus (102)
unknown (1000)
colord (122)
gdm (127)
rtkit (116)
syslog (104)
man (6)
unknown (62803)
tss (106)
saned (121)
gnome-initial-setup (125)
sssd (118)
pulse (124)
Number of gids 32
root (0)
dip (30)
lp (7)
shadow (42)
render (110)
nogroup (65534)
tcpdump (117)
audio (29)
systemd-network (102)
utmp (43)
unknown (1000)
lpadmin (122)
scanner (127)
messagebus (105)
unknown (139)
uuidd (115)
tty (5)
input (107)
mail (8)
staff (50)
systemd-oom (116)
man (12)
unknown (62803)
systemd-timesync (106)
tss (112)
avahi (121)
sssd (125)
unknown (136)
pulse (131)
pulse-access (132)
adm (4)
systemd-journal (101)
root@ubuntu:/backup#
mksquashfs /mnt/home /backup/bk_09251954_home.sfs
Parallel mksquashfs: Using 16 processors
Creating 4.0 filesystem on /backup/bk_09251954_home.sfs, block size 131072.
[==========================================================================|] 217891/217891 100%
Exportable Squashfs 4.0 filesystem, gzip compressed, data block size 131072
compressed data, compressed metadata, compressed fragments,
compressed xattrs, compressed ids
duplicates are removed
Filesystem size 8383808.83 Kbytes (8187.31 Mbytes)
65.61% of uncompressed filesystem size (12777668.24 Kbytes)
Inode table size 1830146 bytes (1787.25 Kbytes)
26.21% of uncompressed inode table size (6982206 bytes)
Directory table size 2782229 bytes (2717.02 Kbytes)
43.70% of uncompressed directory table size (6366060 bytes)
Xattr table size 107 bytes (0.10 Kbytes)
103.88% of uncompressed xattr table size (103 bytes)
Number of duplicate files found 15127
Number of inodes 161150
Number of files 132526
Number of fragments 12038
Number of symbolic links 3671
Number of device nodes 0
Number of fifo nodes 0
Number of socket nodes 0
Number of directories 24953
Number of ids (unique uids + gids) 2
Number of uids 2
root (0)
unknown (1000)
Number of gids 2
root (0)
unknown (1000)
root@ubuntu:/backup#
mksquashfs /mnt/boot /backup/bk_09251957_boot.sfs
Parallel mksquashfs: Using 16 processors
Creating 4.0 filesystem on /backup/bk_09251957_boot.sfs, block size 131072.
[==============================================================================-] 1578/1578 100%
Exportable Squashfs 4.0 filesystem, gzip compressed, data block size 131072
compressed data, compressed metadata, compressed fragments,
compressed xattrs, compressed ids
duplicates are removed
Filesystem size 149700.70 Kbytes (146.19 Mbytes)
89.45% of uncompressed filesystem size (167355.44 Kbytes)
Inode table size 5528 bytes (5.40 Kbytes)
36.39% of uncompressed inode table size (15190 bytes)
Directory table size 3032 bytes (2.96 Kbytes)
49.56% of uncompressed directory table size (6118 bytes)
Number of duplicate files found 1
Number of inodes 310
Number of files 299
Number of fragments 23
Number of symbolic links 4
Number of device nodes 0
Number of fifo nodes 0
Number of socket nodes 0
Number of directories 7
Number of ids (unique uids + gids) 1
Number of uids 1
root (0)
Number of gids 1
root (0)
root@ubuntu:/backup#
mksquashfs /mnt/efi /backup/bk_09251958_efi.sfs
Parallel mksquashfs: Using 16 processors
Creating 4.0 filesystem on /backup/bk_09251958_efi.sfs, block size 131072.
[==================================================================================|] 57/57 100%
Exportable Squashfs 4.0 filesystem, gzip compressed, data block size 131072
compressed data, compressed metadata, compressed fragments,
compressed xattrs, compressed ids
duplicates are removed
Filesystem size 1359.45 Kbytes (1.33 Mbytes)
21.72% of uncompressed filesystem size (6259.26 Kbytes)
Inode table size 303 bytes (0.30 Kbytes)
41.97% of uncompressed inode table size (722 bytes)
Directory table size 233 bytes (0.23 Kbytes)
67.73% of uncompressed directory table size (344 bytes)
Number of duplicate files found 3
Number of inodes 16
Number of files 11
Number of fragments 1
Number of symbolic links 0
Number of device nodes 0
Number of fifo nodes 0
Number of socket nodes 0
Number of directories 5
Number of ids (unique uids + gids) 1
Number of uids 1
root (0)
Number of gids 1
root (0)
# 同步一下这4个盘的改动
root@ubuntu:/backup#
sync
root@ubuntu:/backup#
umount /mnt/*
# 至此就完成了备份
# 手动制作一个log备份，把上面的命令行输出复制到U盘里
root@ubuntu:/backup#
mount /dev/sda7 /mnt
root@ubuntu:/backup#
nautilus .
root@ubuntu:/backup#
cp bk0925_log.txt /mnt/bk0925_log.txt