本文默认你使用的是CodeRunner来运行C++，并且能成功在VScode上运行C++程序

配置C++调试

安装C/C++ extension，添加配置 C/C++: (lldb) Launch
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配置launch.json

{
    // Use IntelliSense to learn about possible attributes.
    // Hover to view descriptions of existing attributes.
    // For more information, visit: https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=830387
    "version": "0.2.0",
    "configurations": [
        {
            "preLaunchTask": "build c++",
            "name": "Launch C++",
            "type": "cppdbg",
            "request": "launch",
            "program": "${workspaceFolder}/a.out",
            "args": [],
            "stopAtEntry": false,
            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}",
            "environment": [],
            "externalConsole": true, // 在终端调试
            "MIMode": "lldb",
        },
        {
            "name": "Python",
            "type": "python",
            "request": "launch",
            "stopOnEntry": false,
            "pythonPath": "${config:python.pythonPath}",
            "program": "${file}",
            "cwd": "${workspaceRoot}",
            "env": {
                "PYTHONPATH": "${workspaceRoot}"
            },
            "envFile": "${workspaceRoot}/.env"
        }
    ]
}

externalConsole：设置为 true 是用mac自带终端来运行程序（凑合着还能用）

我根据下面的回答，把VScode默认终端改成了iterm2，但是调试是打开的还是mac自带的终端（暂时不知道怎么解决）
Change default terminal app in Visual Studio Code on Mac

配置task.json

{
    // See https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=733558
    // for the documentation about the tasks.json format
    "version": "2.0.0",
    "tasks": [
        {
            "label": "build c++",
            "type": "shell",
            "command": "g++",
            "args": [
                "${file}",
                "-std=c++17",
                "-o",
                "${workspaceFolder}/a.out",
                "-g"
            ],
            "group": "build",
            "presentation": {
                "echo": true,
                "focus": false,
                "panel":"shared",
                "showReuseMessage": true,
                "clear": false,
                "reveal": "silent"
            },
},
    ]
    
}

配置好这两个文件后，会保存在当前workplace目录中的.vscode文件
（ps：你配置好的debug环境只对当前工作区有效）
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然后就可以打开调试界面进行调试了（快捷方式：命令面板输入Debug Launcher: Auto)

调试continue、step over、step into、step out

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Continue – An action to take in the debugger that will continue execution until the next breakpoint is reached or the program exits.

Step over – An action to take in the debugger that will step over a given line. If the line contains a function the function will be executed and the result returned without debugging each line.

Step into – An action to take in the debugger. If the line does not contain a function it behaves the same as “step over” but if it does the debugger will enter the called function and continue line-by-line debugging there.

Step out – An action to take in the debugger that returns to the line where the current function was called.

https://www.fourkitchens.com/blog/article/step-step-through-debugging/