一直好奇測試小姐姐天天幹點啥…所以刷這本書。嘻嘻，個人感覺，類似與爬蟲，java的話，jsoup+htmlutil這兩個包也可以實現相同的功能吧。不過python讀寫方便，結合xpath要快一些，書裏的Demo沒有測，瀏覽器需要工具包，有些麻煩，機器的python環境也有問題，所以只是大概看了下代碼，瞭解些測試的理論，生活加油 ^ _ ^

關於本書：
感覺適合小白看，講的比較基礎。

第1章基于Python的Selenium WebDriver入门

Selenium可以自动地操纵浏览器，模拟我们与浏览器的交互，比如，访问网站，单击链接，填写表单，提交表单，浏览网页等，而且支持大多数主流的浏览器。如果要使用 Selenium WebDriver，编写自动化脚本，而这个编程语言需要有Selenium client library支持。

1.1环境准备

1.1.1安装Python

1,1.2安装Selenium包

$[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-ZCqBPFEt-1605542082850)(C:\Users\12249\AppData\Roaming\Typora\typora-user-images\image-20201116225741023.png)]$

1.1.3浏览Selenium WebDriver Python文档

1.1.4选择一个IDE

1.1.5 PyCharm设置

1.2第一个Selenium Python脚本

这个报错是需要做测试的浏览器安装一些工具包。我本地没有火狐浏览器

$[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-IpH77kkw-1605542082853)(C:\Users\12249\AppData\Roaming\Typora\typora-user-images\image-20201116230815482.png)]$

from selenium import webdriver

# create a new Firefox session
driver = webdriver.Firefox()
driver.implicitly_wait(30)
driver.maximize_window()

# navigate to the application home page
driver.get('https://www.jb51.net/article/178050.htm')

# get the search textbox  获取输入框为q的元素 ， 清空
search_field = driver.find_element_by_name('q')
search_field.clear()

# enter search keyword and submit 输入特定的值并提交
search_field.send_keys('phones')
search_field.submit()

# get all the anchor elements which have product names displayed
# currently on result page using find_elements_by_xpath method
products = driver.find_elements_by_xpath("//h2[@class='product-name']/a")

# get the number of anchor elements found
print('Found ' + str(len(products)) + ' products:')

# iterate through each anchor element and
# print the text that is name of the product
for product in products:
    print(product.text)

# close the browser window
driver.quit()

1.3支持跨浏览器

Selenium支持各种浏览器，读者可以在不同的浏览器中进行自动化测试。它支持的浏览器包括IE 浏览器、Google Chrome浏览器、Safari浏览器、 Opera浏览器，甚至是像PhantomJS这样的无UI界面的浏览器。

1.3.1设置E浏览器

import os
from selenium import webdriver

# get the path of IEDriverServer
dir = os.getcwd()
ie_driver_path = dir + '\IEDriverServer.exe'

# create a new Internet Explorer session
driver = webdriver.Ie(ie_driver_path)
driver.implicitly_wait(30)
driver.maximize_window()

# navigate to the application home page
driver.get('http://demo-store.seleniumacademy.com/')

# get the search textbox
search_field = driver.find_element_by_name('q')
search_field.clear()

# enter search keyword and submit
search_field.send_keys('phones')
search_field.submit()

# get all the anchor elements which have product names displayed
# currently on result page using find_elements_by_xpath method
products = driver.find_elements_by_xpath("//h2[@class='product-name']/a")

# get the number of anchor elements found
print('Found ' + str(len(products)) + ' products:')

# iterate through each anchor element and
# print the text that is name of the product
for product in products:
    print(product.text)

# close the browser window
driver.quit()

$[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-N3jpwOZj-1605542082855)(C:\Users\12249\AppData\Roaming\Typora\typora-user-images\image-20201116232637496.png)]$

1.3.2设置Google Chrome浏览器

import os
from selenium import webdriver

# get the path of chromedriver
dir = os.path.dirname(__file__)
chrome_driver_path = dir + '\chromedriver.exe'
#remove the .exe extension on linux or mac platform

# create a new Chrome session
driver = webdriver.Chrome(chrome_driver_path)
driver.implicitly_wait(30)
driver.maximize_window()

# navigate to the application home page
driver.get('http://demo-store.seleniumacademy.com/')

# get the search textbox
search_field = driver.find_element_by_name('q')
search_field.clear()

# enter search keyword and submit
search_field.send_keys('phones')
search_field.submit()

# get all the anchor elements which have product names displayed
# currently on result page using find_elements_by_xpath method
products = driver.find_elements_by_xpath("//h2[@class='product-name']/a")

# get the number of anchor elements found
print("Found " + str(len(products)) + ' products:')

# iterate through each anchor element and
# print the text that is name of the product
for product in products:
    print(product.text)

# close the browser window
driver.quit()

$[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-g3CvTybr-1605542082858)(C:\Users\12249\AppData\Roaming\Typora\typora-user-images\image-20201116232816772.png)]$

第2章使用unittest编写单元测试

在这里插入图片描述

2.1 unittest单元测试框架

unittest（一般称为PyUnit）是从Java程序开发中广泛应用的JUnit启发而来的。我们可以使用 unittest为任何项目创建全面的测试套件。unittest也是Python中用来测试各种标准类库模块的，甚至包括unittest自己。可以在以下网址查看unittest的文档：http://docs.python.org/2/library/unittest.html。

Test Fixture（测试夹具）：通过使用测试夹具，可以定义在单个或多个测试执行之前的准备工作和测试执行之后的清理工作。
Test Case（测试用例）：一个测试用例是在 unittest中执行测试的最小单元。它通过unittest提供的assert方法来验证一组特定的操作和输入以后得到的具体响应。unittest提供了一个名称为 TestCase的基础类，可以用来创建测试用例。
Test Suite（测试套件）：一个测试套件是多个测试或测试用例的集合，是针对被测程序的对应的功能和模块创建的一组测试，一个测试套件内的测试用例将一起执行。
Test Runner（测试执行器）：测试执行器负责测试执行调度并且生成测试结果给用户。测试执行器可以使用图形界面、文本界面或者特定的返回值来展示测试执行结果。
Test Report（测试报告）：测试报告用来展示所有执行用例的成功或者失败状态的汇总，执行失败的测试步骤的预期结果与实际结果，还有整体运行状况和运行时间的汇总。

通过与unittest类似的xUnite测试框架创建的测试被拆分为3部分，即3A’s，具体如下。

Arrange：是用来初始化测试的前置条件，包含初始化被测试的对象、相关配置和依赖。
Act：用来执行功能操作。
Assert：用来校验实际结果与预期结果是否一致

2.1.1 TestCase类

import unittest
from selenium import webdriver


class SearchTests(unittest.TestCase):
    # 一个测试用例是从setUp()方法开始执行的
    # 此方法没有参数，而且不返回任何值
    def setUp(self):
        # create a new Firefox session
        self.driver = webdriver.Firefox()
        self.driver.implicitly_wait(30)
        self.driver.maximize_window()

        # navigate to the application home page
        self.driver.get('http://demo-store.seleniumacademy.com/')
    #test方法也是在TestCase类中实现。
    # 重要的一点是我们需要给测试方法命名为test开头。
    # 这种命名约定通知test runner哪个方法代表测试方法。
    def test_search_by_category(self):
        # get the search textbox
        self.search_field = self.driver.find_element_by_name('q')
        self.search_field.clear()

        # enter search keyword and submit
        self.search_field.send_keys('phones')
        self.search_field.submit()

        # get all the anchor elements which have product names displayed
        # currently on result page using find_elements_by_xpath method
        products = self.driver\
            .find_elements_by_xpath("//h2[@class='product-name']/a")
        # assertEqual()方法来验证用程序搜索该术语返回的结果是否和预期结果相匹配。
        self.assertEqual(3, len(products))

    def test_search_by_name(self):
        # get the search textbox
        self.search_field = self.driver.find_element_by_name('q')
        self.search_field.clear()

        # enter search keyword and submit
        self.search_field.send_keys('salt shaker')
        self.search_field.submit()

        # get all the anchor elements which have product names displayed
        # currently on result page using find_elements_by_xpath method
        products = self.driver.\
            find_elements_by_xpath("//h2[@class='product-name']/a")
        self.assertEqual(1, len(products))

    #TestCase类也会在测试执行完成之后调用
    # tearDown()方法来清理所有的初始化值。
    def tearDown(self):
        # close the browser window
        self.driver.quit()

#我们可以在测试用例中添加对main方法的调用。我们将传递verbosity参数以便使详细的测试总量展示在控制台。
if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main(verbosity=2)

2.1.2类级别的setUp()方法和tearDown()方法

能否让各个测试方法共用一个Firefox实例，而不要每次都创建一个新的实例呢？这可以通过使用setUpClass()方法和 tearDownClass()方法及@classmethod标识来实现。这两个方法使我们可以在类级别来初始化数据，替代了方法级别的初始化，这样各个测试方法就可以共享这些初始化数据

import unittest
from selenium import webdriver


class SearchTests(unittest.TestCase):
    @classmethod
    def setUpClass(cls):
        # create a new Firefox session
        cls.driver = webdriver.Firefox()
        cls.driver.implicitly_wait(30)
        cls.driver.maximize_window()

        # navigate to the application home page
        cls.driver.get('http://demo-store.seleniumacademy.com/')
        cls.driver.title

    def test_search_by_category(self):
        # get the search textbox
        self.search_field = self.driver.find_element_by_name('q')
        self.search_field.clear()

        # enter search keyword and submit
        self.search_field.send_keys('phones')
        self.search_field.submit()

        # get all the anchor elements which have product names displayed
        # currently on result page using find_elements_by_xpath method
        products = self.driver.\
            find_elements_by_xpath("//h2[@class='product-name']/a")
        self.assertEqual(3, len(products))

    def test_search_by_name(self):
        # get the search textbox
        self.search_field = self.driver.find_element_by_name('q')
        self.search_field.clear()

        # enter search keyword and submit
        self.search_field.send_keys('salt shaker')
        self.search_field.submit()

        # get all the anchor elements which have product names displayed
        # currently on result page using find_elements_by_xpath method
        products = self.driver.\
            find_elements_by_xpath("//h2[@class='product-name']/a")
        self.assertEqual(1, len(products))

    @classmethod
    def tearDownClass(cls):
        # close the browser window
        cls.driver.quit()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main(verbosity=2)

2.1.3断言

在这里插入图片描述

2.1.4测试套件.

应用unittest的TestSuites特性，可以将不同的测试组成一个逻辑组，然后设置统一的测试套件，并通过一个命令来执行测试。这都是通过TestSuites、 TestLoader和TestRunner类来实现的。

import unittest
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.common.exceptions import NoSuchElementException
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from __builtin__ import classmethod


class HomePageTest(unittest.TestCase):
    @classmethod
    def setUp(cls):
        # create a new Firefox session """
        cls.driver = webdriver.Firefox()
        cls.driver.implicitly_wait(30)
        cls.driver.maximize_window()

        # navigate to the application home page """
        cls.driver.get('http://demo-store.seleniumacademy.com/')

    def test_search_field(self):
        # check search field exists on Home page
        self.assertTrue(self.is_element_present(By.NAME, 'q'))

    def test_language_option(self):
        # check language options dropdown on Home page
        self.assertTrue(self.is_element_present(By.ID, 'select-language'))

    def test_shopping_cart_empty_message(self):
        # check content of My Shopping Cart block on Home page
        shopping_cart_icon = self.driver.\
            find_element_by_css_selector('div.header-minicart span.icon')
        shopping_cart_icon.click()

        shopping_cart_status = self.driver.\
            find_element_by_css_selector('p.empty').text
        self.assertEqual('You have no items in your shopping cart.',
                          shopping_cart_status)

        close_button = self.driver.\
            find_element_by_css_selector('div.minicart-wrapper a.close')
        close_button.click()

    @classmethod
    def tearDown(cls):
        # close the browser window
        cls.driver.quit()

    def is_element_present(self, how, what):
        """
        Utility method to check presence of an element on page
        :params how: By locator type
        :params what: locator value
        """
        try:
            self.driver.find_element(by=how, value=what)
        except NoSuchElementException as e:
            return False
        return True

if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main(verbosity=2)

我们将用TestSuite类来定义和执行测试套件。我们可以把多个测试加入到一个测试套件中去。除了TestSuite类，我们还可以用TestLoader和 TextTestRunner来创建和运行测试套件

import unittest
from searchtests import SearchTests
from homepagetests import HomePageTest

# get all tests from SearchProductTest and HomePageTest class
# 使用TestLoader类，我们将得到指定测试文件中的所有测试方法且用于创建测试套件。
search_tests = unittest.TestLoader().loadTestsFromTestCase(SearchTests)
home_page_tests = unittest.TestLoader().loadTestsFromTestCase(HomePageTest)

# create a test suite combining search_test and home_page_test
smoke_tests = unittest.TestSuite([home_page_tests, search_tests])

# run the suite
#TestRunner类将通过调用测试套件来执行文件中所有的测试。

unittest.TextTestRunner(verbosity=2).run(smoke_tests)

$[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-GTcGND8d-1605542082867)(C:\Users\12249\AppData\Roaming\Typora\typora-user-images\image-20201116234954303.png)]$

2.2生成HTML格式的测试报告

"""
A TestRunner for use with the Python unit testing framework. It
generates a HTML report to show the result at a glance.

The simplest way to use this is to invoke its main method. E.g.

    import unittest
    import HTMLTestRunner

    ... define your tests ...

    if __name__ == '__main__':
        HTMLTestRunner.main()


For more customization options, instantiates a HTMLTestRunner object.
HTMLTestRunner is a counterpart to unittest's TextTestRunner. E.g.

    # output to a file
    fp = file('my_report.html', 'wb')
    runner = HTMLTestRunner.HTMLTestRunner(
                stream=fp,
                title='My unit test',
                description='This demonstrates the report output by HTMLTestRunner.'
                )

    # Use an external stylesheet.
    # See the Template_mixin class for more customizable options
    runner.STYLESHEET_TMPL = '<link rel="stylesheet" href="my_stylesheet.css" type="text/css">'

    # run the test
    runner.run(my_test_suite)


------------------------------------------------------------------------
Copyright (c) 2004-2007, Wai Yip Tung
All rights reserved.

Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
met:

* Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
  this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
* Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
  notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
  documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
* Neither the name Wai Yip Tung nor the names of its contributors may be
  used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without
  specific prior written permission.

THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS
IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER
OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
"""

# URL: http://tungwaiyip.info/software/HTMLTestRunner.html

__author__ = "Wai Yip Tung"
__version__ = "0.8.2"


"""
Change History

Version 0.8.2
* Show output inline instead of popup window (Viorel Lupu).

Version in 0.8.1
* Validated XHTML (Wolfgang Borgert).
* Added description of test classes and test cases.

Version in 0.8.0
* Define Template_mixin class for customization.
* Workaround a IE 6 bug that it does not treat <script> block as CDATA.

Version in 0.7.1
* Back port to Python 2.3 (Frank Horowitz).
* Fix missing scroll bars in detail log (Podi).
"""

# TODO: color stderr
# TODO: simplify javascript using ,ore than 1 class in the class attribute?

import datetime
import StringIO
import sys
import time
import unittest
from xml.sax import saxutils


# ------------------------------------------------------------------------
# The redirectors below are used to capture output during testing. Output
# sent to sys.stdout and sys.stderr are automatically captured. However
# in some cases sys.stdout is already cached before HTMLTestRunner is
# invoked (e.g. calling logging.basicConfig). In order to capture those
# output, use the redirectors for the cached stream.
#
# e.g.
#   >>> logging.basicConfig(stream=HTMLTestRunner.stdout_redirector)
#   >>>

class OutputRedirector(object):
    """ Wrapper to redirect stdout or stderr """
    def __init__(self, fp):
        self.fp = fp

    def write(self, s):
        self.fp.write(s)

    def writelines(self, lines):
        self.fp.writelines(lines)

    def flush(self):
        self.fp.flush()

stdout_redirector = OutputRedirector(sys.stdout)
stderr_redirector = OutputRedirector(sys.stderr)



# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# Template

class Template_mixin(object):
    """
    Define a HTML template for report customerization and generation.

    Overall structure of an HTML report

    HTML
    +------------------------+
    |<html>                  |
    |  <head>                |
    |                        |
    |   STYLESHEET           |
    |   +----------------+   |
    |   |                |   |
    |   +----------------+   |
    |                        |
    |  </head>               |
    |                        |
    |  <body>                |
    |                        |
    |   HEADING              |
    |   +----------------+   |
    |   |                |   |
    |   +----------------+   |
    |                        |
    |   REPORT               |
    |   +----------------+   |
    |   |                |   |
    |   +----------------+   |
    |                        |
    |   ENDING               |
    |   +----------------+   |
    |   |                |   |
    |   +----------------+   |
    |                        |
    |  </body>               |
    |</html>                 |
    +------------------------+
    """

    STATUS = {
    
    
    0: 'pass',
    1: 'fail',
    2: 'error',
    }

    DEFAULT_TITLE = 'Unit Test Report'
    DEFAULT_DESCRIPTION = ''

    # ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    # HTML Template

    HTML_TMPL = r"""<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
    <title>%(title)s</title>
    <meta name="generator" content="%(generator)s"/>
    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/>
    %(stylesheet)s
</head>
<body>
<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript"><!--
output_list = Array();

/* level - 0:Summary; 1:Failed; 2:All */
function showCase(level) {
    trs = document.getElementsByTagName("tr");
    for (var i = 0; i < trs.length; i++) {
        tr = trs[i];
        id = tr.id;
        if (id.substr(0,2) == 'ft') {
            if (level < 1) {
                tr.className = 'hiddenRow';
            }
            else {
                tr.className = '';
            }
        }
        if (id.substr(0,2) == 'pt') {
            if (level > 1) {
                tr.className = '';
            }
            else {
                tr.className = 'hiddenRow';
            }
        }
    }
}


function showClassDetail(cid, count) {
    var id_list = Array(count);
    var toHide = 1;
    for (var i = 0; i < count; i++) {
        tid0 = 't' + cid.substr(1) + '.' + (i+1);
        tid = 'f' + tid0;
        tr = document.getElementById(tid);
        if (!tr) {
            tid = 'p' + tid0;
            tr = document.getElementById(tid);
        }
        id_list[i] = tid;
        if (tr.className) {
            toHide = 0;
        }
    }
    for (var i = 0; i < count; i++) {
        tid = id_list[i];
        if (toHide) {
            document.getElementById('div_'+tid).style.display = 'none'
            document.getElementById(tid).className = 'hiddenRow';
        }
        else {
            document.getElementById(tid).className = '';
        }
    }
}


function showTestDetail(div_id){
    var details_div = document.getElementById(div_id)
    var displayState = details_div.style.display
    // alert(displayState)
    if (displayState != 'block' ) {
        displayState = 'block'
        details_div.style.display = 'block'
    }
    else {
        details_div.style.display = 'none'
    }
}


function html_escape(s) {
    s = s.replace(/&/g,'&amp;');
    s = s.replace(/</g,'&lt;');
    s = s.replace(/>/g,'&gt;');
    return s;
}

/* obsoleted by detail in <div>
function showOutput(id, name) {
    var w = window.open("", //url
                    name,
                    "resizable,scrollbars,status,width=800,height=450");
    d = w.document;
    d.write("<pre>");
    d.write(html_escape(output_list[id]));
    d.write("\n");
    d.write("<a href='javascript:window.close()'>close</a>\n");
    d.write("</pre>\n");
    d.close();
}
*/
--></script>

%(heading)s
%(report)s
%(ending)s

</body>
</html>
"""
    # variables: (title, generator, stylesheet, heading, report, ending)


    # ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    # Stylesheet
    #
    # alternatively use a <link> for external style sheet, e.g.
    #   <link rel="stylesheet" href="$url" type="text/css">

    STYLESHEET_TMPL = """
<style type="text/css" media="screen">
body        { font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 80%; }
table       { font-size: 100%; }
pre         { }

/* -- heading ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
h1 {
	font-size: 16pt;
	color: gray;
}
.heading {
    margin-top: 0ex;
    margin-bottom: 1ex;
}

.heading .attribute {
    margin-top: 1ex;
    margin-bottom: 0;
}

.heading .description {
    margin-top: 4ex;
    margin-bottom: 6ex;
}

/* -- css div popup ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
a.popup_link {
}

a.popup_link:hover {
    color: red;
}

.popup_window {
    display: none;
    position: relative;
    left: 0px;
    top: 0px;
    /*border: solid #627173 1px; */
    padding: 10px;
    background-color: #E6E6D6;
    font-family: "Lucida Console", "Courier New", Courier, monospace;
    text-align: left;
    font-size: 8pt;
    width: 500px;
}

}
/* -- report ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
#show_detail_line {
    margin-top: 3ex;
    margin-bottom: 1ex;
}
#result_table {
    width: 80%;
    border-collapse: collapse;
    border: 1px solid #777;
}
#header_row {
    font-weight: bold;
    color: white;
    background-color: #777;
}
#result_table td {
    border: 1px solid #777;
    padding: 2px;
}
#total_row  { font-weight: bold; }
.passClass  { background-color: #6c6; }
.failClass  { background-color: #c60; }
.errorClass { background-color: #c00; }
.passCase   { color: #6c6; }
.failCase   { color: #c60; font-weight: bold; }
.errorCase  { color: #c00; font-weight: bold; }
.hiddenRow  { display: none; }
.testcase   { margin-left: 2em; }


/* -- ending ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */
#ending {
}

</style>
"""



    # ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    # Heading
    #

    HEADING_TMPL = """<div class='heading'>
<h1>%(title)s</h1>
%(parameters)s
<p class='description'>%(description)s</p>
</div>

""" # variables: (title, parameters, description)

    HEADING_ATTRIBUTE_TMPL = """<p class='attribute'><strong>%(name)s:</strong> %(value)s</p>
""" # variables: (name, value)



    # ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    # Report
    #

    REPORT_TMPL = """
<p id='show_detail_line'>Show
<a href='javascript:showCase(0)'>Summary</a>
<a href='javascript:showCase(1)'>Failed</a>
<a href='javascript:showCase(2)'>All</a>
</p>
<table id='result_table'>
<colgroup>
<col align='left' />
<col align='right' />
<col align='right' />
<col align='right' />
<col align='right' />
<col align='right' />
</colgroup>
<tr id='header_row'>
    <td>Test Group/Test case</td>
    <td>Count</td>
    <td>Pass</td>
    <td>Fail</td>
    <td>Error</td>
    <td>View</td>
</tr>
%(test_list)s
<tr id='total_row'>
    <td>Total</td>
    <td>%(count)s</td>
    <td>%(Pass)s</td>
    <td>%(fail)s</td>
    <td>%(error)s</td>
    <td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
</table>
""" # variables: (test_list, count, Pass, fail, error)

    REPORT_CLASS_TMPL = r"""
<tr class='%(style)s'>
    <td>%(desc)s</td>
    <td>%(count)s</td>
    <td>%(Pass)s</td>
    <td>%(fail)s</td>
    <td>%(error)s</td>
    <td><a href="javascript:showClassDetail('%(cid)s',%(count)s)">Detail</a></td>
</tr>
""" # variables: (style, desc, count, Pass, fail, error, cid)


    REPORT_TEST_WITH_OUTPUT_TMPL = r"""
<tr id='%(tid)s' class='%(Class)s'>
    <td class='%(style)s'><div class='testcase'>%(desc)s</div></td>
    <td colspan='5' align='center'>

    <!--css div popup start-->
    <a class="popup_link" οnfοcus='this.blur();' href="javascript:showTestDetail('div_%(tid)s')" >
        %(status)s</a>

    <div id='div_%(tid)s' class="popup_window">
        <div style='text-align: right; color:red;cursor:pointer'>
        <a οnfοcus='this.blur();' οnclick="document.getElementById('div_%(tid)s').style.display = 'none' " >
           [x]</a>
        </div>
        <pre>
        %(script)s
        </pre>
    </div>
    <!--css div popup end-->

    </td>
</tr>
""" # variables: (tid, Class, style, desc, status)


    REPORT_TEST_NO_OUTPUT_TMPL = r"""
<tr id='%(tid)s' class='%(Class)s'>
    <td class='%(style)s'><div class='testcase'>%(desc)s</div></td>
    <td colspan='5' align='center'>%(status)s</td>
</tr>
""" # variables: (tid, Class, style, desc, status)


    REPORT_TEST_OUTPUT_TMPL = r"""
%(id)s: %(output)s
""" # variables: (id, output)



    # ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    # ENDING
    #

    ENDING_TMPL = """<div id='ending'>&nbsp;</div>"""

# -------------------- The end of the Template class -------------------


TestResult = unittest.TestResult

class _TestResult(TestResult):
    # note: _TestResult is a pure representation of results.
    # It lacks the output and reporting ability compares to unittest._TextTestResult.

    def __init__(self, verbosity=1):
        TestResult.__init__(self)
        self.stdout0 = None
        self.stderr0 = None
        self.success_count = 0
        self.failure_count = 0
        self.error_count = 0
        self.verbosity = verbosity

        # result is a list of result in 4 tuple
        # (
        #   result code (0: success; 1: fail; 2: error),
        #   TestCase object,
        #   Test output (byte string),
        #   stack trace,
        # )
        self.result = []


    def startTest(self, test):
        TestResult.startTest(self, test)
        # just one buffer for both stdout and stderr
        self.outputBuffer = StringIO.StringIO()
        stdout_redirector.fp = self.outputBuffer
        stderr_redirector.fp = self.outputBuffer
        self.stdout0 = sys.stdout
        self.stderr0 = sys.stderr
        sys.stdout = stdout_redirector
        sys.stderr = stderr_redirector


    def complete_output(self):
        """
        Disconnect output redirection and return buffer.
        Safe to call multiple times.
        """
        if self.stdout0:
            sys.stdout = self.stdout0
            sys.stderr = self.stderr0
            self.stdout0 = None
            self.stderr0 = None
        return self.outputBuffer.getvalue()


    def stopTest(self, test):
        # Usually one of addSuccess, addError or addFailure would have been called.
        # But there are some path in unittest that would bypass this.
        # We must disconnect stdout in stopTest(), which is guaranteed to be called.
        self.complete_output()


    def addSuccess(self, test):
        self.success_count += 1
        TestResult.addSuccess(self, test)
        output = self.complete_output()
        self.result.append((0, test, output, ''))
        if self.verbosity > 1:
            sys.stderr.write('ok ')
            sys.stderr.write(str(test))
            sys.stderr.write('\n')
        else:
            sys.stderr.write('.')

    def addError(self, test, err):
        self.error_count += 1
        TestResult.addError(self, test, err)
        _, _exc_str = self.errors[-1]
        output = self.complete_output()
        self.result.append((2, test, output, _exc_str))
        if self.verbosity > 1:
            sys.stderr.write('E  ')
            sys.stderr.write(str(test))
            sys.stderr.write('\n')
        else:
            sys.stderr.write('E')

    def addFailure(self, test, err):
        self.failure_count += 1
        TestResult.addFailure(self, test, err)
        _, _exc_str = self.failures[-1]
        output = self.complete_output()
        self.result.append((1, test, output, _exc_str))
        if self.verbosity > 1:
            sys.stderr.write('F  ')
            sys.stderr.write(str(test))
            sys.stderr.write('\n')
        else:
            sys.stderr.write('F')


class HTMLTestRunner(Template_mixin):
    """
    """
    def __init__(self, stream=sys.stdout, verbosity=1, title=None, description=None):
        self.stream = stream
        self.verbosity = verbosity
        if title is None:
            self.title = self.DEFAULT_TITLE
        else:
            self.title = title
        if description is None:
            self.description = self.DEFAULT_DESCRIPTION
        else:
            self.description = description

        self.startTime = datetime.datetime.now()


    def run(self, test):
        "Run the given test case or test suite."
        result = _TestResult(self.verbosity)
        test(result)
        self.stopTime = datetime.datetime.now()
        self.generateReport(test, result)
        print >>sys.stderr, '\nTime Elapsed: %s' % (self.stopTime-self.startTime)
        return result


    def sortResult(self, result_list):
        # unittest does not seems to run in any particular order.
        # Here at least we want to group them together by class.
        rmap = {
    
    }
        classes = []
        for n,t,o,e in result_list:
            cls = t.__class__
            if not rmap.has_key(cls):
                rmap[cls] = []
                classes.append(cls)
            rmap[cls].append((n,t,o,e))
        r = [(cls, rmap[cls]) for cls in classes]
        return r


    def getReportAttributes(self, result):
        """
        Return report attributes as a list of (name, value).
        Override this to add custom attributes.
        """
        startTime = str(self.startTime)[:19]
        duration = str(self.stopTime - self.startTime)
        status = []
        if result.success_count: status.append('Pass %s'    % result.success_count)
        if result.failure_count: status.append('Failure %s' % result.failure_count)
        if result.error_count:   status.append('Error %s'   % result.error_count  )
        if status:
            status = ' '.join(status)
        else:
            status = 'none'
        return [
            ('Start Time', startTime),
            ('Duration', duration),
            ('Status', status),
        ]


    def generateReport(self, test, result):
        report_attrs = self.getReportAttributes(result)
        generator = 'HTMLTestRunner %s' % __version__
        stylesheet = self._generate_stylesheet()
        heading = self._generate_heading(report_attrs)
        report = self._generate_report(result)
        ending = self._generate_ending()
        output = self.HTML_TMPL % dict(
            title = saxutils.escape(self.title),
            generator = generator,
            stylesheet = stylesheet,
            heading = heading,
            report = report,
            ending = ending,
        )
        self.stream.write(output.encode('utf8'))


    def _generate_stylesheet(self):
        return self.STYLESHEET_TMPL


    def _generate_heading(self, report_attrs):
        a_lines = []
        for name, value in report_attrs:
            line = self.HEADING_ATTRIBUTE_TMPL % dict(
                    name = saxutils.escape(name),
                    value = saxutils.escape(value),
                )
            a_lines.append(line)
        heading = self.HEADING_TMPL % dict(
            title = saxutils.escape(self.title),
            parameters = ''.join(a_lines),
            description = saxutils.escape(self.description),
        )
        return heading


    def _generate_report(self, result):
        rows = []
        sortedResult = self.sortResult(result.result)
        for cid, (cls, cls_results) in enumerate(sortedResult):
            # subtotal for a class
            np = nf = ne = 0
            for n,t,o,e in cls_results:
                if n == 0: np += 1
                elif n == 1: nf += 1
                else: ne += 1

            # format class description
            if cls.__module__ == "__main__":
                name = cls.__name__
            else:
                name = "%s.%s" % (cls.__module__, cls.__name__)
            doc = cls.__doc__ and cls.__doc__.split("\n")[0] or ""
            desc = doc and '%s: %s' % (name, doc) or name

            row = self.REPORT_CLASS_TMPL % dict(
                style = ne > 0 and 'errorClass' or nf > 0 and 'failClass' or 'passClass',
                desc = desc,
                count = np+nf+ne,
                Pass = np,
                fail = nf,
                error = ne,
                cid = 'c%s' % (cid+1),
            )
            rows.append(row)

            for tid, (n,t,o,e) in enumerate(cls_results):
                self._generate_report_test(rows, cid, tid, n, t, o, e)

        report = self.REPORT_TMPL % dict(
            test_list = ''.join(rows),
            count = str(result.success_count+result.failure_count+result.error_count),
            Pass = str(result.success_count),
            fail = str(result.failure_count),
            error = str(result.error_count),
        )
        return report


    def _generate_report_test(self, rows, cid, tid, n, t, o, e):
        # e.g. 'pt1.1', 'ft1.1', etc
        has_output = bool(o or e)
        tid = (n == 0 and 'p' or 'f') + 't%s.%s' % (cid+1,tid+1)
        name = t.id().split('.')[-1]
        doc = t.shortDescription() or ""
        desc = doc and ('%s: %s' % (name, doc)) or name
        tmpl = has_output and self.REPORT_TEST_WITH_OUTPUT_TMPL or self.REPORT_TEST_NO_OUTPUT_TMPL

        # o and e should be byte string because they are collected from stdout and stderr?
        if isinstance(o,str):
            # TODO: some problem with 'string_escape': it escape \n and mess up formating
            # uo = unicode(o.encode('string_escape'))
            uo = o.decode('latin-1')
        else:
            uo = o
        if isinstance(e,str):
            # TODO: some problem with 'string_escape': it escape \n and mess up formating
            # ue = unicode(e.encode('string_escape'))
            ue = e.decode('latin-1')
        else:
            ue = e

        script = self.REPORT_TEST_OUTPUT_TMPL % dict(
            id = tid,
            output = saxutils.escape(uo+ue),
        )

        row = tmpl % dict(
            tid = tid,
            Class = (n == 0 and 'hiddenRow' or 'none'),
            style = n == 2 and 'errorCase' or (n == 1 and 'failCase' or 'none'),
            desc = desc,
            script = script,
            status = self.STATUS[n],
        )
        rows.append(row)
        if not has_output:
            return

    def _generate_ending(self):
        return self.ENDING_TMPL


##############################################################################
# Facilities for running tests from the command line
##############################################################################

# Note: Reuse unittest.TestProgram to launch test. In the future we may
# build our own launcher to support more specific command line
# parameters like test title, CSS, etc.
class TestProgram(unittest.TestProgram):
    """
    A variation of the unittest.TestProgram. Please refer to the base
    class for command line parameters.
    """
    def runTests(self):
        # Pick HTMLTestRunner as the default test runner.
        # base class's testRunner parameter is not useful because it means
        # we have to instantiate HTMLTestRunner before we know self.verbosity.
        if self.testRunner is None:
            self.testRunner = HTMLTestRunner(verbosity=self.verbosity)
        unittest.TestProgram.runTests(self)

main = TestProgram

##############################################################################
# Executing this module from the command line
##############################################################################

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main(module=None)

$[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-VT0ROYDa-1605542082869)(C:\Users\12249\AppData\Roaming\Typora\typora-user-images\image-20201116235215316.png)]$

第3章元素定位

3.1借助浏览器开发者模式定位

3.1.1用火狐浏览器Firebug插件检查页面元素

3.1.2用谷歌Chrome浏览器检查页面元素

3.1.3用EE浏览器检查页面元素

3.2元素定位

3.2.1ID定位

3.2.2 name定位

XPath定位

XPath是一种在XML文档中搜索和定位元素的查询语言。几乎所有的浏览器都支持XPath。同样，Selenium也可以通过XPath的方式在Web页面上定位元素

import unittest
from selenium import webdriver

class HomePageTest(unittest.TestCase):
    @classmethod
    def setUpClass(cls):
        # create a new Firefox session
        cls.driver = webdriver.Firefox()
        cls.driver.implicitly_wait(30)
        cls.driver.maximize_window()

        # navigate to the application home page
        cls.driver.get('http://demo-store.seleniumacademy.com/')

    def test_search_text_field_max_length(self):
        # get the search textbox
        # 获取ID定位元素
        search_field = self.driver.find_element_by_id('search')
        self.driver.find_element_by_name("UserName");
        
        # 通过Xpath配置
        self.driver.find_element_by_xpath("");
        # check maxlength attribute is set to 128
        self.assertEqual('128', search_field.get_attribute('maxlength'))

    def test_search_button_enabled(self):
        # get Search button  获取ClassName定位元素，；反之，则抛出NoSuchElementException的异常。
        search_button = self.driver.find_element_by_class_name('button')

        # check Search button is enabled
        self.assertTrue(search_button.is_enabled())

    def test_my_account_link_is_displayed(self):
        # get the Account link
        account_link = self.driver.find_element_by_link_text('ACCOUNT')

        # check My Account link is displayed/visible in the Home page footer
        self.assertTrue(account_link.is_displayed())

    def test_account_links(self):
        # get the all the links with Account text in it
        account_links = self.driver.\
            find_elements_by_partial_link_text('ACCOUNT')

        # check Account and My Account link is displayed/visible in the Home page footer
        self.assertTrue(len(account_links), 2)

    def test_count_of_promo_banners_images(self):
        # get promo banner list
        banner_list = self.driver.find_element_by_class_name('promos')

        # get images from the banner_list
        banners = banner_list.find_elements_by_tag_name('img')

        # check there are 3 banners displayed on the page
        self.assertEqual(3, len(banners))

    def test_vip_promo(self):
        # get vip promo image
        vip_promo = self.driver.\
            find_element_by_xpath("//img[@alt='Shop Private Sales - Members Only']")

        # check vip promo logo is displayed on home page
        self.assertTrue(vip_promo.is_displayed())
        # click on vip promo images to open the page
        vip_promo.click()
        # check page title
        self.assertEqual("VIP", self.driver.title)

    def test_shopping_cart_status(self):
        # check content of My Shopping Cart block on Home page
        # get the Shopping cart icon and click to open the Shopping Cart section
        shopping_cart_icon = self.driver.\
            find_element_by_css_selector('div.header-minicart span.icon')
        shopping_cart_icon.click()

        # get the shopping cart status
        shopping_cart_status = self.driver.\
            find_element_by_css_selector('p.empty').text
        self.assertEqual('You have no items in your shopping cart.',
                          shopping_cart_status)
        # close the shopping cart section
        close_button = self.driver.\
            find_element_by_css_selector('div.minicart-wrapper a.close')
        close_button.click()

    @classmethod
    def tearDownClass(cls):
        # close the browser window
        cls.driver.quit()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main(verbosity=2)

第4章 Selenium Python API介绍

Web应用程序通过HTML表单的形式把数据发送到服务端。HTML表单中的输入元素包含文本框、复选框、单选框和提交按钮等。一个表单也可以包含下拉列表、文本域、插图和标签等元素。一个典型的Web应用程序从注册用户或搜索产品开始，往往需要填写很多的表单信息。表单是内嵌在HTML代码的标签里的。标签中指定了提交数据的方法，可以使用GET和POST方法，输入到表单请求的地址就是我们要提交数据的服务器地址。

4.1 HTML表单元素

Selenium WebDriver为“实现通过与这些Web元素的交互的自动化来验证Web程序的功能正确性”提供了强大的支持。

通过使用WebDirver的功能和一些方法来实现

与浏览器窗口、警告、框架和弹出窗口的交互。
它也提供了自动化操作浏览器导航栏、设置cookies、截屏等方便我们测试的特性。

4.2.1 WebDriver功能

功能屬性	描述	方法
current_url	获取当前页面的URL地址	driver.current_url
current_window_handle	获取当前窗口的句柄	driver.current_window_handle
name	获取该实例底层的浏览器名称	driver.name
orientation	获取当前设备的方位	driver.orientation
page_source	获取当前页面的源代码	driver.page_source
title	获取当前页面的标题	driver.title
window_handles	获取当前session里所有窗口的句柄	driver.window_handles

4.2.2 WebDriver方法

WebDirver通过一些方法来实现与浏览器窗口、网页和页面元素的交互。下表是一些重要的方法。


back()	后退一步到当前会话的浏览器历史记录中最后一步操作前的页面driver.back()
close()	关闭当前浏览器窗口driver.close()
forward()	前进一步到当前会话的浏览器历史记录中前一步操作后的页面driver.forward()
get(url)	访问目标URL并加载网页到当前的浏览器会话URL是目标网页的网站地址driver.get(“http://www.google.com”)
maximize_window()	最大化当前浏览器窗口driver.maximize_window()
quit()	退出当前driver并关闭所有的相关窗口driver.quit()
refresh()	刷新当前页面 driver.refresh()
switch_to_active_element()	返回当前页面唯一焦点所在的元素或者元素体 driver.switch_to_active_element()
switch_to_alert()	把焦点切换至当前页面弹出的警告driver.switch_to_alert()
switch_to_default_content()	切换焦点至默认框架内 driver.switch_to_default_content()
switch_to-frame(frame_reference)	通过索引、名称和网页元素将焦点切换到指定的框架，这种方法也适用于IFRAMESframe_reference:要切换的目标窗口的名称、整数类型的索引或者要切换的目标框架的网页元素driver.switch_to_frame(‘frame_name’)
switch_to_window(window_name)	切换焦点到指定窗口window_name：要切换的目标窗口的名称或者句柄driver.switch_to_window(‘main’)
implicitly_wait(time_to_wait)	超时设置等待目标元素被找到，或者目标指令执行完成。该方法在每个session只需要调用一次。execute_async_script的超时设置，请参阅set_script_timeout方法time_to_wait: 等待时间（单位为秒）
set_page_load_timeout(time_to_wait)	设置一个页面完全加载完成的超时等待时间time_to_wait: 等待时间（单位为秒）driver.set_page_load_timeout(30)
set_script_timeout(time_to_wait)	设置脚本执行的超时时间，应该在execute_async_script抛出错误之前time_to_wait: 等待时间（单位为秒）driver.set_script_timeout(30)

《Selenium自动化测试：基于Python语言》读书笔记