原文链接:Python GUI Cookbook —— 布局管理
在标签框架中排列多个标签
LabelFrame
可以让我们有组织的的设计 GUI。
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# Create a container to hold labels
buttons_frame = ttk.LabelFrame(window, text=' Label in a Frame')
buttons_frame.grid(column=0, row=7)
# buttons_frame.grid(column=1, row=6)
# Place labels into the container element
ttk.Label(buttons_frame, text='Label1').grid(column=0, row=0, sticky=tk.W)
ttk.Label(buttons_frame, text='Lable2').grid(column=1, row=0, sticky=tk.W)
ttk.Label(buttons_frame, text='Label3').grid(column=2, row=0, sticky=tk.W)
name_entered.focus() # Place cursor into name Entry
# Start GUI
window.mainloop()
也可以垂直摆放
# Create a container to hold labels
buttons_frame = ttk.LabelFrame(window, text=' Label in a Frame')
buttons_frame.grid(column=0, row=7)
# buttons_frame.grid(column=1, row=6)
# Place labels into the container element
ttk.Label(buttons_frame, text='Label1').grid(column=0, row=0, sticky=tk.W)
ttk.Label(buttons_frame, text='Lable2').grid(column=0, row=1, sticky=tk.W)
ttk.Label(buttons_frame, text='Label3').grid(column=0, row=2, sticky=tk.W)
name_entered.focus() # Place cursor into name Entry
# Start GUI
window.mainloop()
使用填充增加 widget 周围的空间
tkinter 因 GUI 丑陋而闻名,然而这种情况在版本号 8.5 后发生了巨大的变化。Python 3.6 带有 tkinter 8.6。
给之前的代码添加 padx
和 pady
。
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buttons_frame.grid(column=0, row=7, padx=20, pady=40)
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给 LabelFrame
包含的标签添加一些空间
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ttk.Label(buttons_frame, text='Lable2').grid(column=0, row=1)
ttk.Label(buttons_frame, text='Label3').grid(column=0, row=2)
for child in buttons_frame.winfo_children():
child.grid_configure(padx=8, pady=4)
name_entered.focus() # Place cursor into name Entry
# Start GUI
window.mainloop()
grid_configure()
可以让我们能够在主循环显示 UI 之前修改它们。所以不必在首次创建 widget 时硬编码这些值。winfo_children()
返回 buttons_frame 的子 widgets。
还不知道 labels 右边的空间的大小
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# Place labels into the container element
ttk.Label(buttons_frame, text='Label1 -- sooooooo much looooooooonger...').grid(column=0, row=0)
ttk.Label(buttons_frame, text='Lable2').grid(column=0, row=1)
ttk.Label(buttons_frame, text='Label3').grid(column=0, row=2)
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可以移除 LabelFrme
的名字。看看 padx 的效果
[...]
buttons_frame = ttk.LabelFrame(window, text='')
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widgets 动态扩展 GUI
你可能已经看到了 widget 能够自动扩展所需空间以便直观地显示文本。
对于网格管理器,其列的宽度取决于该列中最长的名字或 widget。
由于显示
LaqbelFrame
标题的文本属性比上面的Enter a name:
label 和 textbox entry 都长,所以这两个 widget 都依据新宽度,动态地中心对齐到 column 0。column 0 的
Checkbutton
和Radiobutton
没有中心对齐,因为使用了sticky=tk.W
属性。
通过在框架中放入框架来组织 GUI widgets
这里我们将创建一个顶层框架来包含其他 widget
添加下面的代码到我们的 Python 模块
#!/usr/bin/env python3
import tkinter as tk
from tkinter import ttk
from tkinter import scrolledtext
# Create instance
window = tk.Tk()
# Add a title
window.title("My First Python GUI")
# We are creating a container frame to hold all other widgets
mighty = ttk.LabelFrame(window, text=' Mighty Python ')
mighty.grid(column=0, row=0, padx=8, pady=4)
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接下来将 mighty
作为父 widget
,替换 window
。如下所示:
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# Modify adding a Label using mighty as the parent instead of window
a_label = ttk.Label(mighty, text = 'Enter a number:')
a_label.grid(column=0, row=0)
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创建菜单栏
首先需要从 tkinter 中导入 Menu 类
#!/usr/bin/env python3
import tkinter as tk
from tkinter import ttk
from tkinter import scrolledtext
from tkinter import Menu
# Create instance
window = tk.Tk()
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添加菜单项
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# Creating a Menu Bar
menu_bar = Menu(window)
window.config(menu=menu_bar)
# Creating menu and add menu items
file_menu = Menu(menu_bar) # create File menu
file_menu.add_command(label='New') # add file menu item
menu_bar.add_cascade(label='File', menu=file_menu) # add File menu to menu bar
name_entered.focus() # Place cursor into name Entry
# Start GUI
window.mainloop()
如果你对这段代码有一点困惑的话,请不要担心,这仅仅是 tkinter 创建 menubar 的语法,并不很 Pythonic。
添加第二个菜单项
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# Creating a Menu Bar
menu_bar = Menu(window)
window.config(menu=menu_bar)
# Creating menu and add menu items
file_menu = Menu(menu_bar) # create File menu
file_menu.add_command(label='New') # add file menu item
file_menu.add_command(label='Exit')
menu_bar.add_cascade(label='File', menu=file_menu) # add File menu to menu bar
name_entered.focus() # Place cursor into name Entry
# Start GUI
window.mainloop()
在两个菜单项中间添加分隔线
- 通过传
tearoff
属性到菜单的构造器,移除第一个 dashed line - 通过下面代码添加分隔线
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# Creating menu and add menu items
file_menu = Menu(menu_bar, tearoff=0) # create File menu
file_menu.add_command(label='New') # add file menu item
file_menu.add_separator()
file_menu.add_command(label='Exit')
menu_bar.add_cascade(label='File', menu=file_menu) # add File menu to menu bar
name_entered.focus() # Place cursor into name Entry
# Start GUI
window.mainloop()
接下来添加水平的第二个菜单
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# Adding another Menu to the Menu Bar and an item
help_menu = Menu(menu_bar, tearoff=0)
help_menu.add_command(label='About')
menu_bar.add_cascade(label='Help', menu=help_menu)
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现在,我们的菜单项点击过后还没有反应,因此我们需要添加一些 commands 到菜单项
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# Exit GUI cleanly
def _quit():
window.quit()
window.destroy()
exit()
# Creating a Menu Bar
menu_bar = Menu(window)
window.config(menu=menu_bar)
# Creating menu and add menu items
file_menu = Menu(menu_bar, tearoff=0) # create File menu
file_menu.add_command(label='New') # add file menu item
file_menu.add_separator()
file_menu.add_command(label='Exit', command=_quit)
menu_bar.add_cascade(label='File', menu=file_menu) # add File menu to menu bar
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现在当我们点击 Exit,程序就会立刻退出。
创建选项卡式 widgets
创建一个新的 Python 模块
#!/usr/bin/env python3
import tkinter as tk
from tkinter import ttk
window = tk.Tk() # Create instance
window.title('Python GUI') # Add a title
tabControl = ttk.Notebook(window) # Create Tab Control
tab1 = ttk.Frame(tabControl) # Create a Tab
tabControl.add(tab1, text='Tab 1') # Add the Tab
tabControl.pack(expand=1, fill='both') # Pack to make visible
window.mainloop()
添加第二个 Tab
#!/usr/bin/env python3
import tkinter as tk
from tkinter import ttk
window = tk.Tk() # Create instance
window.title('Python GUI') # Add a title
tabControl = ttk.Notebook(window) # Create Tab Control
tab1 = ttk.Frame(tabControl) # Create a Tab
tabControl.add(tab1, text='Tab 1') # Add the Tab
tab2 = ttk.Frame(tabControl) # Create second Tab
tabControl.add(tab2, text='Tab 2') # Add second Tab
tabControl.pack(expand=1, fill='both') # Pack to make visible
window.mainloop()
在 Tab 1 中写一些内容
#!/usr/bin/env python3
import tkinter as tk
from tkinter import ttk
window = tk.Tk() # Create instance
window.title('Python GUI') # Add a title
tabControl = ttk.Notebook(window) # Create Tab Control
tab1 = ttk.Frame(tabControl) # Create a Tab
tabControl.add(tab1, text='Tab 1') # Add the Tab
tab2 = ttk.Frame(tabControl) # Create second Tab
tabControl.add(tab2, text='Tab 2') # Add second Tab
tabControl.pack(expand=1, fill='both') # Pack to make visible
# LabelFrame using tab1 as the parent
mighty = ttk.LabelFrame(tab1, text=' Mighty Python ')
mighty.grid(column=0, row=0, padx=8, pady=4)
# Label using mighty as the parent
a_label = ttk.Label(mighty, text=' Enter a number: ')
a_label.grid(column=0, row=0, sticky='W')
window.mainloop()
再加一些内容,好看清标题
#!/usr/bin/env python3
import tkinter as tk
from tkinter import ttk
from tkinter import scrolledtext
window = tk.Tk() # Create instance
window.title('Python GUI') # Add a title
tabControl = ttk.Notebook(window) # Create Tab Control
tab1 = ttk.Frame(tabControl) # Create a Tab
tabControl.add(tab1, text='Tab 1') # Add the Tab
tab2 = ttk.Frame(tabControl) # Create second Tab
tabControl.add(tab2, text='Tab 2') # Add second Tab
tabControl.pack(expand=1, fill='both') # Pack to make visible
# LabelFrame using tab1 as the parent
mighty = ttk.LabelFrame(tab1, text=' Mighty Python ')
mighty.grid(column=0, row=0, padx=8, pady=4)
# Label using mighty as the parent
a_label = ttk.Label(mighty, text=' Enter a number: ')
a_label.grid(column=0, row=0, sticky='W')
# Modified Button click Event Function
def click_me():
action.configure(text='Hello ' + name.get() + ' ' + number_chosen.get())
# Adding a Textbox Entry widget
name = tk.StringVar()
name_entered = ttk.Entry(mighty, width=12, textvariable=name)
name_entered.grid(column=0, row=1, sticky='W') # column 0
# Adding a Button
action = ttk.Button(mighty, text="Click Me!", command=click_me)
action.grid(column=2, row=1, sticky='W') # change column to 2
ttk.Label(mighty, text='Choose a number:').grid(column=1, row=0, sticky='W')
number = tk.StringVar()
number_chosen = ttk.Combobox(mighty, width=12, textvariable=number, state='readonly')
number_chosen['values'] = (1, 2, 4, 42, 100)
number_chosen.grid(column=1, row=1, sticky='W') # Combobox in column 1
number_chosen.current(4)
# Using a scrlled text control
scrol_w = 30
scrol_h = 3
scr = scrolledtext.ScrolledText(mighty, width=scrol_w, height=scrol_h, wrap=tk.WORD)
scr.grid(column=0, sticky='WE', columnspan=3)
window.mainloop()
给 Tab 2 也加上内容
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# Creating three checkbuttons
chVarDis = tk.IntVar()
check1 = tk.Checkbutton(snake, text='Disabled', variable=chVarDis, state='disabled')
check1.select()
check1.grid(column=0, row=0, sticky='W')
chVarUn = tk.IntVar()
check2 = tk.Checkbutton(snake, text='UnChecked', variable=chVarUn)
check2.deselect()
check2.grid(column=1, row=0, sticky='W')
chVarEn = tk.IntVar()
check3 = tk.Checkbutton(snake, text='Enabled', variable=chVarEn)
check3.deselect()
check3.grid(column=2, row=0, sticky='W')
# GUI callback function
def checkCallback(*ignoredArgs):
if chVarUn.get():
check3.configure(state='disabled')
else:
check3.configure(state='normal')
if chVarEn.get():
check2.configure(state='disabled')
else:
check2.configure(state='normal')
# trace the state of the two checkbutton
chVarUn.trace('w', lambda unused0, unused1, unused2 : checkCallback())
chVarEn.trace('w', lambda unused0, unused1, unused2 : checkCallback())
# First, we change our Radiobutton globals variables into a list
colors = ['Blue', 'Gold', 'Red']
# We have also changed the callback function to be zero-based, using list
# instead of module-level global variables
# Radiobutton Callback
def radCall():
radSel = radVar.get()
if radSel == 0:
snake.configure(background=colors[0]) # now zero-based and using list
elif radSel == 1:
snake.configure(background=colors[1])
elif radSel == 2:
snake.configure(background=colors[2])
# Create three Radiobuttons using one variable
radVar = tk.IntVar()
# Next we are selecting a non-existing index value for radVar
radVar.set(99)
# Now we are creating all three Radiobutton widgets within one loop
for col in range(3):
curRad = tk.Radiobutton(snake, text=colors[col], variable=radVar,
value=col, command=radCall)
curRad.grid(column=col, row=1, sticky=tk.W)
# Create a container to hold labels
buttons_frame = ttk.LabelFrame(snake, text=' Labels in a Frame ')
buttons_frame.grid(column=0, row=2)
# buttons_frame.grid(column=1, row=6)
# Place labels into the container element
ttk.Label(buttons_frame, text='Label1').grid(column=0, row=0)
ttk.Label(buttons_frame, text='Lable2').grid(column=0, row=1)
ttk.Label(buttons_frame, text='Label3').grid(column=0, row=2)
for child in buttons_frame.winfo_children():
child.grid_configure(padx=8, pady=4)
window.mainloop()
点击 Radiobutton
发现不起作用了,那么我们改变它们的功能
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# Radiobutton Callback
def radCall():
radSel = radVar.get()
if radSel == 0:
snake.configure(text='Blue') # now zero-based and using list
elif radSel == 1:
snake.configure(text='Gold')
elif radSel == 2:
snake.configure(text='Red')
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使用网格布局管理器
- 如果我们不指明 row 的值,tkinter 会自动完成加 1 操作。
参考文献
- Python GUI Programming Cookbook - Second Edition by Burkhard A. Meier