环境
在192.168.1.89和90服务器，其操作系统为linux red hat as 5.2，分别安装Oracle 10.2.0.4, 再分别创建单实例数据库webdb。
以89上数据库webdb为主库，90上库为备库，配置Data Guard环境。
创建data guard physical standby的操作步骤步骤
(miki西游 @mikixiyou 原文链接: http://mikixiyou.iteye.com/blog/1718555 )
1、在89，90上新建操作系统用户oratt
useradd -m -u 1131 -g oinstall -G dba,oper,asmdba -d /home/oratt -s /bin/bash -c "Oracle Software Owner" oratt
2、设置.bash_profile文件
if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then
. ~/.bashrc
fi
alias ls="ls -FA"
ORACLE_SID=webdb; export ORACLE_SID
ORACLE_UNQNAME=webdb; export ORACLE_UNQNAME
JAVA_HOME=/usr/local/java; export JAVA_HOME
ORACLE_BASE=/u01/app/oratt; export ORACLE_BASE
ORACLE_HOME=$ORACLE_BASE/product/10.2.0/dbhome_1; export ORACLE_HOME
ORACLE_OMS_HOME=$ORACLE_BASE/oms; export ORACLE_OMS_HOME
ORACLE_PATH=/u01/app/common/oracle/sql; export ORACLE_PATH
ASM_HOME=/u01/app/11.2.0.3/grid;export ASM_HOME
ORACLE_TERM=xterm; export ORACLE_TERM
NLS_DATE_FORMAT="YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS"; export NLS_DATE_FORMAT
TNS_ADMIN=$ORACLE_HOME/network/admin; export TNS_ADMIN
ORA_NLS11=$ORACLE_HOME/nls/data; export ORA_NLS11
PATH=.:${JAVA_HOME}/bin:${PATH}:$HOME/bin:$ORACLE_HOME/bin
PATH=${PATH}:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/bin/X11:/usr/local/bin
PATH=${PATH}:/u01/app/common/oracle/bin
PATH=${PATH}:/u01/app/grid/bin
PATH=$ORACLE_OMS_HOME/agent11g/bin:${PATH}
export PATH
LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/lib
LD_LIBRARY_PATH=${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}:$ORACLE_HOME/oracm/lib
LD_LIBRARY_PATH=${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}:/lib:/usr/lib:/usr/local/lib
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH
CLASSPATH=$ORACLE_HOME/JRE
CLASSPATH=${CLASSPATH}:$ORACLE_HOME/jlib
CLASSPATH=${CLASSPATH}:$ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/jlib
CLASSPATH=${CLASSPATH}:$ORACLE_HOME/network/jlib
export CLASSPATH
THREADS_FLAG=native; export THREADS_FLAG
export TEMP=/tmp
export TMPDIR=/tmp
export LC_ALL=en
PS1="\u@`hostname`:\${PWD}=>\${ORACLE_SID}\$"
umask 022
3、创建新建用户所用目录空间
mkdir -p /u01/app/oratt
chown -R oratt:oinstall /u01/app/oratt
chmod -R 755 /u01/app/oratt
目录/u01/app/oratt作为oracle base，安装oracle rdbms系统文件。
4、安装Oracle
在两个服务器上分别安装oracle rdbms，安装目录保持一致。
初始安装版本是10.2.0.1,然后升级到10.2.0.4。这是还没有数据库，所以直接安装升级包就可以。
5、创建数据库
在89服务器上创建数据库webdb，作为主库。如果已有数据库存在，并且需要将它做为data guard的主库，那么就不用再新建。
在90服务器上创建数据库webdb，作为备库。创建备库的目的是为了搭建一套数据库的环境，包括dump目录，密码文件，spfile文件的创建。备库的sys密码和主库的保持一致，这样新建的密码文件就直接和主库的密码文件一致。如果你不知道主库的sys密码，那么将主库的密码文件拷贝一份到备库上也可。
创建操作采用图形化工具dbca完成。
6、data guard 简述
Oracle 10g data guard就是将主库上新生成的日志采用arch或lgwr不断地传输到备库上，然后备库系统不停的应用传入的日志，使得两个库的数据近实时同步。
在主库出现物理故障如操作系统宕机或磁盘损坏等时，可以将备库切换成主库使用，最大程度上减少数据损失和数据库可用性，从而实现了一种远程灾备机制。
7、构建data guard环境
在主库上修改初始化参数文件的部分参数
*.log_archive_config='dg_config=(webdb,webdg)'
这个参数配置了主库和备库的初始化参数db_unique_name的值。
*.log_archive_dest_2='service=webdb_standby lgwr sync affirm valid_for=(online_logfiles,primary_role) db_unique_name=webdg'
*.log_archive_dest_state_2='enable'
这个参数配置了主库采用oracle net 服务webdb_standby向备库传输日志。webdb_standby是主库的tnsnames.ora文件中的一个条目。
在主库上tnsnames.ora文件中添加两个条目webdb_standby和webdb_primary
WEBDB_STANDBY =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.15.90)(PORT = 1521))
)
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SID = webdb)
)
)
WEBDB_PRIMARY =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.15.89)(PORT = 1521))
)
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SID = webdb)
)
)
在备库上修改初始化参数
*.db_unique_name='webdg'
这个参数是10g中用于定义数据库唯一名称的一个参数，主要在data guard中使用到。以后也可以修改。
*.fal_client='webdb_standby'
*.fal_server='webdb_primary'
这两个参数用于解决主库和备库的日志传输缺口，分别设置为指向备库的oracle net服务名和指向主库的oracle net服务名。这两个服务名定义在备库的tnsnams.ora文件中。
一个FAL(Fetch Archive Log，获取归档日志)请求由MRP进程监测可用归档中的缺口来触发。用来连接回应这个请求的服务器由FAL_SERVER参数指定，你给这个参数设置一个合适的tnsnames别名。这使你的备库可以与主库连接并使用arch进程来传送所缺少的日志。
*.log_archive_config='dg_config=(webdb,webdg)'
这个参数配置了主库和备库的初始化参数db_unique_name的值，和主库保持一致。
*.log_archive_dest_1='location=/u01/app/oratt/archivelog/ valid_for=(all_logfiles,all_roles) db_unique_name=webdg'
这个参数设置从主库传输过来的归档日志的保存目录。
在备库系统上tnsnames.ora文件中也添加两个条目webdb_standby和webdb_primary，它们的内容和主库上的完全一致。
在备库系统上listener.ora文件中，也必须将webdb实例静态注册进去。不能使用动态注册，因为备库实例不会处于open状态。否则在主库上传输日志时会出现ORA-12514错误。
SID_LIST_LISTENER =
(SID_LIST =
(SID_DESC =
(SID_NAME = PLSExtProc)
(ORACLE_HOME = /u01/app/oratt/product/10.2.0/dbhome_1)
(PROGRAM = extproc)
)
(SID_DESC =
(SID_NAME = webdb)
(ORACLE_HOME = /u01/app/oratt/product/10.2.0/dbhome_1)
)
)
在主库上使用RMAN全备份数据库和standby用途的控制文件
oratt@serv1:/u01/app/oratt/dbbackup=>webdb$rman target /
Recovery Manager: Release 10.2.0.4.0 - Production on Wed Nov 7 15:07:51 2012
Copyright (c) 1982, 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.
connected to target database: WEBDB (DBID=3348254801)
RMAN> backup database format '/u01/app/oratt/dbbackup/db%U.%T';
Starting backup at 2012-11-07 15:08:15
using target database control file instead of recovery catalog
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: sid=143 devtype=DISK
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backupset
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backupset
input datafile fno=00001 name=/u01/app/oratt/webdb/system01.dbf
input datafile fno=00002 name=/u01/app/oratt/webdb/undotbs01.dbf
input datafile fno=00003 name=/u01/app/oratt/webdb/sysaux01.dbf
input datafile fno=00004 name=/u01/app/oratt/webdb/users01.dbf
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 2012-11-07 15:08:16
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 2012-11-07 15:08:19
piece handle=/u01/app/oratt/dbbackup/db01npnfn0_1_1.20121107 tag=TAG20121107T150816 comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:03
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backupset
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backupset
including current control file in backupset
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 2012-11-07 15:08:19
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 2012-11-07 15:08:20
piece handle=/u01/app/oratt/dbbackup/db02npnfn3_1_1.20121107 tag=TAG20121107T150816 comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
Finished backup at 2012-11-07 15:08:20
RMAN> sql 'alter system switch logfile';
sql statement: alter system switch logfile
RMAN> backup current controlfile for standby format '/u01/app/oratt/dbbackup/ctl.standby';
Starting backup at 2012-11-07 15:09:09
using channel ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backupset
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backupset
including standby control file in backupset
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 2012-11-07 15:09:09
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 2012-11-07 15:09:10
piece handle=/u01/app/oratt/dbbackup/ctl.standby tag=TAG20121107T150909 comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
Finished backup at 2012-11-07 15:09:10
备份结果集传到备库所在服务器上，密码文件也可以一块传一份。
在备库上恢复standby控制文件和数据文件
oratt@serv2:/u01/app/oratt/dbbackup=>webdb$rman target /
Recovery Manager: Release 10.2.0.4.0 - Production on Wed Nov 7 15:18:27 2012
Copyright (c) 1982, 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.
connected to target database: webdb (not mounted)
RMAN> restore controlfile from '/u01/app/oratt/dbbackup/ctl.standby';
Starting restore at 2012-11-07 15:18:42
using target database control file instead of recovery catalog
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: sid=155 devtype=DISK
channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring control file
channel ORA_DISK_1: restore complete, elapsed time: 00:00:02
output filename=/u01/app/oratt/webdb/control01.ctl
output filename=/u01/app/oratt/webdb/control02.ctl
output filename=/u01/app/oratt/webdb/control03.ctl
Finished restore at 2012-11-07 15:18:45
Starting restore at 2012-11-07 15:20:07
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: sid=155 devtype=DISK
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile backupset restore
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) to restore from backup set
restoring datafile 00001 to /u01/app/oratt/webdb/system01.dbf
restoring datafile 00002 to /u01/app/oratt/webdb/undotbs01.dbf
restoring datafile 00003 to /u01/app/oratt/webdb/sysaux01.dbf
restoring datafile 00004 to /u01/app/oratt/webdb/users01.dbf
channel ORA_DISK_1: reading from backup piece /u01/app/oratt/dbbackup/db01npnfn0_1_1.20121107
channel ORA_DISK_1: restored backup piece 1
piece handle=/u01/app/oratt/dbbackup/db01npnfn0_1_1.20121107 tag=TAG20121107T150816
channel ORA_DISK_1: restore complete, elapsed time: 00:00:07
Finished restore at 2012-11-07 15:20:14
RMAN> recover database;
Starting recover at 2012-11-07 15:20:21
using channel ORA_DISK_1
starting media recovery
unable to find archive log
archive log thread=1 sequence=12
RMAN-00571: ===========================================================
RMAN-00569: =============== ERROR MESSAGE STACK FOLLOWS ===============
RMAN-00571: ===========================================================
RMAN-03002: failure of recover command at 11/07/2012 15:20:22
RMAN-06054: media recovery requesting unknown log: thread 1 seq 12 lowscn 216603
恢复到哪里算哪里。
在备库上创建standby logfile，满足最大可用模式的data guard配置的要求
ALTER DATABASE ADD STANDBY LOGFILE group 21 ('/u01/app/oratt/webdb/standby_redo21.log') SIZE 52428800 reuse;
ALTER DATABASE ADD STANDBY LOGFILE group 22 ('/u01/app/oratt/webdb/standby_redo22.log') SIZE 52428800 reuse;
ALTER DATABASE ADD STANDBY LOGFILE group 23 ('/u01/app/oratt/webdb/standby_redo23.log') SIZE 52428800 reuse;
ALTER DATABASE ADD STANDBY LOGFILE group 24 ('/u01/app/oratt/webdb/standby_redo24.log') SIZE 52428800 reuse;
ALTER DATABASE ADD STANDBY LOGFILE group 25 ('/u01/app/oratt/webdb/standby_redo25.log') SIZE 52428800 reuse;
新增standby logfile的大小和redo logfile的大小一致。
将备库设置为实时恢复模式
startup nomount;
alter database mount standby database;
alter database recover managed standby database using current logfile disconnect from session;
将主库设置为maximize availability模式
SQL> select name,protection_mode,protection_level from v$database;
NAME PROTECTION_MODE PROTECTION_LEVEL
--------- -------------------- --------------------
WEBDB MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE
SQL> shutdown immediate
Database closed.
Database dismounted.
ORACLE instance shut down.
SQL> startup mount
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 2147483648 bytes
Fixed Size 2085320 bytes
Variable Size 486542904 bytes
Database Buffers 1644167168 bytes
Redo Buffers 14688256 bytes
Database mounted.
SQL> alter database set standby database to maximize availability;
Database altered.
SQL> alter database open;
Database altered.
SQL> select name,protection_mode,protection_level from v$database;
NAME PROTECTION_MODE PROTECTION_LEVEL
--------- -------------------- --------------------
WEBDB MAXIMUM AVAILABILITY RESYNCHRONIZATION
调试日志传输和应用
在主库上，将log_archive_dest_state_2先defer再enable一下，最后检查 select protection_mode,protection_level from v$database;结果应该是一致的。
SQL> alter system set log_archive_dest_state_2=defer;
System altered.
SQL> alter system set log_archive_dest_state_2=enable;
System altered.
SQL> alter system switch logfile;
System altered.
SQL> select protection_mode,protection_level from v$database;
PROTECTION_MODE PROTECTION_LEVEL
-------------------- --------------------
MAXIMUM AVAILABILITY MAXIMUM AVAILABILITY
也可以从主库上检查哪些归档日志文件没有在备库上被应用。
SQL> select max (SEQUENCE#),DEST_ID,APPLIED from v$archived_log group by DEST_ID,APPLIED ;
MAX(SEQUENCE#) DEST_ID APP
-------------- ---------- ---
33 1 NO
33 2 YES
路径1和路径2的最大sequence#值是一致的，表示主库上写入本地和备库服务器上的归档日志文件是一致的，并且在备库上已经应用最新的日志文件。
将备库节点上的physical standby 转换为 logical standby的操作步骤
在physical standby的PROTECTION_MODE的PROTECTION_LEVEL的值都是"MAXIMUM AVAILABILITY"时，才能进行备库模式转换。
在主库节点的tnsnames.ora文件中增加下列条目webdb_reader
WEBDB_READER =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.15.90)(PORT = 1844))
)
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SERVICE_NAME = webread)
)
)
在备库节点上创建初始化参数文件initwebread.ora和密码文件orapwwebread
将原来的initwebdb.ora和orapwwebdb拷贝一下，再修改参数文件中的这些条目。
*.db_name='webread'
*.db_unique_name='webdg'
*.fal_client='webdb_reader'
*.fal_server='webdb_primary'
*.log_archive_config='dg_config=(webdb,webdg)'
*.log_archive_dest_1='location=/u01/app/oratt/archivelog/reader/ valid_for=(all_logfiles,all_roles) db_unique_name=webdg'
*.log_archive_dest_2='location=/u01/app/oratt/archivelog/standby/ valid_for=(standby_logfiles,standby_roles) db_unique_name=webdg'
在备库节点上的tnsnames.ora中条目webdb_reader
WEBDB_READER =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.15.90)(PORT = 1844))
)
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SERVICE_NAME = webread)
)
)
在备库节点上数据库实例取消恢复管理模式
alter database recover managed standby database cancel;
在主库节点上创建logical standby的数据字典
EXECUTE DBMS_LOGSTDBY.BUILD;
注意
这一步必须执行成功，且必须在其他操作之前执行，否则后面将执行的操作 alter database recover to logical standby webread; 会一直等待。
在执行这个操作过程中，该会话会处于等待状态，等待事件为 enq: TX - contention
在备库节点上将物理备库转换为逻辑备库，数据库名称从webdb修改为webread
alter database recover to logical standby webread;
SQL> alter database recover to logical standby webread;
alter database recover to logical standby webread
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-20000: File /u01/app/oratt/webdb/temp01.dbf has wrong dbid or dbname,
remove or restore the offending file.
提示临时文件错误。可以忽略，加alter database open resetlogs重启数据库
SQL> startup open
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 5.1540E+10 bytes
Fixed Size 2179936 bytes
Variable Size 6425676960 bytes
Database Buffers 4.5097E+10 bytes
Redo Buffers 14594048 bytes
Database mounted.
ORA-01589: must use RESETLOGS or NORESETLOGS option for database open
SQL> alter database open resetlogs;
Database altered.
增加临时文件
alter tablespace temp add tempfile '/u01/app/oratt/webdb/temp02.dbf' size 1024M;
ALTER DATABASE TEMPFILE '/u01/app/oratt/webdb/temp01.dbf' DROP INCLUDING DATAFILES;
调整主库上log_archive_dest_2的参数值
在物理standby模式下，这个参数的service值是指向webdb_standby的，现在在逻辑standby模式下，它需要修改为指向webdb_reader。
主库的初始化参数文件initofdb.ora配置项也需要手工修改。
内存中修改操作为：
alter system set log_archive_dest_2='service=webdb_reader lgwr sync affirm valid_for=(online_logfiles,primary_role) db_unique_name=webdg';
启动备库
alter database stop logical standby apply;
alter database start logical standby apply immediate;
--查看等待事件
select * from dba_logstdby_events t where t.event_time > sysdate - 1 / 2;
select event_time,
xidusn,
xidslt,
xidsqn,
status,
status_code,
event,
'exec dbms_logstdby.skip_transaction(' || xidusn || ',' || xidslt || ',' ||
xidsqn || ');' as exec_sql,
a.*
from dba_logstdby_events a
where event_time = (select max(event_time) from dba_logstdby_events);
select * from dba_logstdby_skip;
select * from dba_logstdby_skip_transaction;
--查看进程
select * from v$logstdby_process;
--查看运行状态
select * from v$logstdby_state;
-- the end