1.命令缩写：
ls：list(列出目录内容)
cd：Change Directory（改变目录）
su:switch user 切换用户
rpm:redhat package manager 红帽子打包管理器
pwd:print work directory 打印当前目录显示出当前工作目录的绝对路径
ps: process status(进程状态，类似于windows的任务管理器) 常用参数：－auxf
ps -auxf 显示进程状态
df: disk free 其功能是显示磁盘可用空间数目信息及空间结点信息。换句话说，就是报告在任何安装的设备或目录中，还剩多少自由的空间。
rpm：即RedHat Package Management，是RedHat的发明之一
rmdir：Remove Directory（删除目录）
rm：Remove（删除目录或文件）
cat: concatenate连锁 cat file1 file2>>file3把文件1和文件2的内容联合起来放到file3中
insmod: install module,载入模块
ln -s : link -soft 创建一个软链接，相当于创建一个快捷方式
mkdir：Make Directory(创建目录
touch
man: Manual
pwd：Print working directory
su：Swith user
cd：Change directory
ls：List files
ps：Process Status
mkdir：Make directory
rmdir：Remove directory
mkfs: Make file system
fsck：File system check
cat: Concatenate
uname: Unix name
df: Disk free
du: Disk usage
lsmod: List modules
mv: Move file
rm: Remove file
cp: Copy file
ln: Link files
fg: Foreground
bg: Background
chown: Change owner
chgrp: Change group
chmod: Change mode
umount: Unmount
dd: 本来应根据其功能描述“Convert an copy”命名为“cc”，但“cc”已经被用以代表“C Complier”，所以命名为“dd”
tar：Tape archive
ldd：List dynamic dependencies
insmod：Install module
rmmod：Remove module
lsmod：List module
文件结尾的"rc"（如.bashrc、.xinitrc等）：Resource configuration
Knnxxx / Snnxxx（位于rcx.d目录下）：K（Kill）；S(Service)；nn（执行顺序号）；xxx（服务标识）
.a（扩展名a）：Archive，static library
.so（扩展名so）：Shared object，dynamically linked library
.o（扩展名o）：Object file，complied result of C/C++ source file
RPM：Red hat package manager
dpkg：Debian package manager
apt：Advanced package tool（Debian或基于Debian的发行版中提供）
部分Linux命令缩
| bin = BINaries #下面的是一些二进制程序文件 /dev = DEVices #下面的是一些硬件驱动 /etc = ETCetera #目录存放着各种系统配置文件, 类似于windows下的system /lib = LIBrary /proc = PROCesses /sbin = Superuser BINaries /tmp = TeMPorary /usr = Unix Shared Resources /var = VARiable ? /boot=boot #下面的是开机启动文件 FIFO = First In, First Out GRUB = GRand Unified Bootloader IFS = Internal Field Seperators LILO = LInux LOader MySQL = My是最初作者女儿的名字，SQL = Structured Query Language PHP = Personal Home Page Tools = PHP Hypertext Preprocessor PS = Prompt String Perl = "Pratical Extraction and Report Language" = "Pathologically Eclectic Rubbish Lister" Python 得名于电视剧Monty Python's Flying Circus Tcl = Tool Command Language Tk = ToolKit VT = Video Terminal YaST = Yet Another Setup Tool apache = "a patchy" server apt = Advanced Packaging Tool ar = archiver as = assembler awk = "Aho Weiberger and Kernighan" 三个作者的姓的第一个字母 bash = Bourne Again SHell bc = Basic (Better) Calculator bg = BackGround biff = 作者Heidi Stettner在U.C.Berkely养的一条狗,喜欢对邮递员汪汪叫。 cal = CALendar cat = CATenate cd = Change Directory chgrp = CHange GRouP chmod = CHange MODe chown = CHange OWNer chsh = CHange SHell cmp = compare cobra = Common Object Request Broker Architecture comm = common cp = CoPy cpio = CoPy In and Out cpp = C Pre Processor cron = Chronos 希腊文时间 cups = Common Unix Printing System cvs = Current Version System daemon = Disk And Execution MONitor dc = Desk Calculator dd = Disk Dump df = Disk Free diff = DIFFerence dmesg = diagnostic message du = Disk Usage ed = editor egrep = Extended GREP elf = Extensible Linking Format elm = ELectronic Mail emacs = Editor MACroS eval = EVALuate ex = EXtended exec = EXECute fd = file descriptors fg = ForeGround fgrep = Fixed GREP fmt = format fsck = File System ChecK fstab = FileSystem TABle fvwm = F*** Virtual Window Manager gawk = GNU AWK gpg = GNU Privacy Guard groff = GNU troff hal = Hardware Abstraction Layer joe = Joe's Own Editor ksh = Korn SHell lame = Lame Ain't an MP3 Encoder lex = LEXical analyser lisp = LISt Processing = Lots of Irritating Superfluous Parentheses ln = LiNk lpr = Line PRint ls = list lsof = LiSt Open Files m4 = Macro processor Version 4 man = MANual pages mawk = Mike Brennan's AWK mc = Midnight Commander mkfs = MaKe FileSystem mknod = MaKe NODe motd = Message of The Day mozilla = MOsaic GodZILLa mtab = Mount TABle mv = MoVe nano = Nano's ANOther editor nawk = New AWK nl = Number of Lines nm = names nohup = No HangUP nroff = New ROFF od = Octal Dump passwd = PASSWorD pg = pager pico = PIne's message COmposition editor pine = "Program for Internet News & Email" = "Pine is not Elm" ping = 拟声又 = Packet InterNet Grouper pirntcap = PRINTer CAPability popd = POP Directory pr = pre printf = PRINT Formatted ps = Processes Status pty = pseudo tty pushd = PUSH Directory pwd = Print Working Directory rc = runcom = run command, rc还是plan9的shell rev = REVerse rm = ReMove rn = Read News roff = RunOFF rpm = RPM Package Manager = RedHat Package Manager rsh, rlogin, rvim中的r = Remote rxvt = ouR XVT seamoneky = 我 sed = Stream EDitor seq = SEQuence shar = SHell ARchive slrn = S-Lang rn ssh = Secure SHell ssl = Secure Sockets Layer stty = Set TTY su = Substitute User svn = SubVersioN tar = Tape ARchive tcsh = TENEX C shell tee = T (T形水管接口) telnet = TEminaL over Network termcap = terminal capability terminfo = terminal information tex = τέχνη的缩写，希腊文art tr = traslate troff = Typesetter new ROFF tsort = Topological SORT tty = TeleTypewriter twm = Tom's Window Manager tz = TimeZone udev = Userspace DEV ulimit = User's LIMIT umask = User's MASK uniq = UNIQue vi = VIsual = Very Inconvenient vim = Vi IMproved wall = write all wc = Word Count wine = WINE Is Not an Emulator xargs = eXtended ARGuments xdm = X Display Manager xlfd = X Logical Font Description xmms = X Multimedia System xrdb = X Resources DataBase xwd = X Window Dump yacc = yet another compiler compiler Fish = the Friendly Interactive SHell su = Switch User MIME = Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions ECMA = European Computer Manufacturers Association |
apt-get----------------------advance packaging tool
sudo-------------------------switch user to do someting.
yum--------------------------yellowdog updater modified
2.软件的安装的过程
各步骤详解
[yonghu@localhost ~]#su root //(使用root帐户登录，使用其他用户，之后操作有可能权限不够)
口令: // 输入root密码
[root@localhost ~]# cd /home/new/Desktop
// (切换到tar.gz文件所在目录，这里我的tar.gz文件在桌面)
[root@localhost Desktop]#tar -xzvf fcitx-3.4.2.tar.gz
// (解压tar.gz文件，这里以fcitx-3.4.2来举例，解压得到fcitx-3.4.2文件夹)
[root@localhost Desktop]#cd /home/new/Desktop/fcitx-3.4.2
//（切换目录到fcitx-3.4.2，软件解压的目录）
[root@localhost fcitx-3.4.2]#./configure --prefix=/opt/fictx
//(配置，把文件存放在/opt/fictx下，删除时，卸载软件时，只要删除这个文件就行了)
[root@localhost fcitx-3.4.2]#make (编译)
3.Linux文件的目录及其作用
.tar.gz一般情况下都是源代码的安装包，需要先解压再经过编译、安装.才能执行。总而言之它是一个压缩文件。
1、/bin ：获得最小的系统可操作性所需要的命令
2、/boot ：内核和加载内核所需的文件
3、/dev ：终端、磁盘、调制解调器等的设备项
4、/etc ：关键的启动文件和配置文件
5、/home ：用户的主目录
6、/lib ：C编译器的库和部分C编译器
7、/media ：可移动介质上文件系统的安装点
8、/opt ：可选的应用安装包
9、/proc ：所有正在运行进程的映像
10、/root ：超级用户的主目录
11、/sbin ：引导、修复或者恢复系统的命令
12、/tmp ：每次重新引导就消失的临时文件
13、/usr ：次要文件和命令的层次结构
14、/usr/bin ：大多数命令和可执行文件
15、/usr/include ：编译C程序的头文件
16、/usr/lib ：库，供标准程序使用的支持文件
17、/usr/local ：本地软件（用户所编写或者安装的软件）
18、/usr/local/bin ：本地的可执行文件
19、/usr/local/etc ：本地系统配置文件和命令
20、/usr/local/lib ：本地的支持文件
21、/usr/local/sbin ：静态链接的本地系统维护命令
22、/usr/local/src ：/usr/local/*的源代码
23、/usr/man ：联机用户手册
24、/usr/sbin不太关键的系统管理命令和修复命令
25、/usr/share ：多种系统共同的东西（只读）
26、/usr/share/man ：练级用户手册
27、/usr/src ：非本地软件包的源代码
28、/var ：系统专用数据和配置文件
29、/var/adm ：各种不同的东西
30、/var/log ：各种系统日志文件
31、/var/spool ：供打印机、邮件等使用的假脱机目录
32、/var/tmp ：更多的临时空间（在重新引导之后，文件予以保留）