初始化和建立项目
有两种方式，一种是 init, 另外一种是 clone
init 在上面的例子中已经用过了，也就是进入项目所在的目录，用 $ git init 即可。
Clone 一般是 从远程服务器克隆一个已有的版本仓库 到本机，命令如下：
| $ git clone git://github.com/git/hello-world.git Cloning into 'hello-world'... remote: Counting objects: 158, done. remote: Compressing objects: 100% (79/79), done. remote: Total 158 (delta 54), reused 154 (delta 54) Receiving objects: 100% (158/158), 15.63 KiB, done. Resolving deltas: 100% (54/54), done. error: unable to create file brainf*ck.bf (Invalid argument)
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查看远程服务器：
| huangyineng@HUANGYINENG-PC ~/hello-world (master) $ git remote origin
huangyineng@HUANGYINENG-PC ~/hello-world (master) $ git remote -v origin git://github.com/git/hello-world.git (fetch) origin git://github.com/git/hello-world.git (push) |
添加与提交
所用到的命令是 add 、 commit 和 status.
1. 创建一个名为 helloworld.naxsu 的文件 .
2. 用 git status 查看当前目录文件的提交状态
brainf*ck.bf 是刚才克隆的时候，没法克隆下来，这里显示是删除了
helloworld.naxsu 是刚创建的文件，提示用 "git add" 添加的缓冲区中或者用 "git commit -a" 添加并提交
3. $ git add helloworld.naxsu 进行添加到缓冲区
添加当前目录下的所有文件
$ git add .
添加以 .c 为后缀的文件
$ git add *.c
添加指定文件
$ git add index.jsp
4. $ git commit helloworld.naxsu -m "init helloworld.naxsu" 提交到本地仓库
| huangyineng@HUANGYINENG-PC ~/hello-world (master) $ echo "hello world" >> helloworld.naxsu
huangyineng@HUANGYINENG-PC ~/hello-world (master) $ ls *.naxsu helloworld.naxsu
huangyineng@HUANGYINENG-PC ~/hello-world (master) $ git status # On branch master # Changes not staged for commit: # (use "git add/rm ..." to update what will be committed) # (use "git checkout -- ..." to discard changes in working directory) # # deleted: brainf*ck.bf # # Untracked files: # (use "git add ..." to include in what will be committed) # # helloworld.naxsu no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
huangyineng@HUANGYINENG-PC ~/hello-world (master) $ git add helloworld.naxsu warning: LF will be replaced by CRLF in helloworld.naxsu. The file will have its original line endings in your working directory.
huangyineng@HUANGYINENG-PC ~/hello-world (master) $ git status # On branch master # Changes to be committed: # (use "git reset HEAD ..." to unstage) # # new file: helloworld.naxsu # # Changes not staged for commit: # (use "git add/rm ..." to update what will be committed) # (use "git checkout -- ..." to discard changes in working directory) # # deleted: brainf*ck.bf #
huangyineng@HUANGYINENG-PC ~/hello-world (master) $ git commit helloworld.naxsu -m "init helloworld.naxsu" warning: LF will be replaced by CRLF in helloworld.naxsu. The file will have its original line endings in your working directory. [master 8c17395] init helloworld.naxsu warning: LF will be replaced by CRLF in helloworld.naxsu. The file will have its original line endings in your working directory. 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) create mode 100644 helloworld.naxsu
huangyineng@HUANGYINENG-PC ~/hello-world (master) $ git status # On branch master # Your branch is ahead of 'origin/master' by 1 commit. # # Changes not staged for commit: # (use "git add/rm ..." to update what will be committed) # (use "git checkout -- ..." to discard changes in working directory) # # deleted: brainf*ck.bf # no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
huangyineng@HUANGYINENG-PC ~/hello-world (master) $ |
忽略某些文件
Java 文件编译成 .class 文件，他是自动生成的，我们没必要用版本控制它，所以提交的时候可以用忽略。
创建文件 class1.class 、 java1.java ，创建 .gitignore ，并把 class1.class 添加到 .gitignore 中 , 同时用 vim 编辑 .gitignore ，把他自己也添加到里面，用 $ cat .gitignore 命令可以查看 .gitignore 的内容。接下来用 add,commit, 你就会发现 class1.class 是不会提交到仓库中的。
| huangyineng@HUANGYINENG-PC ~/hello-world (master) $ echo "class1" > class1.class
huangyineng@HUANGYINENG-PC ~/hello-world (master) $ echo "java1" > java1.java
huangyineng@HUANGYINENG-PC ~/hello-world (master) $ echo "class1.class" >.gitignore
huangyineng@HUANGYINENG-PC ~/hello-world (master) $ vim .gitignore
huangyineng@HUANGYINENG-PC ~/hello-world (master) $ cat .gitignore class1.class .gitignore
$ git status $ git add . $ git status $ git commit -a -m "ignore test" …… |
比较文件的不同
$ git diff( 默认是 $ git diff --staged)
$ git diff --staged: 比较 workspace VS staged
$ git diff --cached: 比较 staged VS local repo
演示思路：修改 helloworld.naxsu ，用 git diff 查看不同，把他 add 之后再查看他们的不同，然后 commit 后，又一次查看他们的不同。
| huangyineng@HUANGYINENG-PC ~/hello-world (master) $ vim helloworld.naxsu
huangyineng@HUANGYINENG-PC ~/hello-world (master) $ git diff diff --git a/helloworld.naxsu b/helloworld.naxsu index 3b18e51..6d05489 100644 --- a/helloworld.naxsu +++ b/helloworld.naxsu @@ -1 +1,2 @@ hello world +add something warning: LF will be replaced by CRLF in helloworld.naxsu. The file will have its original line endings in your working directory.
huangyineng@HUANGYINENG-PC ~/hello-world (master) $ git add helloworld.naxsu warning: LF will be replaced by CRLF in helloworld.naxsu. The file will have its original line endings in your working directory.
huangyineng@HUANGYINENG-PC ~/hello-world (master) $ git diff --cached diff --git a/helloworld.naxsu b/helloworld.naxsu index 3b18e51..6d05489 100644 --- a/helloworld.naxsu +++ b/helloworld.naxsu @@ -1 +1,2 @@ hello world +add something warning: LF will be replaced by CRLF in helloworld.naxsu. The file will have its original line endings in your working directory.
huangyineng@HUANGYINENG-PC ~/hello-world (master) $ git commit helloworld.naxsu -m "modified helloworld.naxsu" warning: LF will be replaced by CRLF in helloworld.naxsu. The file will have its original line endings in your working directory. [master warning: LF will be replaced by CRLF in helloworld.naxsu. The file will have its original line endings in your working directory. 6e7814d] modified helloworld.naxsu warning: LF will be replaced by CRLF in helloworld.naxsu. The file will have its original line endings in your working directory. 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
huangyineng@HUANGYINENG-PC ~/hello-world (master) $ git diff
huangyineng@HUANGYINENG-PC ~/hello-world (master) $ git diff --cached |
文件的移动和删除
移动 = 删除 + 添加
| huangyineng@HUANGYINENG-PC ~/hello-world (master) $ ls *naxsu helloworld.naxsu test.naxsu
huangyineng@HUANGYINENG-PC ~/hello-world (master) $ git rm test.naxsu rm 'test.naxsu'
huangyineng@HUANGYINENG-PC ~/hello-world (master) $ git status # On branch master # Your branch is ahead of 'origin/master' by 6 commits. # # Changes to be committed: # (use "git reset HEAD ..." to unstage) # # deleted: test.naxsu #
huangyineng@HUANGYINENG-PC ~/hello-world (master) $ git reset head test.naxsu Unstaged changes after reset: D test.naxsu
huangyineng@HUANGYINENG-PC ~/hello-world (master) $ git status # On branch master # Your branch is ahead of 'origin/master' by 6 commits. # # Changes not staged for commit: # (use "git add/rm ..." to update what will be committed) # (use "git checkout -- ..." to discard changes in working directory) # # deleted: test.naxsu # no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a") |
如果没提交还可以 checkout 进行恢复
| huangyineng@HUANGYINENG-PC ~/hello-world (master) $ git checkout -- test.naxsu
huangyineng@HUANGYINENG-PC ~/hello-world (master) $ ls *.naxsu helloworld.naxsu test.naxsu |
如果 commit 了之后，就不能 checkout 了
| huangyineng@HUANGYINENG-PC ~/hello-world (master) $ git rm test.naxsu rm 'test.naxsu'
huangyineng@HUANGYINENG-PC ~/hello-world (master) $ git commit -a -m "delete test.naxsu" [master 46d28af] delete test.naxsu 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-) delete mode 100644 test.naxsu
huangyineng@HUANGYINENG-PC ~/hello-world (master) $ git checkout -- test.naxsu error: pathspec 'test.naxsu' did not match any file(s) known to git. |
移动用 mv 命令，具体参考 $ git mv --help
查看操作记录
git log 显示所有的提交（ commit ）记录
| huangyineng@HUANGYINENG-PC ~/hello-world (master) $ git log commit 46d28afa27a90678c7391fc0bc5549db345f3c7d Author: yineng huang Date: Fri Aug 17 23:28:34 2012 +0800
delete test.naxsu …… |
git whatchanged
| huangyineng@HUANGYINENG-PC ~/hello-world (master) $ git whatchanged commit 46d28afa27a90678c7391fc0bc5549db345f3c7d Author: yineng huang Date: Fri Aug 17 23:28:34 2012 +0800
delete test.naxsu
:100644 000000 77608b6... 0000000... D test.naxsu …… |
git-whatchanged 显示的信息比 git-log 更详细一些，可以显示具体的文件名。
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下一节： 共享及更新项目