Java使用Lombok详解

Lombok 快速入门

Lombok 简介

Lombok 是一种 Java 实用工具，可用来帮助开发人员消除 Java 的冗长，尤其是对于简单的 Java 对象（POJO）。它通过注释实现这一目的。通过在开发环境中实现 Lombok，开发人员可以节省构建诸如 hashCode() 和 equals() 、getter / setter 这样的方法以及以往用来分类各种 accessor 和 mutator 的大量时间。

Lombok 安装

由于 Lombok 仅在编译阶段生成代码，所以使用 Lombok 注解的源代码，在 IDE 中会被高亮显示错误，针对这个问题可以通过安装 IDE 对应的插件来解决。具体的安装方式可以参考：新版idea可略过

使 IntelliJ IDEA 支持 Lombok 方式如下：

• Intellij 设置支持注解处理
  • 点击 File > Settings > Build > Annotation Processors
  • 勾选 Enable annotation processing
• 安装插件
  • 点击 Settings > Plugins > Browse repositories
  • 查找 Lombok Plugin 并进行安装
  • 重启 IntelliJ IDEA
• 将 lombok 添加到 pom 文件

<dependency>
    <groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId>
    <artifactId>lombok</artifactId>
    <version>1.16.8</version>
</dependency>

Lombok 使用

Lombok 提供注解 API 来修饰指定的类：

@Getter and @Setter

@Getter and @Setter Lombok 代码：

@Getter @Setter private boolean employed = true;
@Setter(AccessLevel.PROTECTED) private String name;

等价于 Java 源码：

private boolean employed = true;
private String name;

public boolean isEmployed() {
    
    
    return employed;
}

public void setEmployed(final boolean employed) {
    
    
    this.employed = employed;
}

protected void setName(final String name) {
    
    
    this.name = name;
}

@NonNull

@NonNull Lombok 代码：

@Getter @Setter @NonNull
private List<Person> members;

等价于 Java 源码：

@NonNull
private List<Person> members;

public Family(@NonNull final List<Person> members) {
    
    
    if (members == null) throw new java.lang.NullPointerException("members");
    this.members = members;
}

@NonNull
public List<Person> getMembers() {
    
    
    return members;
}

public void setMembers(@NonNull final List<Person> members) {
    
    
    if (members == null) throw new java.lang.NullPointerException("members");
    this.members = members;
}

@ToString

@ToString Lombok 代码：

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@ToString(callSuper=true,exclude="someExcludedField")
public class Foo extends Bar {
    
    
    private boolean someBoolean = true;
    private String someStringField;
    private float someExcludedField;
}

等价于 Java 源码：

public class Foo extends Bar {
    
    
    private boolean someBoolean = true;
    private String someStringField;
    private float someExcludedField;

    @java.lang.Override
    public java.lang.String toString() {
    
    
        return "Foo(super=" + super.toString() +
            ", someBoolean=" + someBoolean +
            ", someStringField=" + someStringField + ")";
    }
}

@EqualsAndHashCode

@EqualsAndHashCode Lombok 代码：

@EqualsAndHashCode(callSuper=true,exclude={
    
    "address","city","state","zip"})
public class Person extends SentientBeing {
    
    
    enum Gender {
    
     Male, Female }

    @NonNull private String name;
    @NonNull private Gender gender;

    private String ssn;
    private String address;
    private String city;
    private String state;
    private String zip;
}

等价于 Java 源码：

public class Person extends SentientBeing {
    
    

    enum Gender {
    
    
        /*public static final*/ Male /* = new Gender() */,
        /*public static final*/ Female /* = new Gender() */;
    }
    @NonNull
    private String name;
    @NonNull
    private Gender gender;
    private String ssn;
    private String address;
    private String city;
    private String state;
    private String zip;

    @java.lang.Override
    public boolean equals(final java.lang.Object o) {
    
    
        if (o == this) return true;
        if (o == null) return false;
        if (o.getClass() != this.getClass()) return false;
        if (!super.equals(o)) return false;
        final Person other = (Person)o;
        if (this.name == null ? other.name != null : !this.name.equals(other.name)) return false;
        if (this.gender == null ? other.gender != null : !this.gender.equals(other.gender)) return false;
        if (this.ssn == null ? other.ssn != null : !this.ssn.equals(other.ssn)) return false;
        return true;
    }

    @java.lang.Override
    public int hashCode() {
    
    
        final int PRIME = 31;
        int result = 1;
        result = result * PRIME + super.hashCode();
        result = result * PRIME + (this.name == null ? 0 : this.name.hashCode());
        result = result * PRIME + (this.gender == null ? 0 : this.gender.hashCode());
        result = result * PRIME + (this.ssn == null ? 0 : this.ssn.hashCode());
        return result;
    }
}

@Data

@Data Lombok 代码：

@Data(staticConstructor="of")
public class Company {
    
    
    private final Person founder;
    private String name;
    private List<Person> employees;
}

@Data ：注解在类上；提供类所有属性的 get 和 set 方法，此外还提供了equals、canEqual、hashCode、toString 方法。
等价于 Java 源码：

public class Company {
    
    
    private final Person founder;
    private String name;
    private List<Person> employees;

    private Company(final Person founder) {
    
    
        this.founder = founder;
    }

    public static Company of(final Person founder) {
    
    
        return new Company(founder);
    }

    public Person getFounder() {
    
    
        return founder;
    }

    public String getName() {
    
    
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(final String name) {
    
    
        this.name = name;
    }

    public List<Person> getEmployees() {
    
    
        return employees;
    }

    public void setEmployees(final List<Person> employees) {
    
    
        this.employees = employees;
    }

    @java.lang.Override
    public boolean equals(final java.lang.Object o) {
    
    
        if (o == this) return true;
        if (o == null) return false;
        if (o.getClass() != this.getClass()) return false;
        final Company other = (Company)o;
        if (this.founder == null ? other.founder != null : !this.founder.equals(other.founder)) return false;
        if (this.name == null ? other.name != null : !this.name.equals(other.name)) return false;
        if (this.employees == null ? other.employees != null : !this.employees.equals(other.employees)) return false;
        return true;
    }

    @java.lang.Override
    public int hashCode() {
    
    
        final int PRIME = 31;
        int result = 1;
        result = result * PRIME + (this.founder == null ? 0 : this.founder.hashCode());
        result = result * PRIME + (this.name == null ? 0 : this.name.hashCode());
        result = result * PRIME + (this.employees == null ? 0 : this.employees.hashCode());
        return result;
    }

    @java.lang.Override
    public java.lang.String toString() {
    
    
        return "Company(founder=" + founder + ", name=" + name + ", employees=" + employees + ")";
    }
}

@Cleanup

@Cleanup Lombok 代码：

public void testCleanUp() {
    
    
    try {
    
    
        @Cleanup ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
        baos.write(new byte[] {
    
    'Y','e','s'});
        System.out.println(baos.toString());
    } catch (IOException e) {
    
    
        e.printStackTrace();
    }
}

@Cleanup：作用于变量，自动关闭资源，仅针对实现了 java.io.Closeable 接口的对象有效。
等价于 Java 源码：

public void testCleanUp() {
    
    
    try {
    
    
        ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
        try {
    
    
            baos.write(new byte[]{
    
    'Y', 'e', 's'});
            System.out.println(baos.toString());
        } finally {
    
    
            baos.close();
        }
    } catch (IOException e) {
    
    
        e.printStackTrace();
    }
}

@Synchronized

@Synchronized Lombok 代码：

private DateFormat format = new SimpleDateFormat("MM-dd-YYYY");

@Synchronized
public String synchronizedFormat(Date date) {
    
    
    return format.format(date);
}

@Synchronized：作用于方法，可以替换 synchronized 关键字或 lock 锁。
等价于 Java 源码：

private final java.lang.Object $lock = new java.lang.Object[0];
private DateFormat format = new SimpleDateFormat("MM-dd-YYYY");

public String synchronizedFormat(Date date) {
    
    
    synchronized ($lock) {
    
    
        return format.format(date);
    }
}

@SneakyThrows

@SneakyThrows Lombok 代码：

@SneakyThrows
public void testSneakyThrows() {
    
    
    throw new IllegalAccessException();
}

@SneakyThrows：作用于方法，对异常进行捕捉并抛出。
等价于 Java 源码：

public void testSneakyThrows() {
    
    
    try {
    
    
        throw new IllegalAccessException();
    } catch (java.lang.Throwable $ex) {
    
    
        throw lombok.Lombok.sneakyThrow($ex);
    }
}

Lombok 使用注意点

谨慎使用 @Builder

在类上标注了 @Data 和 @Builder 注解的时候，编译时，lombok 优化后的 Class 中会没有默认的构造方法。在反序列化的时候，没有默认构造方法就可能会报错。

【示例】使用 @Builder 不当导致 json 反序列化失败

@Data
@Builder
public class BuilderDemo01 {
    
    

    private String name;

    public static void main(String[] args) throws JsonProcessingException {
    
    
        BuilderDemo01 demo01 = BuilderDemo01.builder().name("demo01").build();
        ObjectMapper mapper = new ObjectMapper();
        String json = mapper.writeValueAsString(demo01);
        BuilderDemo01 expectDemo01 = mapper.readValue(json, BuilderDemo01.class);
        System.out.println(expectDemo01.toString());
    }

}

运行时会抛出异常：

Exception in thread "main" com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.exc.MismatchedInputException: Cannot construct instance of `io.github.dunwu.javatech.bean.lombok.BuilderDemo01` (although at least one Creator exists): cannot deserialize from Object value (no delegate- or property-based Creator)
 at [Source: (String)"{"name":"demo01"}"; line: 1, column: 2]
	at com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.exc.MismatchedInputException.from(MismatchedInputException.java:63)
	at com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.DeserializationContext.reportInputMismatch(DeserializationContext.java:1432)
	at com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.DeserializationContext.handleMissingInstantiator(DeserializationContext.java:1062)
	at com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.deser.BeanDeserializerBase.deserializeFromObjectUsingNonDefault(BeanDeserializerBase.java:1297)
	at com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.deser.BeanDeserializer.deserializeFromObject(BeanDeserializer.java:326)
	at com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.deser.BeanDeserializer.deserialize(BeanDeserializer.java:159)
	at com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper._readMapAndClose(ObjectMapper.java:4218)
	at com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper.readValue(ObjectMapper.java:3214)
	at com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper.readValue(ObjectMapper.java:3182)
	at io.github.dunwu.javatech.bean.lombok.BuilderDemo01.main(BuilderDemo01.java:22)

【示例】使用 @Builder 正确方法

@Data
@Builder
@NoArgsConstructor
@AllArgsConstructor
public class BuilderDemo02 {
    
    

    private String name;

    public static void main(String[] args) throws JsonProcessingException {
    
    
        BuilderDemo02 demo02 = BuilderDemo02.builder().name("demo01").build();
        ObjectMapper mapper = new ObjectMapper();
        String json = mapper.writeValueAsString(demo02);
        BuilderDemo02 expectDemo02 = mapper.readValue(json, BuilderDemo02.class);
        System.out.println(expectDemo02.toString());
    }

}

@Data 注解和继承

使用 @Data 注解时，则有了 @EqualsAndHashCode 注解，那么就会在此类中存在 equals(Object other) 和 hashCode() 方法，且不会使用父类的属性，这就导致了可能的问题。比如，有多个类有相同的部分属性，把它们定义到父类中，恰好 id（数据库主键）也在父类中，那么就会存在部分对象在比较时，它们并不相等，这是因为：lombok 自动生成的 equals(Object other) 和 hashCode() 方法判定为相等，从而导致和预期不符。

修复此问题的方法很简单：

• 使用 @Data 时，加上 @EqualsAndHashCode(callSuper=true) 注解。
• 使用 @Getter @Setter @ToString 代替 @Data 并且自定义 equals(Object other) 和 hashCode() 方法。

【示例】测试 @Data 和 @EqualsAndHashCode

@Data
@ToString(exclude = "age")
@EqualsAndHashCode(exclude = {
    
     "age", "sex" })
public class Person {
    
    

    protected String name;

    protected Integer age;

    protected String sex;

}

@Data
@EqualsAndHashCode(callSuper = true, exclude = {
    
     "address", "city", "state", "zip" })
public class EqualsAndHashCodeDemo extends Person {
    
    

    @NonNull
    private String name;

    @NonNull
    private Gender gender;

    private String ssn;

    private String address;

    private String city;

    private String state;

    private String zip;

    public EqualsAndHashCodeDemo(@NonNull String name, @NonNull Gender gender) {
    
    
        this.name = name;
        this.gender = gender;
    }

    public EqualsAndHashCodeDemo(@NonNull String name, @NonNull Gender gender,
        String ssn, String address, String city, String state, String zip) {
    
    
        this.name = name;
        this.gender = gender;
        this.ssn = ssn;
        this.address = address;
        this.city = city;
        this.state = state;
        this.zip = zip;
    }

    public enum Gender {
    
    
        Male,
        Female
    }

}

@Test
@DisplayName("测试 @EqualsAndHashCode")
public void testEqualsAndHashCodeDemo() {
    
    
    EqualsAndHashCodeDemo demo1 =
        new EqualsAndHashCodeDemo("name1", EqualsAndHashCodeDemo.Gender.Female, "ssn", "xxx", "xxx", "xxx", "xxx");
    EqualsAndHashCodeDemo demo2 =
        new EqualsAndHashCodeDemo("name1", EqualsAndHashCodeDemo.Gender.Female, "ssn", "ooo", "ooo", "ooo", "ooo");
    Assertions.assertEquals(demo1, demo2);

    Person person = new Person();
    person.setName("张三");
    person.setAge(20);
    person.setSex("男");

    Person person2 = new Person();
    person2.setName("张三");
    person2.setAge(18);
    person2.setSex("男");

    Person person3 = new Person();
    person3.setName("李四");
    person3.setAge(20);
    person3.setSex("男");

    Assertions.assertEquals(person2, person);
    Assertions.assertNotEquals(person3, person);
}

上面的单元测试可以通过，但如果将 @EqualsAndHashCode(callSuper = true, exclude = { "address", "city", "state", "zip" }) 注掉就会报错。