RabbitMQ从入门到入土——五种核心消息模式

RabbitMQ五种核心消息模式

相关概念

​ 首先先了解下RabbitMQ中的相关概念，这里以五种消息模式中的路由模式为例：

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标志	名称	描述
P	生产者	消息的发送者，可以将消息发送到交换机
C	消费者	消息的接收者，从队列中获取信息并进行消费
X	交换机	接收生产者消息，并根据路由键发送给指定队列
Q	队列	存储从交换机发来的消息
type	交换机类型	不同类型的交换机转发消息方式不同
fanout	发布/订阅模式	广播消息给所有绑定交换机的队列
direct	路由模式	根据路由键发送消息
topic	通配符模式	根据路由键的匹配规则发送消息

五种消息模式

​ 这五种消息模式都是构件与RabbitMQ的消息应用的基础，这里我们使用Spring AMQP的形式来实现它们。

简单模式

​ 简单模式是最简单的消息模式，包含一个生产者，一个消费者和一个队列。生产者向队列里发送消息，消费者从队列中获取消息并消费。

模式示意图

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简单模式的实现

• 首先需要在pom.xml文件中添加Spring AMQP的相关依赖

<!--Spring AMQP依赖-->
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-amqp</artifactId>
</dependency>

• 修改application.yml文件，添加RabbitMQ的相关配置

server:
  port: 8008

spring:
  rabbitmq:
    host: localhost
    port: 5672
    virtual-host: /zhonghu
    username: zhonghu
    password: 123456
    publisher-confirms: true #消息发送到交换器确认
    publisher-returns: true #消息发送到队列确认

• 添加简单模式相关java配置，首先先创建一个名为simple.hello的队列、然后创建一个生产者一个消费者

@Configuration
public class SimpleRabbitConfig {

	@Bean
	public Queue hello() {
		return new Queue("simple.hello");
	}

	@Bean
	public SimpleSender simpleSender(){
		return new SimpleSender();
	}

	@Bean
	public SimpleReceiver simpleReceiver(){
		return new SimpleReceiver();
	}

}

• 生产者通过sent方法向队列simple.hello中发送消息：

public class SimpleSender {

	private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(SimpleSender.class);

	@Autowired
	private RabbitTemplate template;

	private static final String queueName="simple.hello";

	public void send() {
		String message = "Hello RabbitMQ ZhongHu!";
		this.template.convertAndSend(queueName, message);
		LOGGER.info(" Sent'{}'", message);
	}

}

• 消费者从队列中获取消息

@RabbitListener(queues = "simple.hello")
public class SimpleReceiver {

    private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(SimpleReceiver.class);

    @RabbitHandler
    public void receive(String in) {
        LOGGER.info(" Received '{}'", in);
    }

}

• 最后在controller中添加测试接口，调用该接口开始发送消息

@Api(tags = "RabbitController", description = "RabbitMQ功能测试")
@Controller
@RequestMapping("/rabbit")
public class RabbitController {

    @Autowired
    private SimpleSender simpleSender;

    @ApiOperation("简单模式")
    @RequestMapping(value = "/simple", method = RequestMethod.GET)
    @ResponseBody
    public CommonResult simpleTest() {
        for(int i=0;i<10;i++){
            simpleSender.send();
            ThreadUtil.sleep(1000);
        }
        return CommonResult.success(null);
    }
}

测试

​ 运行程序，输入刚才的url：http://localhost:8008/rabbit/simple

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工作模式

​ 工作模式是指向多个相互竞争的消费者发送信息的模式，包含一个生产者，两个消费者和一个队列。两个消费者同时绑定到一个队列上去，当消费者获取消息处理耗时任务时，空闲的消费者从队列中获取并消费信息。

模式示意图

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工作模式的实现

• 添加工作模式相关java配置，创建一个名为work.hello的队列

@Configuration
public class WorkRabbitConfig {

    @Bean
    public Queue workQueue() {
        return new Queue("work.hello");
    }

    @Bean
    public WorkReceiver workReceiver1() {
        return new WorkReceiver(1);
    }

    @Bean
    public WorkReceiver workReceiver2() {
        return new WorkReceiver(2);
    }

    @Bean
    public WorkSender workSender() {
        return new WorkSender();
    }

}

• 生成者通过send方法向队列work.hello中发送消息，消息中包含一定数量的？号

public class WorkSender {

    private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(WorkSender.class);

    @Autowired
    private RabbitTemplate template;

    private static final String queueName = "work.hello";

    public void send(int index) {
        StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder("Hello");
        int limitIndex = index % 3+1;
        for (int i = 0; i < limitIndex; i++) {
            builder.append('？');
        }
        builder.append(index+1);
        String message = builder.toString();
        template.convertAndSend(queueName, message);
        LOGGER.info(" Sent '{}'", message);
    }

}

• 两个消费者从队列work.hello中获取消息，名称分别为instance 1和instance 2，消息中包含的？越多，耗时约长。

@RabbitListener(queues = "work.hello")
public class WorkReceiver {

    private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(WorkReceiver.class);

    private final int instance;

    public WorkReceiver(int i) {
        this.instance = i;
    }

    @RabbitHandler
    public void receive(String in) {
        StopWatch watch = new StopWatch();
        watch.start();
        LOGGER.info("instance {}  Received '{}'", this.instance, in);
        doWork(in);
        watch.stop();
        LOGGER.info("instance {}  Done in {}s", this.instance, watch.getTotalTimeSeconds());
    }

    private void doWork(String in) {
        for (char ch : in.toCharArray()) {
            if (ch == '？') {
                ThreadUtil.sleep(1000);
            }
        }
    }

}

• 在controller中添加测试接口，调用该接口开始发送消息

@Api(tags = "RabbitController", description = "RabbitMQ功能测试")
@Controller
@RequestMapping("/rabbit")
public class RabbitController {
    
    @Autowired
    private WorkSender workSender;

    @ApiOperation("工作模式")
    @RequestMapping(value = "/work", method = RequestMethod.GET)
    @ResponseBody
    public CommonResult workTest() {
        for(int i=0;i<10;i++){
            workSender.send(i);
            ThreadUtil.sleep(1000);
        }
        return CommonResult.success(null);
    }
}

测试

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​ 通过运行结果可以发现生产者往队列中发送包含不同数量的？号消息，instance 1和instance 2消费者互相竞争，分别消费了一部分消息。

发布/订阅模式

​ 发布/订阅模式是指同时向多个消费者发送消息的模式（类似于广播的形式），它包含一个生产者、两个队列和一个交换机。两个消费者同时绑定到不同的队列上去、两个队列绑定到交换机上去、生产者通过发送消息到交换机，所有消费者接受并消费消息。

模式示意图

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发布/订阅模式的实现

​ 添加发布/订阅模式相关java配置，创建一个名为exchange.fanout的交换机、一个生产者、两个消费者和两个匿名队列，将两个匿名队列都绑定到交换机。

@Configuration
public class FanoutRabbitConfig {

    @Bean
    public FanoutExchange fanout() {
        return new FanoutExchange("exchange.fanout");
    }

    @Bean
    public Queue fanoutQueue1() {
        return new AnonymousQueue();
    }

    @Bean
    public Queue fanoutQueue2() {
        return new AnonymousQueue();
    }

    @Bean
    public Binding fanoutBinding1(FanoutExchange fanout, Queue fanoutQueue1) {
        return BindingBuilder.bind(fanoutQueue1).to(fanout);
    }

    @Bean
    public Binding fanoutBinding2(FanoutExchange fanout, Queue fanoutQueue2) {
        return BindingBuilder.bind(fanoutQueue2).to(fanout);
    }

    @Bean
    public FanoutReceiver fanoutReceiver() {
        return new FanoutReceiver();
    }

    @Bean
    public FanoutSender fanoutSender() {
        return new FanoutSender();
    }

}

• 生产者通过send方法向交换机exchange.fanout中发送消息，消息中含有一定数据的？号

public class FanoutSender {
    private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(FanoutSender.class);
    @Autowired
    private RabbitTemplate template;

    private static final String exchangeName = "exchange.fanout";

    public void send(int index) {
        StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder("Hello");
        int limitIndex = index % 3 + 1;
        for (int i = 0; i < limitIndex; i++) {
            builder.append('？');
        }
        builder.append(index + 1);
        String message = builder.toString();
        template.convertAndSend(exchangeName, "", message);
        LOGGER.info("Sent '{}'", message);
    }

}

• 消费者从绑定的匿名队列中获取消息，消息包含的？号越多，耗时越长，由于该消费者可以从两个队列中获取并消费信息，可以看做两个消费者，名称分别为instance1和instance2

public class FanoutReceiver {

    private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(FanoutReceiver.class);

    @RabbitListener(queues = "#{fanoutQueue1.name}")
    public void receive1(String in) {
        receive(in, 1);
    }

    @RabbitListener(queues = "#{fanoutQueue2.name}")
    public void receive2(String in) {
        receive(in, 2);
    }

    private void receive(String in, int receiver) {
        StopWatch watch = new StopWatch();
        watch.start();
        LOGGER.info("instance {}  Received '{}'", receiver, in);
        doWork(in);
        watch.stop();
        LOGGER.info("instance {}  Done in {}s", receiver, watch.getTotalTimeSeconds());
    }

    private void doWork(String in) {
        for (char ch : in.toCharArray()) {
            if (ch == '.') {
                ThreadUtil.sleep(1000);
            }
        }
    }

}

• 在controller中添加测试接口、调用该接口开始发送消息

@Api(tags = "RabbitController", description = "RabbitMQ功能测试")
@Controller
@RequestMapping("/rabbit")
public class RabbitController {
    
    @Autowired
    private FanoutSender fanoutSender;

    @ApiOperation("发布/订阅模式")
    @RequestMapping(value = "/fanout", method = RequestMethod.GET)
    @ResponseBody
    public CommonResult fanoutTest() {
        for(int i=0;i<10;i++){
            fanoutSender.send(i);
            ThreadUtil.sleep(1000);
        }
        return CommonResult.success(null);
    }
}

路由模式

​ 路由模式是可以根据路由键选择性给多个消费者发送消息的模式，它包含一个生产者，两个消费者，两个队列和一个小换机。两个消费者同时绑定到不同的队列上去，两个队列通过路由键绑定到交换机上去，生产者发送消息到交换机，交换机通过路由键转发到不同队列、队列绑定的消费者接受并消费信息。

模式示意图

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路由模式的实现

​ 添加路由模式相关Java配置，创建一个名为exchange.direct的交换机、一个生产者、两个消费者和两个匿名队列、队列通过路由键都绑定到交换机，队列1的路由键为orange和black，队列2的路由键为green和black

@Configuration
public class DirectRabbitConfig {

    @Bean
    public DirectExchange direct() {
        return new DirectExchange("exchange.direct");
    }

    @Bean
    public Queue directQueue1() {
        return new AnonymousQueue();
    }

    @Bean
    public Queue directQueue2() {
        return new AnonymousQueue();
    }

    @Bean
    public Binding directBinding1a(DirectExchange direct, Queue directQueue1) {
        return BindingBuilder.bind(directQueue1).to(direct).with("orange");
    }

    @Bean
    public Binding directBinding1b(DirectExchange direct, Queue directQueue1) {
        return BindingBuilder.bind(directQueue1).to(direct).with("black");
    }

    @Bean
    public Binding directBinding2a(DirectExchange direct, Queue directQueue2) {
        return BindingBuilder.bind(directQueue2).to(direct).with("green");
    }

    @Bean
    public Binding directBinding2b(DirectExchange direct, Queue directQueue2) {
        return BindingBuilder.bind(directQueue2).to(direct).with("black");
    }

    @Bean
    public DirectReceiver receiver() {
        return new DirectReceiver();
    }


    @Bean
    public DirectSender directSender() {
        return new DirectSender();
    }

}

• 生产者通过send方法向交换机exchange.direct中发送消息，发送时使用不同的路由键，根据路由键会被转发到不同队列

public class DirectSender {

	@Autowired
	private RabbitTemplate template;

	private static final String exchangeName = "exchange.direct";

	private final String[] keys = {"orange", "black", "green"};

	private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(DirectSender.class);

	public void send(int index) {
		StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder("Hello to ");
		int limitIndex = index % 3;
		String key = keys[limitIndex];
		builder.append(key).append(' ');
		builder.append(index+1);
		String message = builder.toString();
		template.convertAndSend(exchangeName, key, message);
		LOGGER.info("  Sent '{}'", message);
	}

}

• 消费者从自己绑定的匿名队列中获取消息，由于该消费者可以从两个队列中获取并消费消息，可以看做两个消费者，名称分别为instance1和instance2

public class DirectReceiver {
    private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(DirectReceiver.class);

    @RabbitListener(queues = "#{directQueue1.name}")
    public void receive1(String in){
        receive(in, 1);
    }

    @RabbitListener(queues = "#{directQueue2.name}")
    public void receive2(String in){
        receive(in, 2);
    }

    private void receive(String in, int receiver){
        StopWatch watch = new StopWatch();
        watch.start();
        LOGGER.info("instance {}  Received '{}'", receiver, in);
        doWork(in);
        watch.stop();
        LOGGER.info("instance {}  Done in {}s", receiver, watch.getTotalTimeSeconds());
    }

    private void doWork(String in){
        for (char ch : in.toCharArray()) {
            if (ch == '.') {
                ThreadUtil.sleep(1000);
            }
        }
    }

}

• 在controller中添加测试接口，调用该接口开始发送消息：

@Api(tags = "RabbitController", description = "RabbitMQ功能测试")
@Controller
@RequestMapping("/rabbit")
public class RabbitController {

    @Autowired
    private DirectSender directSender;

    @ApiOperation("路由模式")
    @RequestMapping(value = "/direct", method = RequestMethod.GET)
    @ResponseBody
    public CommonResult directTest() {
        for(int i=0;i<10;i++){
            directSender.send(i);
            ThreadUtil.sleep(1000);
        }
        return CommonResult.success(null);
    }
}

通配符模式

​ 通配符模式是可以根据路由键匹配规则，选择性给多个消费者发送消息的模式，它包含一个生产者、两个消费者、两个队列和一个交换机。两个消费者同时绑定到不同的队列上去，两个队列通过路由键匹配规则绑定到交换机，交换机通过路由键匹配规则转发到不同队列，队列绑定的消费者接受并消费消息

特殊匹配符号

• *只能匹配一个单词
• #可以匹配零个或多个单词

模式示意图

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通配符模式的实现

​ 添加通配符模式的相关java配置，创建一个名为exchange.topic的交换机、一个生产者、两个消费者和两个匿名队列。匹配*.orange.*和*.*.rabbit发送到队列1，匹配lazy.#发送到队列2；

@Configuration
public class TopicRabbitConfig {

    @Bean
    public TopicExchange topic() {
        return new TopicExchange("exchange.topic");
    }

    @Bean
    public Queue topicQueue1() {
        return new AnonymousQueue();
    }

    @Bean
    public Queue topicQueue2() {
        return new AnonymousQueue();
    }

    @Bean
    public Binding topicBinding1a(TopicExchange topic, Queue topicQueue1) {
        return BindingBuilder.bind(topicQueue1).to(topic).with("*.orange.*");
    }

    @Bean
    public Binding topicBinding1b(TopicExchange topic, Queue topicQueue1) {
        return BindingBuilder.bind(topicQueue1).to(topic).with("*.*.rabbit");
    }

    @Bean
    public Binding topicBinding2a(TopicExchange topic, Queue topicQueue2) {
        return BindingBuilder.bind(topicQueue2).to(topic).with("lazy.#");
    }

    @Bean
    public TopicReceiver topicReceiver() {
        return new TopicReceiver();
    }

    @Bean
    public TopicSender topicSender() {
        return new TopicSender();
    }

}

• 生产者通过sent的方法向交换机exchange.topic中发送消息，消息中包含不同的路由键

public class TopicSender {

	@Autowired
	private RabbitTemplate template;

	private static final String exchangeName = "exchange.topic";

	private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(TopicSender.class);


	private final String[] keys = {"quick.orange.rabbit", "lazy.orange.elephant", "quick.orange.fox",
			"lazy.brown.fox", "lazy.pink.rabbit", "quick.brown.fox"};

	public void send(int index) {
		StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder("Hello to ");
		int limitIndex = index%keys.length;
		String key = keys[limitIndex];
		builder.append(key).append(' ');
		builder.append(index+1);
		String message = builder.toString();
		template.convertAndSend(exchangeName, key, message);
		LOGGER.info(" [x] Sent '{}'",message);
		System.out.println(" [x] Sent '" + message + "'");
	}

}

• 消费者从自己绑定的匿名队列中获取消息，由于该消费者可以从两个队列中获取并消费消息，可以看做两个消费者，名称分别为instance1和instance2

public class TopicReceiver {

	private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(TopicReceiver.class);

	@RabbitListener(queues = "#{topicQueue1.name}")
	public void receive1(String in){
		receive(in, 1);
	}

	@RabbitListener(queues = "#{topicQueue2.name}")
	public void receive2(String in){
		receive(in, 2);
	}

	public void receive(String in, int receiver){
		StopWatch watch = new StopWatch();
		watch.start();
		LOGGER.info("instance {} [x] Received '{}'", receiver, in);
		doWork(in);
		watch.stop();
		LOGGER.info("instance {} [x] Done in {}s", receiver, watch.getTotalTimeSeconds());
	}

	private void doWork(String in){
		for (char ch : in.toCharArray()) {
			if (ch == '.') {
				ThreadUtil.sleep(1000);
			}
		}
	}

}

• 在controller中添加测试接口，调用该接口开始发送消息

@Api(tags = "RabbitController", description = "RabbitMQ功能测试")
@Controller
@RequestMapping("/rabbit")
public class RabbitController {

    @Autowired
    private TopicSender topicSender;

    @ApiOperation("通配符模式")
    @RequestMapping(value = "/topic", method = RequestMethod.GET)
    @ResponseBody
    public CommonResult topicTest() {
        for(int i=0;i<10;i++){
            topicSender.send(i);
            ThreadUtil.sleep(1000);
        }
        return CommonResult.success(null);
    }
}