来谈谈Servlet~~

1、Servlet简介

  • Servlet就是sun公司开发动态web的一门技术
  • Java Servlet 是运行在 Web 服务器或应用服务器上的程序,它是作为来自 Web 浏览器或其他 HTTP 客户端的请求和 HTTP 服务器上的数据库或应用程序之间的中间层
image-20200718154542534
  • Sun在这些API提供了一个接口叫做:Servlet,如果你想开发一个Servlet程序,只需要完成两个小步骤:
    • 编写一个类,实现Servlet接口
    • 把开发好的Java类部署web服务器中

把实现了Servlet接口的Java程序叫做 Servlet


2、第一个Servlet程序

Servlet接口SUN公司定义了两个默认实现类,分别为:GenericServlet、HttpServlet。

image-20200718153837930
  1. 构建一个maven项目,删掉里面的src目录,以后就在这里面建立Moudel;这个空的工程就是Maven的主工程


  2. 关于Maven父子工程的理解

    image-20200718153854227

    父项目中会有

    <modules>
        <module>servlet_01</module>
    </modules>
    

    子项目中会有

    <parent>
        <artifactId>HelloServlet</artifactId>
        <groupId>org.example</groupId>
        <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
    </parent>
    

    父项目中的jar包子项目可以直接使用,但子项目中的jar包父项目不能直接使用


  3. Maven环境优化

    1. 修改子工程web.xml为最新的,默认版本太老,我们替换为webapp4.0版本和tomcat一致!

      扫描二维码关注公众号,回复: 11405481 查看本文章

      <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
      
      <web-app xmlns="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee"
               xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
               xsi:schemaLocation="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee
                            http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_4_0.xsd"
               version="4.0"
               metadata-complete="true">
      
      </web-app>
      
    2. 将maven的结构搭建完整(添加java目录和resource目录,并做相关标记)

    image-20200718153943411
  4. 编写一个Servlet程序

    • 编写一个普通类实现Servlet接口,这里我们直接继承HttpServlet
    image-20200718154002395
    package com.zsr.servlet;
    
    import javax.servlet.ServletException;
    import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
    import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
    import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
    import java.io.IOException;
    import java.io.PrintWriter;
    
    public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {
        //由于get或者post只是请求实现的不同方式,可以相互调用,业务逻辑都一样
        @Override
        protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
            PrintWriter writer = resp.getWriter();//响应流
            writer.print("Hello,Servlet");
        }
    
        @Override
        protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
            super.doPost(req, resp);
        }
    }
    
  5. 编写Servlet映射

    • 为什么需要映射??
      • 因为我们写的是Java程序,但是要通过浏览器访问,而浏览器需要连接web服务器,所以我们需要在web服务器中注册我们写的Servlet,还需要给他一个浏览器能够访问的路径
    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
    
    <web-app xmlns="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee"
             xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
             xsi:schemaLocation="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee
                          http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_4_0.xsd"
             version="4.0"
             metadata-complete="true">
        <!--注册Servlet-->
        <servlet>
            <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
            <servlet-class>com.zsr.servlet.HelloServlet</servlet-class>
        </servlet>
        <!--Servlet请求路径-->
        <servlet-mapping>
            <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
            <url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
        </servlet-mapping>
    </web-app>
    
  6. 配置Tomcat

  7. 启动测试


3、Servlet原理

image-20200718154028691

4、servlet-mapping的配置

  1. 一个Servlet可以指定一个映射路径

    <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
        <url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
    </servlet-mapping>
    
  2. 一个Servlet可以指定多个映射路径

    <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
        <url-pattern>/hello1</url-pattern>
    </servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
        <url-pattern>/hello2</url-pattern>
    </servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
        <url-pattern>/hello3</url-pattern>
    </servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
        <url-pattern>/hello4</url-pattern>
    </servlet-mapping>
    
  3. 一个Servlet可以指定通用映射路径

    <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
        <url-pattern>/hello/*</url-pattern>
    </servlet-mapping>
    
  4. 默认请求路径(尽量不用)

    <!--默认请求路径-->
    <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
        <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
    </servlet-mapping>
    
  5. 指定一些后缀或者前缀登等…

    <!--自定义后缀实现请求路径
        注意!!*前面不能加映射的路径
        hello/sfasgs.zsr
        以.zsr结尾即可-->
    <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
        <url-pattern>*.zsr</url-pattern>
    </servlet-mapping>
    
  6. 优先级问题

    指定了固有映射路径的优先级最高,如果找不到就会走默认的处理请求


5、关于ServletContext

web容器在启动的时候,它会为每一个web程序创建一个对应的ServletContext对象,它代表了当前的web应用;

ServletContext实例是通过 **getServletContext()**方法获得

  • 是一个域对象

    • 域对象是服务器在内存上创建的存储空间,用于在不同动态资源(servlet)之间传递与共享数据。

    • 凡是域对象都有如下3个方法:

      setAttribute(name,value);//name是String类型,value是Object类型;往域对象里面添加数据,添加时以key-value形式添加
      
      getAttribute(name);//根据指定的key读取域对象里面的数据
      
      removeAttribute(name);//根据指定的key从域对象里面删除数据
      
  • 可以读取全局配置参数

    • getServletContext().getInitParameter(name);//根据指定的参数名获取参数值
      
      getServletContext().getInitParameterNames();//获取所有参数名称列表
      
  • 可以搜索当前工程目录下面的资源文件

    • getServletContext().getRealPath(path);//根据相对路径获取服务器上资源的绝对路径
      
      getServletContext().getResourceAsStream(path);//根据相对路径获取服务器上资源的输入字节流
      
  • 可以获取当前工程名字

    • getServletContext().getContextPath();//获取当前工程名字
      

1、共享数据

​ 我在这个Servlet中保存的数据,可以在另外一个Servlet中拿到;

  • 放置数据的类 HellowServlet:
public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//        this.getInitParameter() 初始化参数
//        this.getServletConfig()  Servlet配置
//        this.getServletContext() Servlet上下文参数
        ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
        String name = "zsr";
        context.setAttribute("username", name);//将一个数据放在了ServletContext中,名字为username,值为name
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        super.doPost(req, resp);
    }
}
  • 读取数据的类 GetServlet:
public class GetServlet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
        String username = (String) context.getAttribute("username");
        resp.setContentType("text/html");
        resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
        resp.getWriter().print("名字" + username);
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        super.doPost(req, resp);
    }
}
  • 配置web.xml,对HelloServlet和GetServlet添加对应的注册和请求路径
<!--对HelloServlet添加注册和请求路径-->
<servlet>
    <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
    <servlet-class>com.zsr.servlet.HelloServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
    <url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

<!--对GetServlet添加注册和请求路径-->
<servlet>
    <servlet-name>getusername</servlet-name>
    <servlet-class>com.zsr.servlet.GetServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-name>getusername</servlet-name>
    <url-pattern>/username</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
  • 测试访问结果:

​ 打开浏览器,先访问localhost:8080/s1/hello,在访问localhost:8080/s1/username,就可以获取名字

image-20200718154046894

2、获取初始化参数

  • 在web.xml里配置以下web应用的初始化参数
<!--配置一些web应用的初始化参数-->
<context-param>
    <param-name>url</param-name>
    <param-value>jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/mybatis</param-value>
</context-param>
  • 获取初始化参数的类Servlet03:
public class Servlet03 extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
        String url = context.getInitParameter("url");
        resp.getWriter().print(url);
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(req, resp);
    }
}
  • 配置web.xml,给Servlet03类添加注册和请求路径
<!--Servlet03类-->
<servlet>
    <servlet-name>initial</servlet-name>
    <servlet-class>com.zsr.servlet.Servlet03</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-name>initial</servlet-name>
    <url-pattern>/initial</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
  • 测试访问结果:

​ 打开浏览器,访问localhost:8080/s1/initial,获取到初始参数

image-20200718154100298


3、请求转发

  • 请求转发的类Servlet04
public class Servlet04 extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
        System.out.println("进入了s4");
//        RequestDispatcher requestDispatcher = context.getRequestDispatcher("/initial");//转发请求路径
//        requestDispatcher.forward(req, resp);//调用forward方法请求转发
        context.getRequestDispatcher("/initial").forward(req, resp);
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(req, resp);
    }
}
  • 配置web.xml,对Servlet04添加对应的注册和请求路径
<!--Servlet04类-->
<servlet>
    <servlet-name>dispatch</servlet-name>
    <servlet-class>com.zsr.servlet.Servlet04</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-name>dispatch</servlet-name>
    <url-pattern>/dispatch</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
  • 测试访问结果:

​ 打开浏览器,访问localhost:8080/s1/dispatch,显示与localhost:8080/s1/initial同样的页面,实现了请求与转发(路径不用改变,重定向的路径需要改变!!!)

image-20200718154112104


4、读取资源文件

Properties

  • 在java目录下新建properties
  • 在resources目录下新建properties

发现:都被打包到了同一个路径下:classes,我们俗称这个路径为类路径(classpath)

image-20200718154125679

思路:需要一个文件流

db.properties/db1.properties:

username=zsr
password=200024
public class Servlet05 extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //第一个/代表当前web项目
        InputStream is = this.getServletContext().getResourceAsStream("/WEB-INF/classes/com/zsr/servlet/db1.properties");
        Properties prop = new Properties();
        prop.load(is);
        String user = prop.getProperty("username");
        String pwd = prop.getProperty("password");
        resp.getWriter().print(user + ":" + pwd);
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(req, resp);
    }
}

添加对应的注册和请求路径,访问测试即可;


6、HttpServletResponse

web服务区接收到客户端http请求,针对这个请求,分别创建一个代表请求的HttpServletRequest对象,代表响应的一个HttpServletResponse;

  • 我们如果要获取客户端请求过来的参数:找HttpServletRequest
  • 如果要给客户端响应一些信息:找HttpServletResponse

1、简单分类

负责向浏览器发送数据的方法:

    ServletOutputStream getOutputStream() throws IOException;

    PrintWriter getWriter() throws IOException;

负责向浏览器发送响应头的方法:

    void setCharacterEncoding(String var1);

    void setContentLength(int var1);

    void setContentLengthLong(long var1);

    void setContentType(String var1);

    void setDateHeader(String var1, long var2);

    void addDateHeader(String var1, long var2);

    void setHeader(String var1, String var2);

    void addHeader(String var1, String var2);

    void setIntHeader(String var1, int var2);

    void addIntHeader(String var1, int var2);

响应的状态码:

    int SC_CONTINUE = 100;
    int SC_SWITCHING_PROTOCOLS = 101;
    int SC_OK = 200;
    int SC_CREATED = 201;
    int SC_ACCEPTED = 202;
    int SC_NON_AUTHORITATIVE_INFORMATION = 203;
    int SC_NO_CONTENT = 204;
    int SC_RESET_CONTENT = 205;
    int SC_PARTIAL_CONTENT = 206;
    int SC_MULTIPLE_CHOICES = 300;
    int SC_MOVED_PERMANENTLY = 301;
    int SC_MOVED_TEMPORARILY = 302;
    int SC_FOUND = 302;
    int SC_SEE_OTHER = 303;
    int SC_NOT_MODIFIED = 304;
    int SC_USE_PROXY = 305;
    int SC_TEMPORARY_REDIRECT = 307;
    int SC_BAD_REQUEST = 400;
    int SC_UNAUTHORIZED = 401;
    int SC_PAYMENT_REQUIRED = 402;
    int SC_FORBIDDEN = 403;
    int SC_NOT_FOUND = 404;
    int SC_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED = 405;
    int SC_NOT_ACCEPTABLE = 406;
    int SC_PROXY_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED = 407;
    int SC_REQUEST_TIMEOUT = 408;
    int SC_CONFLICT = 409;
    int SC_GONE = 410;
    int SC_LENGTH_REQUIRED = 411;
    int SC_PRECONDITION_FAILED = 412;
    int SC_REQUEST_ENTITY_TOO_LARGE = 413;
    int SC_REQUEST_URI_TOO_LONG = 414;
    int SC_UNSUPPORTED_MEDIA_TYPE = 415;
    int SC_REQUESTED_RANGE_NOT_SATISFIABLE = 416;
    int SC_EXPECTATION_FAILED = 417;
    int SC_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR = 500;
    int SC_NOT_IMPLEMENTED = 501;
    int SC_BAD_GATEWAY = 502;
    int SC_SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE = 503;
    int SC_GATEWAY_TIMEOUT = 504;
    int SC_HTTP_VERSION_NOT_SUPPORTED = 505;

2、常见应用

  1. 向浏览器输出消息

  2. 下载文件

    1. 获取文件下载的路径
    2. 获取下载的文件名
    3. 设置浏览器支持我们所下载的东西
    4. 获取下载文件的输入流
    5. 创建缓冲区
    6. 获取OutputStream对象
    7. 将FileOutputStream写出到缓冲区
    8. 使用OutputStream将缓冲区的数据输出到客户端
public class FileServlet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //1、获取下载文件的路径
        String path = "D:/学习/IDEA project/HelloServlet/response/src/main/resources/钟嗣儒.jpg";
        System.out.println("下载的文件路径为:" + path);
        //2、获取下载的文件名
        String fileName = path.substring(path.lastIndexOf("\\") + 1);
        //3、设置让浏览器支持下载我们所需要的东西,中文文件名URLEncoder.encode编码,否则有可能乱码
        resp.setHeader("Content-Disposition", "attachment;filename=" + URLEncoder.encode(fileName, "UTF-8"));
        //4、获取下载文件到输入流
        FileInputStream in = new FileInputStream(path);
        //5、创建缓冲区
        int len = 0;
        byte b[] = new byte[1024];
        //6、获取OutputStream对象
        ServletOutputStream out = resp.getOutputStream();
        //7、将FileOutputStream流写入到buffer缓冲区,使用OutputStream将缓冲区中的数据输出到客户端
        while ((len = in.read(b)) != -1) {
            out.write(b, 0, len);
        }
        out.close();
        in.close();
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(req, resp);
    }
}

  1. 验证码功能

验证怎么来的?

  • 前端实现
  • 后端实现,需要用到Java的图片类,生成一个图片
public class ImageServlet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //如何让浏览器3秒自动刷新一次
        resp.setHeader("refresh", "3");

        //在内存中创建一个图片
        BufferedImage image = new BufferedImage(80, 20, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
        //得到图片
        Graphics2D g = (Graphics2D) image.getGraphics();//笔
        //设置图片的背景颜色
        g.setColor(Color.white);
        g.fillRect(0, 0, 80, 20);
        //给图片写数据
        g.setColor(Color.blue);
        g.setFont(new Font(null, Font.BOLD, 20));
        g.drawString(makeNum(), 0, 20);

        //告诉浏览器,这个请求用图片的方式打开
        resp.setContentType("image/jpeg");
        //网站存在缓存,不让浏览器缓存
        resp.setDateHeader("expires", -1);
        resp.setHeader("Cache-Control", "no-cache");
        resp.setHeader("Pragma", "no-cache");

        //把图片交给浏览器
        ImageIO.write(image, "jpg", resp.getOutputStream());
    }

    public String makeNum() {
        Random random = new Random();
        String num = random.nextInt(9999999) + "";
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
        for (int i = 0; i < 7 - num.length(); i++) {
            sb.append("0");
        }
        num = sb.toString() + sb;
        return num;
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(req, resp);
    }
}
  1. 实现重定向

一个web资源收到客户端请求,他会通知客户端会访问另外一个web资源,这个过程叫做重定向

常见场景:

  • 用户登录
    public void sendRedirect(String location) throws IOException;
  • 测试代码
public class RedirectServlet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        resp.sendRedirect("/imageServlet");//重定向
        /**
         *  等价于两步
         *  resp.setHeader("Location", "/imageServlet");
         *  resp.setStatus(302);
         */
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(req, resp);
    }
}

面试题:请你聊聊重定向和转发的区别?

  • 相同点:
    • 页面都会跳转
  • 不同点
    • 请求转发的时候,url不会发生变化
    • 重定向的时候,url地址栏会发生变化

案例:表单提交,获取用户名和密码

index.jsp:

<html>
<body>
<h2>Hello World!</h2>
<%--这里提交的路径,需要找到项目的路径--%>
<%--${pageContext.request.contextPath}代表当前项目--%>
<form action="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/login" method="get">
    用户名: <input type="text" name="username"> <br>
    密码: <input type="password" name="password">
    <input type="submit">
</form>
</body>
</html>

success.jsp:

<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<html>
<head>
    <title>Success</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Success</h1>
</body>
</html>

RequestTest.java:

public class RequestTest extends HttpServlet {
        @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //处理请求
        String username = req.getParameter("username");
        String password = req.getParameter("password");
        System.out.println(username + ":" + password);
        //重定向的时候一定要注意路径问题,否则404
        resp.sendRedirect("/success.jsp");
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(req, resp);
    }
}

在web.xml添加对应的注册

<servlet>
    <servlet-name>Request</servlet-name>
    <servlet-class>com.zsr.servlet.RequestTest</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-name>Request</servlet-name>
    <url-pattern>/login</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

测试:

image-20200718154147696

image-20200718154158251


7、HttpServletRequest

代表客户端的请求,用户通过Http协议访问服务器,Http请求中的所有信息会被封装到HttpServletRequest中,通过这个HttpServletRequest的方法,可以获取客户端的所有信息

获取前端传递的参数,并且请求转发

image-20200718154208999

index.jsp:(通过Post方式请求)

<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<html>
<head>
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>登录</h1>
<div style="text-align: center">
    <%--这里表单表示的意思:以post的方式提交表单,提交到我们的login请求--%>
    <form action="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/login" method="post">
        用户名:<input type="text" name="username">
        登录:<input type="password" name="password">
        爱好:
        <input type="checkbox" name="hobbies" value="Coding">Coding
        <input type="checkbox" name="hobbies" value="Sing">Sing
        <input type="checkbox" name="hobbies" value="Playing">Playing
        <input type="checkbox" name="hobbies" value="Guitar">Guitar
        <input type="submit">
    </form>
</div>
</body>
</html>

重定向页面success.jsp:

<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<html>
<head>
    <title>你成功啦!</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>SUCCESS~</h1>
</body>
</html>

获取前端传递的参数,并且请求转发的类:LoginServlet

public class LoginServlet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        String username = req.getParameter("username");
        String password = req.getParameter("password");
        String hobbies[] = req.getParameterValues("hobbies");
        System.out.println(username);
        System.out.println(password);
        System.out.println(Arrays.toString(hobbies));
        //通过请求转发
        req.getRequestDispatcher("/success.jsp").forward(req, resp);
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(req, resp);
    }
}

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转载自blog.csdn.net/qq_45173404/article/details/107143434