MongoDB与sql关于库表的名字:
database == database
collection == table
document == row
本篇转载自:http://blog.nosqlfan.com/html/271.html
索引能提高检索数据的速度,你可以想像成在MySQL中创建索引一样,同样索引也是用B-Tree也实现的。
1.单列索引
在字段x上创建索引,1 (表示升序) or -1 (表示降序)
> db.data.ensureIndex({x:1})
显示表data里面的所有索引
> db.data.getIndexes() [ { "name" : "_id_", "ns" : "recommender.data", "key" : { "_id" : 1 } }, { "_id" : ObjectId("4befb146b0e29ba1ce20e0bb"), "ns" : "recommender.data", "key" : { "x" : 1 }, "name" : "x_1" } ]
查找字段x为6的值,此时已经用到索引了
> db.data.find({x:6}) { "_id" : ObjectId("4bee804ba23d558eb6687117"), "x" : 6, "name" : "caihuafeng1" } { "_id" : ObjectId("4bee804ba23d558eb6687118"), "x" : 6, "name" : "caihuafeng2" } { "_id" : ObjectId("4bee804ba23d558eb6687119"), "x" : 6, "name" : "caihuafeng3" } { "_id" : ObjectId("4bee804ba23d558eb668711a"), "x" : 6, "name" : "caihuafeng4" } { "_id" : ObjectId("4bee804ba23d558eb668711b"), "x" : 6, "name" : "caihuafeng5" } { "_id" : ObjectId("4bee804ba23d558eb668711c"), "x" : 6, "name" : "caihuafeng6" } { "_id" : ObjectId("4bee804ba23d558eb668711d"), "x" : 6, "name" : "caihuafeng7" } { "_id" : ObjectId("4bee804ba23d558eb668711e"), "x" : 6, "name" : "caihuafeng8" } { "_id" : ObjectId("4bee804ba23d558eb668711f"), "x" : 6, "name" : "caihuafeng9" } { "_id" : ObjectId("4bee804ba23d558eb6687120"), "x" : 6, "name" : "caihuafeng10" }
2.默认索引
上述1中db.data.getIndexes()显示出来的一共有2个索引,其中_id是创建表的时候自动创建的索引,此索引是不能够删除的。
3.文档作为索引的键值
a.单列索引
往数据库recommender的表data中插入三条记录
> db.data.insert({name:"1616",info:{url:"http://www.1616.net/",city:"beijing"}}); > db.data.insert({name:"hao123",info:{url:"http://www.hao123.com/",city:"beijing"}}); > db.data.insert({name:"ll4la",info:{url:"http://www.114la.com/",city:"dongguan"}});
对字段info创建索引
> db.data.ensureIndex({info: 1});
显示表data上的所有索引
> db.data.getIndexes(); [ { "name" : "_id_", "ns" : "recommender.data", "key" : { "_id" : 1 } }, { "_id" : ObjectId("4befb146b0e29ba1ce20e0bb"), "ns" : "recommender.data", "key" : { "x" : 1 }, "name" : "x_1" }, { "_id" : ObjectId("4befb76bb0e29ba1ce20e0bf"), "ns" : "recommender.data", "key" : { "info" : 1 }, "name" : "info_1" } ]
查找指定的记录,此时会用到索引
> db.data.find({info: {url:"http://www.1616.net/",city:"beijing"}}); { "_id" : ObjectId("4befb711b0e29ba1ce20e0bc"), "name" : "1616", "info" : { "url" : "http://www.1616.net/", "city" : "beijing" } }
b.组合索引
建立组合索引
> db.data.ensureIndex({"info.url":1, "info.city":1}); > db.data.getIndexes(); [ { "name" : "_id_", "ns" : "recommender.data", "key" : { "_id" : 1 } }, { "_id" : ObjectId("4befb146b0e29ba1ce20e0bb"), "ns" : "recommender.data", "key" : { "x" : 1 }, "name" : "x_1" }, { "_id" : ObjectId("4befb76bb0e29ba1ce20e0bf"), "ns" : "recommender.data", "key" : { "info" : 1 }, "name" : "info_1" }, { "_id" : ObjectId("4befb9d1b0e29ba1ce20e0c0"), "ns" : "recommender.data", "key" : { "info.url" : 1, "info.city" : 1 }, "name" : "info.url_1_info.city_1" } ]
下面几个操作均会用到索引
> db.data.find({"info.url": "http://www.1616.net/", "info.city": "beijing"}); { "_id" : ObjectId("4befb711b0e29ba1ce20e0bc"), "name" : "1616", "info" : { "url" : "http://www.1616.net/", "city" : "beijing" } } > db.data.find({"info.url": "http://www.1616.net/"}); { "_id" : ObjectId("4befb711b0e29ba1ce20e0bc"), "name" : "1616", "info" : { "url" : "http://www.1616.net/", "city" : "beijing" } }
1表示升序(asc),-1表示降序(desc)
> db.data.find({"info.url": /http:*/i}).sort({"info.url": 1, "info.city": 1}); { "_id" : ObjectId("4befb740b0e29ba1ce20e0be"), "name" : "ll4la", "info" : { "url" : "http://www.114la.com/", "city" : "dongguan" } } { "_id" : ObjectId("4befb711b0e29ba1ce20e0bc"), "name" : "1616", "info" : { "url" : "http://www.1616.net/", "city" : "beijing" } } { "_id" : ObjectId("4befb723b0e29ba1ce20e0bd"), "name" : "hao123", "info" : { "url" : "http://www.hao123.com/", "city" : "beijing" } } > db.data.find({"info.url": /http:*/i}).sort({"info.url": 1}); { "_id" : ObjectId("4befb740b0e29ba1ce20e0be"), "name" : "ll4la", "info" : { "url" : "http://www.114la.com/", "city" : "dongguan" } } { "_id" : ObjectId("4befb711b0e29ba1ce20e0bc"), "name" : "1616", "info" : { "url" : "http://www.1616.net/", "city" : "beijing" } } { "_id" : ObjectId("4befb723b0e29ba1ce20e0bd"), "name" : "hao123", "info" : { "url" : "http://www.hao123.com/", "city" : "beijing" } } > db.data.find({"info.url": /http:*/i}).sort({"info.url": -1}); { "_id" : ObjectId("4befb723b0e29ba1ce20e0bd"), "name" : "hao123", "info" : { "url" : "http://www.hao123.com/", "city" : "beijing" } } { "_id" : ObjectId("4befb711b0e29ba1ce20e0bc"), "name" : "1616", "info" : { "url" : "http://www.1616.net/", "city" : "beijing" } } { "_id" : ObjectId("4befb740b0e29ba1ce20e0be"), "name" : "ll4la", "info" : { "url" : "http://www.114la.com/", "city" : "dongguan" } }
4.组合索引
注意,这里的组合索引与上述3中的b中的组合索引是有点不同的,4里面是对一级字段建立组合索引,而上述3中是对二级字段建立组合索引。
在字段name及info上面创建组合索引
> db.data.ensureIndex({name: 1, info: -1});
MongoDB中索引的用法
本文是一篇转载文章,作者在对MongoDB 文档进行了细致的阅读后,总结出了MongoDB的各种索引的用法。
原文链接:http://iamcaihuafeng.blog.sohu.com/151638529.html
索引能提高检索数据的速度,你可以想像成在MySQL中创建索引一样,同样索引也是用B-Tree也实现的。
1.单列索引
在字段x上创建索引,1 (ascending) or -1 (descending)
> db.data.ensureIndex({x:1})
显示表data里面的所有索引
> db.data.getIndexes() [ { "name" : "_id_", "ns" : "recommender.data", "key" : { "_id" : 1 } }, { "_id" : ObjectId("4befb146b0e29ba1ce20e0bb"), "ns" : "recommender.data", "key" : { "x" : 1 }, "name" : "x_1" } ]
查找字段x为6的值,此时已经用到索引了
> db.data.find({x:6}) { "_id" : ObjectId("4bee804ba23d558eb6687117"), "x" : 6, "name" : "caihuafeng1" } { "_id" : ObjectId("4bee804ba23d558eb6687118"), "x" : 6, "name" : "caihuafeng2" } { "_id" : ObjectId("4bee804ba23d558eb6687119"), "x" : 6, "name" : "caihuafeng3" } { "_id" : ObjectId("4bee804ba23d558eb668711a"), "x" : 6, "name" : "caihuafeng4" } { "_id" : ObjectId("4bee804ba23d558eb668711b"), "x" : 6, "name" : "caihuafeng5" } { "_id" : ObjectId("4bee804ba23d558eb668711c"), "x" : 6, "name" : "caihuafeng6" } { "_id" : ObjectId("4bee804ba23d558eb668711d"), "x" : 6, "name" : "caihuafeng7" } { "_id" : ObjectId("4bee804ba23d558eb668711e"), "x" : 6, "name" : "caihuafeng8" } { "_id" : ObjectId("4bee804ba23d558eb668711f"), "x" : 6, "name" : "caihuafeng9" } { "_id" : ObjectId("4bee804ba23d558eb6687120"), "x" : 6, "name" : "caihuafeng10" }
2.默认索引
上述1中db.data.getIndexes()显示出来的一共有2个索引,其中_id是创建表的时候自动创建的索引,此索引是不能够删除的。
An index is always created on _id. This index is special and cannot be deleted. The _id index enforces uniqueness for its keys.
3.文档作为索引的键值
a.单列索引
MongoDB的官方文档上面是这样说的:
Documents as Keys
Indexed fields may be of any type, including documents:
往数据库recommender的表data中插入三条记录
> db.data.insert({name:"1616",info:{url:"http://www.1616.net/",city:"beijing"}}); > db.data.insert({name:"hao123",info:{url:"http://www.hao123.com/",city:"beijing"}}); > db.data.insert({name:"ll4la",info:{url:"http://www.114la.com/",city:"dongguan"}});
对字段info创建索引
> db.data.ensureIndex({info: 1});
显示表data上的所有索引
> db.data.getIndexes(); [ { "name" : "_id_", "ns" : "recommender.data", "key" : { "_id" : 1 } }, { "_id" : ObjectId("4befb146b0e29ba1ce20e0bb"), "ns" : "recommender.data", "key" : { "x" : 1 }, "name" : "x_1" }, { "_id" : ObjectId("4befb76bb0e29ba1ce20e0bf"), "ns" : "recommender.data", "key" : { "info" : 1 }, "name" : "info_1" } ]
查找指定的记录,此时会用到索引
> db.data.find({info: {url:"http://www.1616.net/",city:"beijing"}}); { "_id" : ObjectId("4befb711b0e29ba1ce20e0bc"), "name" : "1616", "info" : { "url" : "http://www.1616.net/", "city" : "beijing" } }
b.组合索引
建立组合索引
> db.data.ensureIndex({"info.url":1, "info.city":1}); > db.data.getIndexes(); [ { "name" : "_id_", "ns" : "recommender.data", "key" : { "_id" : 1 } }, { "_id" : ObjectId("4befb146b0e29ba1ce20e0bb"), "ns" : "recommender.data", "key" : { "x" : 1 }, "name" : "x_1" }, { "_id" : ObjectId("4befb76bb0e29ba1ce20e0bf"), "ns" : "recommender.data", "key" : { "info" : 1 }, "name" : "info_1" }, { "_id" : ObjectId("4befb9d1b0e29ba1ce20e0c0"), "ns" : "recommender.data", "key" : { "info.url" : 1, "info.city" : 1 }, "name" : "info.url_1_info.city_1" } ]
下面几个操作均会用到索引
> db.data.find({"info.url": "http://www.1616.net/", "info.city": "beijing"}); { "_id" : ObjectId("4befb711b0e29ba1ce20e0bc"), "name" : "1616", "info" : { "url" : "http://www.1616.net/", "city" : "beijing" } } > db.data.find({"info.url": "http://www.1616.net/"}); { "_id" : ObjectId("4befb711b0e29ba1ce20e0bc"), "name" : "1616", "info" : { "url" : "http://www.1616.net/", "city" : "beijing" } }
1表示升序(asc),-1表示降序(desc)
> db.data.find({"info.url": /http:*/i}).sort({"info.url": 1, "info.city": 1}); { "_id" : ObjectId("4befb740b0e29ba1ce20e0be"), "name" : "ll4la", "info" : { "url" : "http://www.114la.com/", "city" : "dongguan" } } { "_id" : ObjectId("4befb711b0e29ba1ce20e0bc"), "name" : "1616", "info" : { "url" : "http://www.1616.net/", "city" : "beijing" } } { "_id" : ObjectId("4befb723b0e29ba1ce20e0bd"), "name" : "hao123", "info" : { "url" : "http://www.hao123.com/", "city" : "beijing" } } > db.data.find({"info.url": /http:*/i}).sort({"info.url": 1}); { "_id" : ObjectId("4befb740b0e29ba1ce20e0be"), "name" : "ll4la", "info" : { "url" : "http://www.114la.com/", "city" : "dongguan" } } { "_id" : ObjectId("4befb711b0e29ba1ce20e0bc"), "name" : "1616", "info" : { "url" : "http://www.1616.net/", "city" : "beijing" } } { "_id" : ObjectId("4befb723b0e29ba1ce20e0bd"), "name" : "hao123", "info" : { "url" : "http://www.hao123.com/", "city" : "beijing" } } > db.data.find({"info.url": /http:*/i}).sort({"info.url": -1}); { "_id" : ObjectId("4befb723b0e29ba1ce20e0bd"), "name" : "hao123", "info" : { "url" : "http://www.hao123.com/", "city" : "beijing" } } { "_id" : ObjectId("4befb711b0e29ba1ce20e0bc"), "name" : "1616", "info" : { "url" : "http://www.1616.net/", "city" : "beijing" } } { "_id" : ObjectId("4befb740b0e29ba1ce20e0be"), "name" : "ll4la", "info" : { "url" : "http://www.114 la.com/", "city" : "dongguan" } }
4.组合索引
注意,这里的组合索引与上述3中的b中的组合索引是有点不同的,4里面是对一级字段建立组合索引,而上述3中是对二级字段建立组合索引。
在字段name及info上面创建组合索引
> db.data.ensureIndex({name: 1, info: -1});
显示所有的索引
> db.data.getIndexes(); [ { "name" : "_id_", "ns" : "recommender.data", "key" : { "_id" : 1 } }, { "_id" : ObjectId("4befb146b0e29ba1ce20e0bb"), "ns" : "recommender.data", "key" : { "x" : 1 }, "name" : "x_1" }, { "_id" : ObjectId("4befb76bb0e29ba1ce20e0bf"), "ns" : "recommender.data", "key" : { "info" : 1 }, "name" : "info_1" }, { "_id" : ObjectId("4befb9d1b0e29ba1ce20e0c0"), "ns" : "recommender.data", "key" : { "info.url" : 1, "info.city" : 1 }, "name" : "info.url_1_info.city_1" }, { "_id" : ObjectId("4befbfcfb0e29ba1ce20e0c1"), "ns" : "recommender.data", "key" : { "name" : 1, "info" : -1 }, "name" : "name_1_info_-1" } ]
下面的排序将用到上面的索引
> db.data.find({"info.url": /http:*/i}).sort({name:1, info: -1}); { "_id" : ObjectId("4befb711b0e29ba1ce20e0bc"), "name" : "1616", "info" : { "url" : "http://www.1616.net/", "city" : "beijing" } } { "_id" : ObjectId("4befb723b0e29ba1ce20e0bd"), "name" : "hao123", "info" : { "url" : "http://www.hao123.com/", "city" : "beijing" } } { "_id" : ObjectId("4befb740b0e29ba1ce20e0be"), "name" : "ll4la", "info" : { "url" : "http://www.114la.com/", "city" : "dongguan" } }
5.唯一索引
往表data中插入一条记录。
> db.data.insert({firstname: "cai", lastname: "huafeng"});
由于表data中只有一记录有字段firstname及lastname,其它的行均没有相应的值,也就是均为null,为null就说明是相同的,而唯一索引是不允许有相同的值的,所以下面创建唯一组合索引时报错了。
所以建立唯一索引时,不管是对单个字段还是多个字段建立索引,则最好每一行均有此字段,否则会报错。
> db.data.find(); { "_id" : ObjectId("4bee745a0863b1c233b8b7ea"), "name" : "caihuafeng" } { "_id" : ObjectId("4bee745f0863b1c233b8b7eb"), "website" : "1616.net" } { "_id" : ObjectId("4bee804ba23d558eb6687117"), "x" : 6, "name" : "caihuafeng1" } { "_id" : ObjectId("4bee804ba23d558eb6687118"), "x" : 6, "name" : "caihuafeng2" } { "_id" : ObjectId("4bee804ba23d558eb6687119"), "x" : 6, "name" : "caihuafeng3" } { "_id" : ObjectId("4bee804ba23d558eb668711a"), "x" : 6, "name" : "caihuafeng4" } { "_id" : ObjectId("4bee804ba23d558eb668711b"), "x" : 6, "name" : "caihuafeng5" } { "_id" : ObjectId("4bee804ba23d558eb668711c"), "x" : 6, "name" : "caihuafeng6" } { "_id" : ObjectId("4bee804ba23d558eb668711d"), "x" : 6, "name" : "caihuafeng7" } { "_id" : ObjectId("4bee804ba23d558eb668711e"), "x" : 6, "name" : "caihuafeng8" } { "_id" : ObjectId("4bee804ba23d558eb668711f"), "x" : 6, "name" : "caihuafeng9" } { "_id" : ObjectId("4bee804ba23d558eb6687120"), "x" : 6, "name" : "caihuafeng10" } { "_id" : ObjectId("4befb711b0e29ba1ce20e0bc"), "name" : "1616", "info" : { "url" : "http://www.1616.net/", "city" : "beijing" } } { "_id" : ObjectId("4befb723b0e29ba1ce20e0bd"), "name" : "hao123", "info" : { "url" : "http://www.hao123.com/", "city" : "beijing" } } { "_id" : ObjectId("4befb740b0e29ba1ce20e0be"), "name" : "ll4la", "info" : { "url" : "http://www.114la.com/", "city" : "dongguan" } } { "_id" : ObjectId("4befc51ab0e29ba1ce20e0c2"), "firstname" : "cai", "lastname" : "huafeng" } > db.data.ensureIndex({firstname: 1, lastname: 1}, {unique: true}); E11000 duplicate key error index: recommender.data.$firstname_1_lastname_1 dup key: { : null, : null }
6.删除索引
a.删除某个表中的所有索引
db.collection.dropIndexes();
b.删除某个表中的单一索引
db.collection.dropIndex({x: 1, y: -1}) > db.data.dropIndex({firstname: 1, lastname: 1}); { "nIndexesWas" : 6, "ok" : 1 }