自动化运维系列之Cobbler自动装机

其他 2020-07-31 11:02:11 阅读次数: 0

我们之前批量安装操作系统的时候都是采用pxe来安装，pxe也是通过网络安装操作系统的，但是PXE依赖于DHCP，HTTP/TFTP，kicstart等支持。安装流程

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PXE装机也是一个不错的选择对于批量装机的话，现在呢我们学习另一种安装操作系统的软件cobbler。它具有以下功能：

  1. 使用一个以前定义的模版来配置DHCP服务（如果启用了管理DHCP）
  2. 将一个存储库（yum或rsync）建立镜像或者解压缩一个媒介，以注册一个新的操作系统。
  3. 在DHCP配置文件中为需要安装的机器创建一个条目并使用我们指定的参数（IP、mac地址）
  4. 在TFTP服务目录下创建适当的PXE文件
  5. 重新启动DHCP服务以反映更改
  6. 重新启动机器以开始安装（如果电源管理已经启用的话。）

cobbler简介

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​ Cobbler的结构基于一组注册的对象，每个对象都是相互关联的实体（该实体指向另一个实体，或者另一个实体指向该实体）。当一个对象指向另一个对象时，它就继承了被指向对象的数据，并可覆盖或添加更多特定信息。对象类型的定义为：

  • 发行版（Distribution）：表示一个操作系统，它承载了kernel和initrd的信息，以及内核参数等其它数据；
  • 配置文件（Profile）：包含一个发行版、一个KickStart文件以及可能的存储库，还包含更多特定的内核参数等其它数据；
  • 系统（System）：包含一个配置文件或一个镜像，还包含IP Address和MAC Address、电源管理（地址、凭据、类型）以及更为专业的数据等信息；
  • 存储库（Repository）：保存一个yum或rsync存储库的镜像信息；
    镜像（Image）：可替换一个包含不属于此类别的文件的发行版对象。

cobbler安装#

**说明：**虚拟机网卡采用NAT模式或者仅主机模式，不要使用桥接模式，因为后面会搭建DHCP服务器，在同一个局域网多个DHCP服务会有冲突。
VMware的NAT模式的dhcp服务也关闭，避免干扰。

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环境准备

# 关闭防火墙、selinux等
[root@cobbler ~]# systemctl stop firewalld
[root@cobbler ~]# systemctl disable firewalld
[root@cobbler ~]# setenforce 0
[root@cobbler ~]# sed -i 's/^SELINUX=.*/SELINUX=disabled/' /etc/sysconfig/selinux

安装cobbler

# 配置epel源
[root@cobbler ~]# yum -y install epel-release

# 安装cobbler及dhcp httpd xinetd cobbler-web
[root@cobbler ~]# yum -y install cobbler cobbler-web tftp-server dhcp httpd xinetd

# 启动cobbler及httpd并加入开机启动
[root@cobbler ~]# systemctl start httpd cobblerd
[root@cobbler ~]# systemctl enable httpd cobblerd

查看安装后相关文件

[root@cobbler ~]# rpm -ql cobbler
/etc/cobbler                  # 配置文件目录
/etc/cobbler/settings         # cobbler主配置文件，这个文件是YAML格式，Cobbler是python写的程序。
/etc/cobbler/dhcp.template    # DHCP服务的配置模板
/etc/cobbler/tftpd.template   # tftp服务的配置模板
/etc/cobbler/rsync.template   # rsync服务的配置模板
/etc/cobbler/iso              # iso模板配置文件目录
/etc/cobbler/pxe              # pxe模板文件目录
/etc/cobbler/power            # 电源的配置文件目录
/etc/cobbler/users.conf       # Web服务授权配置文件
/etc/cobbler/users.digest     # 用于web访问的用户名密码配置文件
/etc/cobbler/dnsmasq.template # DNS服务的配置模板
/etc/cobbler/modules.conf     # Cobbler模块配置文件
/var/lib/cobbler              # Cobbler数据目录
/var/lib/cobbler/config       # 配置文件
/var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts   # 默认存放kickstart文件
/var/lib/cobbler/loaders      # 存放的各种引导程序
/var/www/cobbler              # 系统安装镜像目录
/var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror    # 导入的系统镜像列表
/var/www/cobbler/images       # 导入的系统镜像启动文件
/var/www/cobbler/repo_mirror  # yum源存储目录
/var/log/cobbler              # 日志目录
/var/log/cobbler/install.log  # 客户端系统安装日志
/var/log/cobbler/cobbler.log  # cobbler日志

配置cobbler

检查Cobbler的配置，如果看不到下面的结果，再次重启cobbler

[root@cobbler ~]# cobbler check
The following are potential configuration items that you may want to fix:

1 : The 'server' field in /etc/cobbler/settings must be set to something other than localhost, or kickstarting features will not work.  This should be a resolvable hostname or IP for the boot server as reachable by all machines that will use it.
2 : For PXE to be functional, the 'next_server' field in /etc/cobbler/settings must be set to something other than 127.0.0.1, and should match the IP of the boot server on the PXE network.
3 : change 'disable' to 'no' in /etc/xinetd.d/tftp
4 : Some network boot-loaders are missing from /var/lib/cobbler/loaders, you may run 'cobbler get-loaders' to download them, or, if you only want to handle x86/x86_64 netbooting, you may ensure that you have installed a *recent* version of the syslinux package installed and can ignore this message entirely.  Files in this directory, should you want to support all architectures, should include pxelinux.0, menu.c32, elilo.efi, and yaboot. The 'cobbler get-loaders' command is the easiest way to resolve these requirements.
5 : enable and start rsyncd.service with systemctl
6 : debmirror package is not installed, it will be required to manage debian deployments and repositories
7 : ksvalidator was not found, install pykickstart
8 : The default password used by the sample templates for newly installed machines (default_password_crypted in /etc/cobbler/settings) is still set to 'cobbler' and should be changed, try: "openssl passwd -1 -salt 'random-phrase-here' 'your-password-here'" to generate new one
9 : fencing tools were not found, and are required to use the (optional) power management features. install cman or fence-agents to use them

Restart cobblerd and then run 'cobbler sync' to apply changes.

看到上面出现的问题，然后一个一个的进行解决，先进行设置为可以动态配置，也可以直接更改配置文件。

# 设置可以动态修改配置文件
[root@cobbler ~]# sed -ri '/allow_dynamic_settings:/c\allow_dynamic_settings: 1' /etc/cobbler/settings
[root@cobbler ~]# grep allow_dynamic_settings /etc/cobbler/settings 
allow_dynamic_settings: 1
[root@cobbler ~]# systemctl restart cobblerd

逐个解决上面的问题

1. server
[root@cobbler ~]# cobbler setting edit --name=server --value=192.168.2.128

2. next_server
[root@cobbler ~]# cobbler setting edit --name=next_server --value=192.168.2.128

3. tftp_server
[root@cobbler ~]# sed -ri '/disable/c\disable = no' /etc/xinetd.d/tftp
[root@cobbler ~]# systemctl enable xinetd
[root@cobbler ~]# systemctl restart xinetd

4. boot-loaders
[root@cobbler ~]# cobbler get-loaders

5. rsyncd
[root@cobbler ~]# systemctl start rsyncd
[root@cobbler ~]# systemctl enable rsyncd

6. debmirror [optional]
# 这个是可选项的，可以忽略。这里就忽略了

7. pykickstart
[root@cobbler ~]# yum -y install pykickstart

8. default_password_crypted  #注意：这里设置的密码，也就是后面安装完系统的初始化登录密码
[root@cobbler ~]# openssl passwd -1 -salt `openssl rand -hex 4` 'admin'
$1$675f1d08$oJoAMVxdbdKHjQXbGqNTX0
[root@cobbler ~]# cobbler setting edit --name=default_password_crypted --value='$1$675f1d08$oJoAMVxdbdKHjQXbGqNTX0'

9. fencing tools [optional]
[root@cobbler ~]# yum -y install fence-agents

解决完成再次查看

[root@cobbler ~]# cobbler check
The following are potential configuration items that you may want to fix:

1 : debmirror package is not installed, it will be required to manage debian deployments and repositories

Restart cobblerd and then run 'cobbler sync' to apply changes.

配置dhcp

[root@cobbler ~]# cobbler setting edit --name=manage_dhcp --value=1

# 修改cobbler的dhcp模块，不要直接修改dhcp本身的配置文件，因为cobbler会覆盖
[root@cobbler ~]# vim /etc/cobbler/dhcp.template
...
subnet 192.168.2.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 { #这里改为分配的网段和掩码
     #option routers             192.168.1.5; #如果有网关，这里改为网关地址
     #option domain-name-servers 192.168.1.1; #如果有DNS，这里改为DNS地址
     option subnet-mask         255.255.255.0; #改为分配的IP的掩码
     range dynamic-bootp        192.168.2.100 192.168.2.254; #改为分配的IP的范围
...

同步cobbler

[root@cobbler ~]# cobbler rsync 
No such command: rsync
[root@cobbler ~]# cobbler sync
task started: 2019-06-12_152623_sync
task started (id=Sync, time=Wed Jun 12 15:26:23 2019)
running pre-sync triggers
cleaning trees
removing: /var/www/cobbler/images/centos6.9-x86_64
removing: /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default
removing: /var/lib/tftpboot/grub/images
removing: /var/lib/tftpboot/grub/grub-x86.efi
removing: /var/lib/tftpboot/grub/grub-x86_64.efi
removing: /var/lib/tftpboot/grub/efidefault
removing: /var/lib/tftpboot/images/centos6.9-x86_64
removing: /var/lib/tftpboot/s390x/profile_list
copying bootloaders
trying hardlink /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/grub-x86.efi -> /var/lib/tftpboot/grub/grub-x86.efi
trying hardlink /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/grub-x86_64.efi -> /var/lib/tftpboot/grub/grub-x86_64.efi
copying distros to tftpboot
copying files for distro: centos6.9-x86_64
trying hardlink /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/centos6.9-x86_64/images/pxeboot/vmlinuz -> /var/lib/tftpboot/images/centos6.9-x86_64/vmlinuz
trying hardlink /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/centos6.9-x86_64/images/pxeboot/initrd.img -> /var/lib/tftpboot/images/centos6.9-x86_64/initrd.img
copying images
generating PXE configuration files
generating PXE menu structure
copying files for distro: centos6.9-x86_64
trying hardlink /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/centos6.9-x86_64/images/pxeboot/vmlinuz -> /var/www/cobbler/images/centos6.9-x86_64/vmlinuz
trying hardlink /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/centos6.9-x86_64/images/pxeboot/initrd.img -> /var/www/cobbler/images/centos6.9-x86_64/initrd.img
Writing template files for centos6.9-x86_64
rendering DHCP files
generating /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf
rendering TFTPD files
generating /etc/xinetd.d/tftp
processing boot_files for distro: centos6.9-x86_64
cleaning link caches
running post-sync triggers
running python triggers from /var/lib/cobbler/triggers/sync/post/*
running python trigger cobbler.modules.sync_post_restart_services
running: dhcpd -t -q
received on stdout: 
received on stderr: 
running: service dhcpd restart
received on stdout: 
received on stderr: Redirecting to /bin/systemctl restart dhcpd.service

running shell triggers from /var/lib/cobbler/triggers/sync/post/*
running python triggers from /var/lib/cobbler/triggers/change/*
running python trigger cobbler.modules.manage_genders
running python trigger cobbler.modules.scm_track
running shell triggers from /var/lib/cobbler/triggers/change/*
*** TASK COMPLETE ***

这时候创建一个新虚拟机可以获取到如下信息，没有镜像选择，只能从本地启动

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