在一般服务器安装系统时默认安装的minimal版本（即不带图形界面的），所以一般直接通过ssh远程连接后用指令的形式操作。对于开发环境，或者需要看图形的（比如我是做图像处理的，开发过程中我需要经常查看图像，又比如我想使用IDE开发这也肯定需要图形化界面了），拥有一个图形化界面能够方便我们快速开发以及验证结果。正式环境的话不建议安装图形化界面。 比较常用的方法就是在服务器上安装图形化界面，然后用VNC远程连接（注意，这里主要是针对需要远程连接的服务器，如果是自己使用的实体机，直接安装带图形界面的完整版就行了）。
安装图像化界面
环境配置操作都是在root用户下进行的：
- 更新系统
yum upgrade -y
- 更新安装依赖环境，否则后面安装图形界面时会报错
check error: file /boot/efi/EFI/centos from install of fwupdate-efi-12-5.e17.centos.x86_64 conflicts with file from package grub2-common-1:2.02-0.64.el7.centos.noarch
yum update grub2-common
yum install fwupdate-efi
- 安装图形化界面
yum -y groupinstall "GNOME Desktop" "Graphical Administration Tools"
- 重启
reboot
安装VNC
- 安装
tigervnc-server
yum install -y tigervnc-server
我安装的版本号为：tigervnc-server.x86_64 0:1.8.0-22.el7
为root用户配置VNC
当前用户为root用户
- 复制并重命名vnc启动文件至
/etc/systemd/system/
[root@centos ~]# cp /lib/systemd/system/[email protected] /etc/systemd/system/vncsercer@:1.service
- 设置
root的VNC登录密码
[root@centos ~]# vncpasswd
Password:
Verify:
Would you like to enter a view-only password (y/n)? n
A view-only password is not used
- 打开刚刚复制的文件
vi /etc/systemd/system/vncserver@:1.service
打开后是内容如下（未修改过）：
# The vncserver service unit file
#
# Quick HowTo:
# 1. Copy this file to /etc/systemd/system/[email protected]
# 2. Replace <USER> with the actual user name and edit vncserver
# parameters in the wrapper script located in /usr/bin/vncserver_wrapper
# 3. Run `systemctl daemon-reload`
# 4. Run `systemctl enable vncserver@:<display>.service`
#
# DO NOT RUN THIS SERVICE if your local area network is
# untrusted! For a secure way of using VNC, you should
# limit connections to the local host and then tunnel from
# the machine you want to view VNC on (host A) to the machine
# whose VNC output you want to view (host B)
#
# [user@hostA ~]$ ssh -v -C -L 590N:localhost:590M hostB
#
# this will open a connection on port 590N of your hostA to hostB's port 590M
# (in fact, it ssh-connects to hostB and then connects to localhost (on hostB).
# See the ssh man page for details on port forwarding)
#
# You can then point a VNC client on hostA at vncdisplay N of localhost and with
# the help of ssh, you end up seeing what hostB makes available on port 590M
#
# Use "-nolisten tcp" to prevent X connections to your VNC server via TCP.
#
# Use "-localhost" to prevent remote VNC clients connecting except when
# doing so through a secure tunnel. See the "-via" option in the
# `man vncviewer' manual page.
[Unit]
Description=Remote desktop service (VNC)
After=syslog.target network.target
[Service]
Type=simple
# Clean any existing files in /tmp/.X11-unix environment
ExecStartPre=/bin/sh -c '/usr/bin/vncserver -kill %i > /dev/null 2>&1 || :'
ExecStart=/usr/bin/vncserver_wrapper <USER> %i
ExecStop=/bin/sh -c '/usr/bin/vncserver -kill %i > /dev/null 2>&1 || :'
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
根据提示Replace <USER> with the actual user name只需要修改<USER>为root即可：
ExecStart=/usr/bin/vncserver_wrapper root %i
- 接着关闭防火墙
systemctl stop firewalld
systemctl disable firewalld
- 启动vnc服务并查看状态
systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl start vncserver@:1.service
systemctl status vncserver@:1.service
开启成功：
[root@centos ~]# systemctl status vncserver@:1.service
● vncserver@:1.service - Remote desktop service (VNC)
Loaded: loaded (/etc/systemd/system/vncserver@:1.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled)
Active: active (running) since Mon 2021-01-18 17:59:52 CST; 6s ago
Process: 4691 ExecStartPre=/bin/sh -c /usr/bin/vncserver -kill %i > /dev/null 2>&1 || : (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Main PID: 4696 (vncserver_wrapp)
CGroup: /system.slice/system-vncserver.slice/vncserver@:1.service
├─4696 /bin/sh /usr/bin/vncserver_wrapper root :1
└─4919 sleep 0.1
- 设置开机自启动
systemctl enable vncserver@:1.service
- 如果需要修改分辨率的话，编辑
config文件：
vi ~/.vnc/config
将geometry设置成你想要使用的分辨率：
## Supported server options to pass to vncserver upon invocation can be listed
## in this file. See the following manpages for more: vncserver(1) Xvnc(1).
## Several common ones are shown below. Uncomment and modify to your liking.
##
# securitytypes=vncauth,tlsvnc
# desktop=sandbox
geometry=1920x1080
# localhost
# alwaysshared
- 重启vnc服务：
systemctl restart vncserver@:1.service
为自定义用户配置VNC
- 进入自定义用户账号(这里以用户
centos为例)
su centos
注意现在已经是在非root用户下了
- 设置
centos用户的VNC登录密码
[centos@centos ~]$ vncpasswd
Password:
Verify:
Would you like to enter a view-only password (y/n)? n
A view-only password is not used
- 再登录
root账号，后面的配置需要权限
su
- 复制并重命名vnc启动文件至
/etc/systemd/system/（注意刚刚root用的是:1这里是:2）
[root@centos ~]# cp /lib/systemd/system/[email protected] /etc/systemd/system/vncsercer@:2.service
- 打开刚刚复制的文件
vi /etc/systemd/system/vncserver@:2.service
同样将<USER>修改为当前用户名centos即可：
ExecStart=/usr/bin/vncserver_wrapper centos %i
- 启动vnc服务并查看状态
systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl start vncserver@:2.service
systemctl status vncserver@:2.service
开启成功：
[root@centos ~]# systemctl status vncserver@:2.service
● vncserver@:2.service - Remote desktop service (VNC)
Loaded: loaded (/etc/systemd/system/vncserver@:2.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled)
Active: active (running) since Mon 2021-01-19 09:34:52 CST; 6s ago
Process: 14877 ExecStartPre=/bin/sh -c /usr/bin/vncserver -kill %i > /dev/null 2>&1 || : (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Main PID: 14881 (vncserver_wrapp)
CGroup: /system.slice/system-vncserver.slice/vncserver@:2.service
├─14881 /bin/sh /usr/bin/vncserver_wrapper centos :2
└─15221 sleep 0.1
- 设置开机自启动
systemctl enable vncserver@:2.service
- 如果需要修改分辨率的话，编辑
config文件(注意这是是要修改对应用户目录下的config)：
vi /home/centos/.vnc/config
将geometry设置成你想要使用的分辨率：
## Supported server options to pass to vncserver upon invocation can be listed
## in this file. See the following manpages for more: vncserver(1) Xvnc(1).
## Several common ones are shown below. Uncomment and modify to your liking.
##
# securitytypes=vncauth,tlsvnc
# desktop=sandbox
geometry=1920x1080
# localhost
# alwaysshared
- 重启vnc服务：
systemctl restart vncserver@:2.service
远程连接VNC图形化界面
远程连接VNC的话可以使用VNC Viewer工具，直接在官方网址上下载，基本支持所有主流操作系统。下面是以windows客户端为例，安装完成后，点击左上角的File->New connection创建连接。在VNC Server中输入需要远程的主机ip+:+连接的用户标识。比如刚刚root用户的标识是1那么就输入ip:1，如果要连接自定义用户centos，那么就输入ip:2。点击OK就会提示输入密码，就是上面创建的对应用户密码，然后就能连接登录使用了。
登录后展示：
VNC异常中断后无法启动
今天连接使用VNC时突然异常中断了，重启服务也没有用（重启服务后通过systemctl status指令查看发现成功启动后立即退出了）。然后通过ps -ef | grep vnc指令发现了一堆僵尸进程，猜测时异常中断导致的，然后全部kill掉，再重启服务就能够正常使用了。