Scrapy---操作cookie、去重、中间件

这里写图片描述

pipelines.py

chouti.py

import scrapy
from scrapy.http import Request
from ..items import XianglongItem
class ChoutiSpider(scrapy.Spider):
    name = 'chouti'
    allowed_domains = ['chouti.com']
    start_urls = ['http://dig.chouti.com/',]

    def start_requests(self):
        for url in self.start_urls:
            yield Request(url=url,callback=self.parse_pipeline)

    def parse_pipeline(self,response):
        items = response.xpath("//div[@id='content-list']/div[@class='item']")
        for item in items:
            href = item.xpath('.//div[@class="part1"]//a[1]/@href').extract_first()
            text = item.xpath('.//div[@class="part1"]//a[1]/text()').extract_first()
            item = XianglongItem(title=text, href=href)
            yield item

items.py

import scrapy
class XianglongItem(scrapy.Item):
    title = scrapy.Field()
    href = scrapy.Field()

pipelines.py


"""
当根据配置文件：
    ITEM_PIPELINES = {
       'xianglong.pipelines.FilePipeline': 300,
       'xianglong.pipelines.DBPipeline': 301,
    }
找到相关的类：FilePipeline之后，会优先判断类中是否含有 from_crawler
    如果有：
        obj = FilePipeline.from_crawler()
    没有则：
        obj = FilePipeline()

    obj.open_spider(..)
    ob.process_item(..)
    obj.close_spider(..)
"""

from scrapy.exceptions import DropItem

class FilePipeline(object):
    def __init__(self,path):
        self.path = path
        self.filer = None

    @classmethod
    def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
        path = crawler.settings.get('XL_FILE_PATH')
        return cls(path)

    def process_item(self, item, spider):
        self.filer.write(item['href']+'\n')
        return item


    def open_spider(self, spider):
        self.filer = open(self.path,'w')

    def close_spider(self, spider):
        self.filer.close()


class DBPipeline(object):

    def process_item(self, item, spider):

        print('数据库',item["href"])

        return item

    def open_spider(self, spider):
        print('打开数据')

    def close_spider(self, spider):
        print('关闭数据库')

settings.py

ITEM_PIPELINES = {
   'xianglong.pipelines.FilePipeline': 300,
   'xianglong.pipelines.DBPipeline': 301,
}
XL_FILE_PATH = "xl.log"

测试如下：

E:\python\xx\xianglong - 1 - pipelines>scrapy crawl chouti --nolog
打开数据
数据库 http://www.bjnews.com.cn/news/2018/05/11/486583.html
数据库 https://weibo.com/2178985701/Gg8XsxlJd
数据库 http://tech.qq.com/a/20180511/025847.htm
数据库 http://finance.sina.com.cn/money/insurance/bxdt/2018-05-11/doc-ihamfahw3773053.shtml
数据库 https://www.zhihu.com/question/266252635/answer/344487421
数据库 http://dig.chouti.com/pic/show?nid=e7d46c243dc4958d6d1afb030420f381&lid=19446191
数据库 https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_2123987
数据库 https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_2123704
数据库 https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/vcK5Ew1xCQuc4LlqjNCUFQ
数据库 https://dig.chouti.com/user/cdu_44476851294/submitted/1
数据库 https://www.miaopai.com/show/nTckVvYDtr1Jgwvg6tKBU8uZ5~fnmVSSbzkzmQ__.htm
数据库 https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_2124022
数据库 http://dig.chouti.com/pic/show?nid=c4f9cf6ad4bc861f11437ff6b9e2af6b&lid=19444656
数据库 http://tech.163.com/18/0510/22/DHFRA37S00097U7R.html
数据库 http://www.pearvideo.com/video_1341634
数据库 http://dig.chouti.com/pic/show?nid=fe50ff217fba43838eb85b894588a762&lid=19442361
数据库 https://weibo.com/tv/v/Gg8DF40SK?fid=1034:1adeec4f87115424b0f493f5f0a6f82c
数据库 http://tech.qq.com/a/20180511/021642.htm
数据库 https://www.jiemian.com/article/2115446.html
数据库 http://world.huanqiu.com/exclusive/2018-05/12013262.html
数据库 http://sports.sina.com.cn/g/seriea/2018-05-11/doc-ihamfahw0985498.shtml
数据库 http://www.vice.cn/read/the-vice-first-hand-report-hong-kong-is-running-out-of-space-to-bury-its-dead
数据库 http://tech.qq.com/a/20180511/021384.htm
数据库 https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/Yko8396TRwzh1EuKi5Ymtw
数据库 http://www.pearvideo.com/video_1342215
关闭数据库

E:\python\xx\xianglong - 1 - pipelines>

这里写图片描述

手动操作cookie点赞

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import scrapy
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
from scrapy.selector import HtmlXPathSelector
from scrapy.http import Request
from ..items import XianglongItem
from scrapy.http import HtmlResponse
from scrapy.http.response.html import HtmlResponse


class ChoutiSpider(scrapy.Spider):
    name = 'chouti'
    allowed_domains = ['chouti.com']
    start_urls = ['http://dig.chouti.com/',]

    cookie_dict = {}
    def start_requests(self):
        for url in self.start_urls:
            yield Request(url=url,callback=self.parse_index)

    def parse_index(self,response):
        # 原始cookie
        # print(response.headers.getlist('Set-Cookie'))

        # 解析后的cookie
        from scrapy.http.cookies import CookieJar
        cookie_jar = CookieJar()
        cookie_jar.extract_cookies(response, response.request)
        print("cookie_jar._cookies",cookie_jar._cookies)
        for k, v in cookie_jar._cookies.items():
            for i, j in v.items():
                for m, n in j.items():
                    self.cookie_dict[m] = n.value


        req = Request(
            url='http://dig.chouti.com/login',
            method='POST',
            headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8'},
            body='phone=xxx&password=xxx&oneMonth=1',
            cookies=self.cookie_dict,
            callback=self.parse_check_login
        )
        yield req

    def parse_check_login(self,response):
        print("parse_check_login",response.text)
        yield Request(
            url='https://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=19440976',
            method='POST',
            cookies=self.cookie_dict,
            callback=self.parse_show_result
        )

    def parse_show_result(self,response):
        print("parse_show_result",response.text)

print(“cookie_jar._cookies”,cookie_jar._cookies)输出

{
    '.chouti.com': {
        '/': {
            'gpsd': Cookie(version = 0, name = 'gpsd', value = '8a6ae8658f1da53e542b965ad272fc91', port = None, port_specified = False, domain = '.chouti.com', domain_specified = True, domain_initial_dot = False, path = '/', path_specified = True, secure = False, expires = 1528621744, discard = False, comment = None, comment_url = None, rest = {}, rfc2109 = False)
        }
    },
    'dig.chouti.com': {
        '/': {
            'JSESSIONID': Cookie(version = 0, name = 'JSESSIONID', value = 'aaaRJBpM5sKcScZiw_fmw', port = None, port_specified = False, domain = 'dig.chouti.com', domain_specified = False, domain_initial_dot = False, path = '/', path_specified = True, secure = False, expires = None, discard = True, comment = None, comment_url = None, rest = {}, rfc2109 = False),
            'route': Cookie(version = 0, name = 'route', value = '37316285ff8286c7a96cd0b03d38e13b', port = None, port_specified = False, domain = 'dig.chouti.com', domain_specified = False, domain_initial_dot = False, path = '/', path_specified = True, secure = False, expires = None, discard = True, comment = None, comment_url = None, rest = {}, rfc2109 = False)
        }
    }
}

print(“parse_check_login”,response.text)输出如下：

{"result":{"code":"9999", "message":"", "data":{"complateReg":"0","destJid":"cdu_49803354421"}}}

print(“parse_show_result”,response.text)输出如下：

{"result":{"code":"30010", "message":"你已经推荐过了", "data":""}}

自动操作cookie点赞

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import scrapy
from scrapy.http import Request
class ChoutiSpider(scrapy.Spider):
    name = 'chouti'
    allowed_domains = ['chouti.com']
    start_urls = ['http://dig.chouti.com/',]

    def start_requests(self):
        for url in self.start_urls:
            yield Request(url=url,callback=self.parse_index,meta={'cookiejar':True})

    def parse_index(self,response):
        req = Request(
            url='http://dig.chouti.com/login',
            method='POST',
            headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8'},
            body='phone=8613121758648&password=woshiniba&oneMonth=1',
            callback=self.parse_check_login,
            meta={'cookiejar': True}
        )
        yield req

    def parse_check_login(self,response):
        # print(response.text)
        yield Request(
            url='https://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=19440976',
            method='POST',
            callback=self.parse_show_result,
            meta={'cookiejar': True}
        )

    def parse_show_result(self,response):
        print(response.text)

去重

scrapy默认使用 scrapy.dupefilter.RFPDupeFilter 进行去重，相关配置有：

DUPEFILTER_CLASS = 'scrapy.dupefilter.RFPDupeFilter'
DUPEFILTER_DEBUG = False
JOBDIR = "保存范文记录的日志路径，如：/root/"  # 最终路径为 /root/requests.seen

dupe.py

from scrapy.dupefilter import BaseDupeFilter
from scrapy.utils.request import request_fingerprint

"""
1. 根据配置文件找到 DUPEFILTER_CLASS = 'xianglong.dupe.MyDupeFilter'
2. 判断是否存在from_settings
    如果有：
        obj = MyDupeFilter.from_settings()
    否则：
        obj = MyDupeFilter()
"""


class MyDupeFilter(BaseDupeFilter):

    def __init__(self):
        self.record = set()

    @classmethod
    def from_settings(cls, settings):
        return cls()

    #:return: True表示已经访问过；False表示未访问过
    def request_seen(self, request):
        ident = request_fingerprint(request)
        if ident in self.record:
            print('已经访问过了', request.url)
            return True
        self.record.add(ident)

    def open(self):  # can return deferred
        pass

    def close(self, reason):  # can return a deferred
        pass

配置如下：

DUPEFILTER_CLASS = 'xianglong.dupe.MyDupeFilter'

测试代码如下：

import scrapy
from scrapy.http import Request
class ChoutiSpider(scrapy.Spider):
    name = 'chouti'
    allowed_domains = ['chouti.com']
    start_urls = ['https://dig.chouti.com/',]

    def start_requests(self):
        for url in self.start_urls:
            yield Request(url=url,callback=self.parse)

    def parse(self, response):

        pages = response.xpath('//div[@id="page-area"]//a[@class="ct_pagepa"]/@href').extract()
        for page_url in pages:
            page_url = "https://dig.chouti.com" + page_url
            yield Request(url=page_url,callback=self.parse)

效果：

E:\python\xx\xianglong - 4 - 去重>scrapy crawl chouti --nolog
已经访问过了 https://dig.chouti.com/all/hot/recent/3
已经访问过了 https://dig.chouti.com/all/hot/recent/4
已经访问过了 https://dig.chouti.com/all/hot/recent/5
已经访问过了 https://dig.chouti.com/all/hot/recent/6
已经访问过了 https://dig.chouti.com/all/hot/recent/7
已经访问过了 https://dig.chouti.com/all/hot/recent/8
已经访问过了 https://dig.chouti.com/all/hot/recent/9
已经访问过了 https://dig.chouti.com/all/hot/recent/10
已经访问过了 https://dig.chouti.com/all/hot/recent/1
已经访问过了 https://dig.chouti.com/all/hot/recent/7
已经访问过了 https://dig.chouti.com/all/hot/recent/8
已经访问过了 https://dig.chouti.com/all/hot/recent/9
已经访问过了 https://dig.chouti.com/all/hot/recent/1
已经访问过了 https://dig.chouti.com/all/hot/recent/2
已经访问过了 https://dig.chouti.com/all/hot/recent/3
已经访问过了 https://dig.chouti.com/all/hot/recent/4
已经访问过了 https://dig.chouti.com/all/hot/recent

中间件

在SpiderMiddleware中
process_spider_input 是SpiderMiddleware下载完成，执行，然后交给parse处理
process_spider_output spider处理完成，返回时调用，必须返回包含 Request 或 Item 对象的可迭代对象(iterable)

process_spider_exception return: None,继续交给后续中间件处理异常；含 Response 或 Item 的可迭代对象(iterable)，交给调度器或pipeline

process_start_requests 爬虫启动时调用

在DownMiddleware1中
process_request

 请求需要被下载时，经过所有下载器中间件的process_request调用
        :param request: 
        :param spider: 
        :return:  
            None,继续后续中间件去下载；
            Response对象，停止process_request的执行，开始执行process_response
            Request对象，停止中间件的执行，将Request重新调度器
            raise IgnoreRequest异常，停止process_request的执行，开始执行process_exception

process_response

 spider处理完成，返回时调用
        :param response:
        :param result:
        :param spider:
        :return: 
            Response 对象：转交给其他中间件process_response
            Request 对象：停止中间件，request会被重新调度下载
            raise IgnoreRequest 异常：调用Request.errback

process_exception

  当下载处理器(download handler)或 process_request() (下载中间件)抛出异常
        :param response:
        :param exception:
        :param spider:
        :return: 
            None：继续交给后续中间件处理异常；
            Response对象：停止后续process_exception方法
            Request对象：停止中间件，request将会被重新调用下载

自定义中间件



class UserAgentDownloaderMiddleware(object):

    @classmethod
    def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
        # This method is used by Scrapy to create your spiders.
        s = cls()
        return s

    def process_request(self, request, spider):
        # Called for each request that goes through the downloader
        # middleware.

        # Must either:
        # - return None: continue processing this request
        # - or return a Response object
        # - or return a Request object
        # - or raise IgnoreRequest: process_exception() methods of
        #   installed downloader middleware will be called

        request.headers['User-Agent'] = "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/63.0.3239.132 Safari/537.36"

        # return None # 继续执行后续的中间件的process_request

        # from scrapy.http import Request
        # return Request(url='www.baidu.com') # 重新放入调度器中，当前请求不再继续处理

        # from scrapy.http import HtmlResponse # 执行从最后一个开始执行所有的process_response
        # return HtmlResponse(url='www.baidu.com',body=b'asdfuowjelrjaspdoifualskdjf;lajsdf')

    def process_response(self, request, response, spider):
        # Called with the response returned from the downloader.

        # Must either;
        # - return a Response object
        # - return a Request object
        # - or raise IgnoreRequest
        return response

    def process_exception(self, request, exception, spider):
        # Called when a download handler or a process_request()
        # (from other downloader middleware) raises an exception.

        # Must either:
        # - return None: continue processing this exception
        # - return a Response object: stops process_exception() chain
        # - return a Request object: stops process_exception() chain
        pass

DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
   'xianglong.middlewares.UserAgentDownloaderMiddleware': 543,
}

其他

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

# Scrapy settings for step8_king project
#
# For simplicity, this file contains only settings considered important or
# commonly used. You can find more settings consulting the documentation:
#
#     http://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html
#     http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html
#     http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html

# 1. 爬虫名称
BOT_NAME = 'step8_king'

# 2. 爬虫应用路径
SPIDER_MODULES = ['step8_king.spiders']
NEWSPIDER_MODULE = 'step8_king.spiders'

# Crawl responsibly by identifying yourself (and your website) on the user-agent
# 3. 客户端 user-agent请求头
# USER_AGENT = 'step8_king (+http://www.yourdomain.com)'

# Obey robots.txt rules
# 4. 禁止爬虫配置
# ROBOTSTXT_OBEY = False

# Configure maximum concurrent requests performed by Scrapy (default: 16)
# 5. 并发请求数
# CONCURRENT_REQUESTS = 4

# Configure a delay for requests for the same website (default: 0)
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html#download-delay
# See also autothrottle settings and docs
# 6. 延迟下载秒数
# DOWNLOAD_DELAY = 2


# The download delay setting will honor only one of:
# 7. 单域名访问并发数，并且延迟下次秒数也应用在每个域名
# CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN = 2
# 单IP访问并发数，如果有值则忽略：CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN，并且延迟下次秒数也应用在每个IP
# CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_IP = 3

# Disable cookies (enabled by default)
# 8. 是否支持cookie，cookiejar进行操作cookie
# COOKIES_ENABLED = True
# COOKIES_DEBUG = True

# Disable Telnet Console (enabled by default)
# 9. Telnet用于查看当前爬虫的信息，操作爬虫等...
#    使用telnet ip port ，然后通过命令操作
# TELNETCONSOLE_ENABLED = True
# TELNETCONSOLE_HOST = '127.0.0.1'
# TELNETCONSOLE_PORT = [6023,]


# 10. 默认请求头
# Override the default request headers:
# DEFAULT_REQUEST_HEADERS = {
#     'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8',
#     'Accept-Language': 'en',
# }


# Configure item pipelines
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.html
# 11. 定义pipeline处理请求
# ITEM_PIPELINES = {
#    'step8_king.pipelines.JsonPipeline': 700,
#    'step8_king.pipelines.FilePipeline': 500,
# }



# 12. 自定义扩展，基于信号进行调用
# Enable or disable extensions
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/extensions.html
# EXTENSIONS = {
#     # 'step8_king.extensions.MyExtension': 500,
# }


# 13. 爬虫允许的最大深度，可以通过meta查看当前深度；0表示无深度
# DEPTH_LIMIT = 3

# 14. 爬取时，0表示深度优先Lifo(默认)；1表示广度优先FiFo

# 后进先出，深度优先
# DEPTH_PRIORITY = 0
# SCHEDULER_DISK_QUEUE = 'scrapy.squeue.PickleLifoDiskQueue'
# SCHEDULER_MEMORY_QUEUE = 'scrapy.squeue.LifoMemoryQueue'
# 先进先出，广度优先

# DEPTH_PRIORITY = 1
# SCHEDULER_DISK_QUEUE = 'scrapy.squeue.PickleFifoDiskQueue'
# SCHEDULER_MEMORY_QUEUE = 'scrapy.squeue.FifoMemoryQueue'

# 15. 调度器队列
# SCHEDULER = 'scrapy.core.scheduler.Scheduler'
# from scrapy.core.scheduler import Scheduler


# 16. 访问URL去重
# DUPEFILTER_CLASS = 'step8_king.duplication.RepeatUrl'


# Enable and configure the AutoThrottle extension (disabled by default)
# See http://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/autothrottle.html

"""
17. 自动限速算法
    from scrapy.contrib.throttle import AutoThrottle
    自动限速设置
    1. 获取最小延迟 DOWNLOAD_DELAY
    2. 获取最大延迟 AUTOTHROTTLE_MAX_DELAY
    3. 设置初始下载延迟 AUTOTHROTTLE_START_DELAY
    4. 当请求下载完成后，获取其"连接"时间 latency，即：请求连接到接受到响应头之间的时间
    5. 用于计算的... AUTOTHROTTLE_TARGET_CONCURRENCY
    target_delay = latency / self.target_concurrency
    new_delay = (slot.delay + target_delay) / 2.0 # 表示上一次的延迟时间
    new_delay = max(target_delay, new_delay)
    new_delay = min(max(self.mindelay, new_delay), self.maxdelay)
    slot.delay = new_delay
"""

# 开始自动限速
# AUTOTHROTTLE_ENABLED = True
# The initial download delay
# 初始下载延迟
# AUTOTHROTTLE_START_DELAY = 5
# The maximum download delay to be set in case of high latencies
# 最大下载延迟
# AUTOTHROTTLE_MAX_DELAY = 10
# The average number of requests Scrapy should be sending in parallel to each remote server
# 平均每秒并发数
# AUTOTHROTTLE_TARGET_CONCURRENCY = 1.0

# Enable showing throttling stats for every response received:
# 是否显示
# AUTOTHROTTLE_DEBUG = True

# Enable and configure HTTP caching (disabled by default)
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html#httpcache-middleware-settings


"""
18. 启用缓存
    目的用于将已经发送的请求或相应缓存下来，以便以后使用

    from scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.httpcache import HttpCacheMiddleware
    from scrapy.extensions.httpcache import DummyPolicy
    from scrapy.extensions.httpcache import FilesystemCacheStorage
"""
# 是否启用缓存策略
# HTTPCACHE_ENABLED = True

# 缓存策略：所有请求均缓存，下次在请求直接访问原来的缓存即可
# HTTPCACHE_POLICY = "scrapy.extensions.httpcache.DummyPolicy"
# 缓存策略：根据Http响应头：Cache-Control、Last-Modified 等进行缓存的策略
# HTTPCACHE_POLICY = "scrapy.extensions.httpcache.RFC2616Policy"

# 缓存超时时间
# HTTPCACHE_EXPIRATION_SECS = 0

# 缓存保存路径
# HTTPCACHE_DIR = 'httpcache'

# 缓存忽略的Http状态码
# HTTPCACHE_IGNORE_HTTP_CODES = []

# 缓存存储的插件
# HTTPCACHE_STORAGE = 'scrapy.extensions.httpcache.FilesystemCacheStorage'


"""
19. 代理，需要在环境变量中设置
    from scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.httpproxy import HttpProxyMiddleware

    方式一：使用默认
        os.environ
        {
            http_proxy:http://root:[email protected]:9999/
            https_proxy:http://192.168.11.11:9999/
        }
    方式二：使用自定义下载中间件

    def to_bytes(text, encoding=None, errors='strict'):
        if isinstance(text, bytes):
            return text
        if not isinstance(text, six.string_types):
            raise TypeError('to_bytes must receive a unicode, str or bytes '
                            'object, got %s' % type(text).__name__)
        if encoding is None:
            encoding = 'utf-8'
        return text.encode(encoding, errors)

    class ProxyMiddleware(object):
        def process_request(self, request, spider):
            PROXIES = [
                {'ip_port': '111.11.228.75:80', 'user_pass': ''},
                {'ip_port': '120.198.243.22:80', 'user_pass': ''},
                {'ip_port': '111.8.60.9:8123', 'user_pass': ''},
                {'ip_port': '101.71.27.120:80', 'user_pass': ''},
                {'ip_port': '122.96.59.104:80', 'user_pass': ''},
                {'ip_port': '122.224.249.122:8088', 'user_pass': ''},
            ]
            proxy = random.choice(PROXIES)
            if proxy['user_pass'] is not None:
                request.meta['proxy'] = to_bytes（"http://%s" % proxy['ip_port']）
                encoded_user_pass = base64.encodestring(to_bytes(proxy['user_pass']))
                request.headers['Proxy-Authorization'] = to_bytes('Basic ' + encoded_user_pass)
                print "**************ProxyMiddleware have pass************" + proxy['ip_port']
            else:
                print "**************ProxyMiddleware no pass************" + proxy['ip_port']
                request.meta['proxy'] = to_bytes("http://%s" % proxy['ip_port'])

    DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
       'step8_king.middlewares.ProxyMiddleware': 500,
    }

"""

"""
20. Https访问
    Https访问时有两种情况：
    1. 要爬取网站使用的可信任证书(默认支持)
        DOWNLOADER_HTTPCLIENTFACTORY = "scrapy.core.downloader.webclient.ScrapyHTTPClientFactory"
        DOWNLOADER_CLIENTCONTEXTFACTORY = "scrapy.core.downloader.contextfactory.ScrapyClientContextFactory"

    2. 要爬取网站使用的自定义证书
        DOWNLOADER_HTTPCLIENTFACTORY = "scrapy.core.downloader.webclient.ScrapyHTTPClientFactory"
        DOWNLOADER_CLIENTCONTEXTFACTORY = "step8_king.https.MySSLFactory"

        # https.py
        from scrapy.core.downloader.contextfactory import ScrapyClientContextFactory
        from twisted.internet.ssl import (optionsForClientTLS, CertificateOptions, PrivateCertificate)

        class MySSLFactory(ScrapyClientContextFactory):
            def getCertificateOptions(self):
                from OpenSSL import crypto
                v1 = crypto.load_privatekey(crypto.FILETYPE_PEM, open('/Users/wupeiqi/client.key.unsecure', mode='r').read())
                v2 = crypto.load_certificate(crypto.FILETYPE_PEM, open('/Users/wupeiqi/client.pem', mode='r').read())
                return CertificateOptions(
                    privateKey=v1,  # pKey对象
                    certificate=v2,  # X509对象
                    verify=False,
                    method=getattr(self, 'method', getattr(self, '_ssl_method', None))
                )
    其他：
        相关类
            scrapy.core.downloader.handlers.http.HttpDownloadHandler
            scrapy.core.downloader.webclient.ScrapyHTTPClientFactory
            scrapy.core.downloader.contextfactory.ScrapyClientContextFactory
        相关配置
            DOWNLOADER_HTTPCLIENTFACTORY
            DOWNLOADER_CLIENTCONTEXTFACTORY

"""



"""
21. 爬虫中间件
    class SpiderMiddleware(object):

        def process_spider_input(self,response, spider):
            '''
            下载完成，执行，然后交给parse处理
            :param response: 
            :param spider: 
            :return: 
            '''
            pass

        def process_spider_output(self,response, result, spider):
            '''
            spider处理完成，返回时调用
            :param response:
            :param result:
            :param spider:
            :return: 必须返回包含 Request 或 Item 对象的可迭代对象(iterable)
            '''
            return result

        def process_spider_exception(self,response, exception, spider):
            '''
            异常调用
            :param response:
            :param exception:
            :param spider:
            :return: None,继续交给后续中间件处理异常；含 Response 或 Item 的可迭代对象(iterable)，交给调度器或pipeline
            '''
            return None


        def process_start_requests(self,start_requests, spider):
            '''
            爬虫启动时调用
            :param start_requests:
            :param spider:
            :return: 包含 Request 对象的可迭代对象
            '''
            return start_requests

    内置爬虫中间件：
        'scrapy.contrib.spidermiddleware.httperror.HttpErrorMiddleware': 50,
        'scrapy.contrib.spidermiddleware.offsite.OffsiteMiddleware': 500,
        'scrapy.contrib.spidermiddleware.referer.RefererMiddleware': 700,
        'scrapy.contrib.spidermiddleware.urllength.UrlLengthMiddleware': 800,
        'scrapy.contrib.spidermiddleware.depth.DepthMiddleware': 900,

"""
# from scrapy.contrib.spidermiddleware.referer import RefererMiddleware
# Enable or disable spider middlewares
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html
SPIDER_MIDDLEWARES = {
   # 'step8_king.middlewares.SpiderMiddleware': 543,
}


"""
22. 下载中间件
    class DownMiddleware1(object):
        def process_request(self, request, spider):
            '''
            请求需要被下载时，经过所有下载器中间件的process_request调用
            :param request:
            :param spider:
            :return:
                None,继续后续中间件去下载；
                Response对象，停止process_request的执行，开始执行process_response
                Request对象，停止中间件的执行，将Request重新调度器
                raise IgnoreRequest异常，停止process_request的执行，开始执行process_exception
            '''
            pass



        def process_response(self, request, response, spider):
            '''
            spider处理完成，返回时调用
            :param response:
            :param result:
            :param spider:
            :return:
                Response 对象：转交给其他中间件process_response
                Request 对象：停止中间件，request会被重新调度下载
                raise IgnoreRequest 异常：调用Request.errback
            '''
            print('response1')
            return response

        def process_exception(self, request, exception, spider):
            '''
            当下载处理器(download handler)或 process_request() (下载中间件)抛出异常
            :param response:
            :param exception:
            :param spider:
            :return:
                None：继续交给后续中间件处理异常；
                Response对象：停止后续process_exception方法
                Request对象：停止中间件，request将会被重新调用下载
            '''
            return None


    默认下载中间件
    {
        'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.robotstxt.RobotsTxtMiddleware': 100,
        'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.httpauth.HttpAuthMiddleware': 300,
        'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.downloadtimeout.DownloadTimeoutMiddleware': 350,
        'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.useragent.UserAgentMiddleware': 400,
        'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.retry.RetryMiddleware': 500,
        'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.defaultheaders.DefaultHeadersMiddleware': 550,
        'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.redirect.MetaRefreshMiddleware': 580,
        'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.httpcompression.HttpCompressionMiddleware': 590,
        'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.redirect.RedirectMiddleware': 600,
        'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.cookies.CookiesMiddleware': 700,
        'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.httpproxy.HttpProxyMiddleware': 750,
        'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.chunked.ChunkedTransferMiddleware': 830,
        'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.stats.DownloaderStats': 850,
        'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.httpcache.HttpCacheMiddleware': 900,
    }

"""
# from scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.httpauth import HttpAuthMiddleware
# Enable or disable downloader middlewares
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html
# DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
#    'step8_king.middlewares.DownMiddleware1': 100,
#    'step8_king.middlewares.DownMiddleware2': 500,
# }

settings