Introduction
Landsat 8 (first known as the Landsat Data Continuity Mission) was launch on February 11, 2013 from Vandenberg Air Force Base, California on an Atlas-V rocket. The satellite carries the Operational Land Imager (OLI) and the Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS).
The Landsat 8 satellite orbits the the Earth in a sun-synchronous, near-polar orbit, at an altitude of 705 km (438 mi), inclined at 98.2 degrees, and circles the Earth every 99 minutes. The satellite has a 16-day repeat cycle with an equatorial crossing time: 10:00 a.m. +/- 15 minutes. Landsat 8 aquires about 740 scenes a day on the Worldwide Reference System-2 (WRS-2) path/row system, with a swath overlap (or sidelap) varying from 7 percent at the Equator to a maximum of approximately 85 percent at extreme latitudes. The scene size is 185 km x 180 km (114 mi x 112 mi).
Data products created from over 1.6 million Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS scenes are available to download from EarthExplorer, GloVis, and the LandsatLook Viewer.
Landsat 8 Instruments
Operational Land Imager (OLI) - Built by Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corporation
Nine spectral bands, including a pan band:
| index | band name | spatial resolution |
|---|---|---|
| Band 1 | Visible (0.43 - 0.45 µm) | 30 m |
| Band 2 | Visible (0.450 - 0.51 µm) | 30 m |
| Band 3 | Visible (0.53 - 0.59 µm) | 30 m |
| Band 4 | Red (0.64 - 0.67 µm) | 30 m |
| Band 5 | Near-Infrared (0.85 - 0.88 µm) | 30 m |
| Band 6 | SWIR 1(1.57 - 1.65 µm) | 30 m |
| Band 7 | SWIR 2 (2.11 - 2.29 µm) | 30 m |
| Band 8 | Panchromatic (PAN) (0.50 - 0.68 µm) | 15 m |
| Band 9 | Cirrus (1.36 - 1.38 µm) | 30 m |
OLI captures data with improved radiometic precision over a 12-bit dynamic range, which improves overall signal to noise ratio. This translates into 4096 potential grey levels, compared with only 256 grey levels in Landsat 1-7 8-bit instruments. Improved signal to noise performance enables improved characterization of land cover state and condition.
The 12-bit data are scaled to 16-bit integers and delivered in the Level-1 data products. Products are scaled to 55,000 grey levels, and can be rescaled to the Top of Atmosphere (TOA) reflectance and/or radiance using radiometric rescaling coefficients provided in the product metadata file (MTL file).
Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) - Built by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
Two spectral bands:
| index | band name | spatial resolution |
|---|---|---|
| Band 10 | TIRS 1 (10.6 - 11.19 µm) | 100 m |
| Band 11 | TIRS 2 (11.5 - 12.51 µm) | 100 m |
Landsat 8 Spacecraft Facts
- Built by Orbital Science Corporation
- 3.14 terabit solid-state data recorder
- Power provided by a single 9 x 0.4 meter solar array and one 125 Ampere-Hour (AHr), Nickel-Hydrogen (NiH2) battery
- Weight: 2,071 kg (4,566 lbs) fully loaded with fuel (without instruments)
- Length: 3 m (9.8 ft)
- Diameter: 2.4 m (7.9 ft)
- Direct Downlink with Solid State Recorders (SSR)
- Data rate: 384 Mbps on X-band frequency; 260.92 Mbps on S-band frequency
Landsat 8 Data Products
Landsat 8 data products are consistent with all Landsat standard Level-1 data products, using the specifications described on the Landsat Processing Details page.
Landsat 8 Pre-WRS-2 Data Products
Nearly 10,000 scenes were acquired by the Operational Land Imager (OLI) and/or Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) sensors after launch (February 11, 2013) through April 10, 2013, when the satellite achieved operational orbit (WRS-2). The earliest images are TIRS data only. These data are also visible and can be downloaded from EarthExplorer or GloVis.
While these data meet the quality standards and have the same geometric precision as data acquired on and after April 11, 2013, the geographic extents of each scene may differ. Most data will be processed to the highest level possible, however there may be some differences in the spatial resolution of the early TIRS images due to telescope temperature changes, but they should be within +/- 1 percent.