A, x86 architecture
personal computer is often called x86 architecture computer
earliest developed the Intel CPU code is 8086, and later appeared in the 80286, 80386 ... (Their main difference is the microinstruction set)
new a generation of 64-bit CPU , is called the x86_64 (bits is a maximum amount of data read CPU! 64 bits represent a CPU can read 64bits, 2 ^ 64
Second, the common unit of the computer above (volume, velocity)
- Why labeled 500G hard drive, display around 460G capacity after formatting?
The label used is a decimal, 500x1000x1000x1000
use binary 500x1000x1000x1000 / (1024x1024x1024) when converted into a file size = 466GB - Network speed Mbps (Mbit Mbits per second transmitted per second)
daily seen 20M / 5M, 'bit is omitted, i.e., units of megabits per second, in terms of file size in byte, will have divided by 8, the result is 2.5 mbyte / 625Kbyte
Three, CPU frequency
CPU frequency is the number of times per second that can be made to work CPU
Intel i5-6200CPU 2.4GHz represent the work of 2.4x10 ^ 9 times per second
Fourth, the hard
work process: a spindle motor rotates the disk to the disk, then the robot can be extended so that the read head in a disk read and write operations on top of the disc
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The outer concentric circle area is relatively large, so in order to take advantage of these spaces, the outer layer has more sectors. General reading and writing data from outer to inner wrote.
Fifth, the operation of the software program
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Machine program with the compiler
machine language program needs to understand the machine 0,1,
the compiler is able to write a human program is compiled into machine code, but in this environment, but also consider the overall hardware system, allocate their own memory and other problems. -
Operating System: All actions should be done by the hardware it
① kernel: control hardware related capacity (hard disk access, network functions, CPU and other resources made)
② system call: Known hardware controlled by the kernel, then the developer will refer to this program kernel function, so too much, provides a set of interfaces developed by engineers to develop software for the operating system, as long as it is easy to comply with the development interface development software.
System call purpose: to turn into a high-level language core functions, core functions to adjust hardware.
③ the role of the operating system
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computer system consists of hardware, operating system kernel key management hardware, computer systems provide a reasonable allocation of resources, so as long as different hardware, the kernel must be changed. And because the core will allocate resources of the computer system, but also to provide all applications, users can use the operating system.
In order to protect the kernel and make the program easy to develop, in addition to the operating system kernel also provides a development interface.
To sum up: the core software and have a great relationship, little to do with hardware; hardware with a relatively large core relationship; user and application-related
extended concept:
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The core operating system direct reference hardware specifications, so the operating system can not run the same under different hardware architecture
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Operating system just to manage the entire hardware resources, so the absence of applications, operating systems just let the system host in the host ready state, no other function.
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Application Development Reference operating system development interface, so that the application can only run on the operating system does not run on other operating systems,
six core functions of the operating system
- System Call Interface
- Program management: CPU processing allows multiple tasks, allowing efficient allocation of CPU resources
- Memory Management
- Document Management
- Driving means
driving reasons: common hardware already in the host, but the newer hardware, the operating system is not known. How to drive this new operating system hardware it? Usually provide a driver development interface to the hardware provider, according to this design-driven interface to their hardware. In this way, as long as the user to install the driver, naturally, can drive a piece of hardware in their operating system above.
The upper words meaning:
① operating system must be able to drive hardware, application to use the hardware features
② operating system development interface, hardware manufacturers create a driver
③ To use the hardware feature, you must have a driver
④ drivers from the manufacturer provided, regardless of operating system developers
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