This paper describes some of the quality management or project management terms, not very complete, slowly add.
FEMA
FMEA (Failure Mode and Effects Analysis), potential failure mode and effect analysis: in product design stage and during the design stage, the product constituting subsystems, components, steps constituting the process for each individually analyzed to find all potential failure modes, and to analyze the possible consequences, in order to advance to take the necessary measures to improve the reliability of product quality and one of systematic activities.
Two things to note:
- Preventive measures beforehand
- From the bottom
FMEA provide an opportunity but it does not solve the problem.
FEMA now has the following several classification:
- DFEMA: Design FEMA, problem solving product specifications to meet user functions.
- PFEMA: the process of FEMA, to address process control parameters to meet the product specification of the problem.
- MFEMA: machine FEMA, state control equipment to solve the problem to meet the process control parameters.
There are about positioning and logical thinking FEMA, individuals feel better to put two chart, excerpt follows.
Extraneous gossip --FEMA history
- November 1949, the US military used in fighter aircraft operating system
- The mid-1960s, American Airlines APOLLO moon program
- In 1976, formally incorporated into the US military standard
- The late 72's, automotive and medical equipment industries
- The early 1980s, the microelectronics industry
- In the 1980s, the automobile industry FEMA application process
- In 1991, ISO9000 recommended FMA
- ...
APQP
APQP (Advanced Product Quality Planning) Advanced Product Quality Planning: is a structured approach, used to identify and develop a product to ensure that the steps required to make the customer satisfied. Product Quality Planning objective is to promote and everyone involved to make sure that the required steps are completed on time. Effective product quality planning depends on the company's senior managers strive to achieve customer satisfaction commitment to this purpose.
PPAP
PPAP (Production part approval process): Production Part Approval Process: PPAP Production Part Submission Warrant: the main production parts dimensional inspection reports, visual inspection reports, feature inspection report, material test reports; plus some parts of the control method and supplier control method; the main business is the manufacture of shaped require suppliers to do at the time of submission of the first pieces of product PPAP documents and only after all qualified PPAP documents to be submitted; when engineering changes also required to submit reports.
PPAP is a control program of the production parts, but also a method of management of quality.
MECE
MECE (Mutually Exclusive Collectively Exhaustive) independent, completely exhausted: that is a major issue for, can do not overlap, do not miss the classification, and can thereby effectively grasp the core of the problem and solution to the problem.
The program focus is to help analysts find all the key factors affecting the expected benefits or goals, and find all possible solutions, and it will help managers solve problems or sort plan, analyze, and find a satisfactory s solution. The usual practice in two ways:
- First, in order to establish the problem, by methods similar to fishbone diagram, based on the establishment of the main issues, and then one by one down level by level, until all questions have found, through the layers of decomposition problem, you can analyze key issues and preliminary ideas to solve the problem;
- Another method is a combination of brainstorming to find the main problem, then without considering restrictions on the basis of the existing resources, all the possible solutions to the problem considered in this process, paying particular attention to a combination of methods is likely to be a the new solution, and then down analysis of each method to solve a variety of resources needed, and by analyzing and comparing the current situation to find the most practical and satisfactory answers from the various scenarios.
MECE analysis there are two main steps; Step one, make sure what is the problem? Step two, find MECE the cut. In performing the analysis and MECE two principles require attention. The first is integrity, that is the process of decomposition do not miss working in a particular, to ensure the integrity; the second is independence, stressed the need to separate between each work, not to have between each job overlapping.
6 SIGMA (Sigma)
Six Sigma (Six Sigma, 6 Sigma) is a management strategy, it was by then serving in Motorola engineer Bill ▪ Smith (Bill Smith) made in 1986. This strategy is the main emphasis on the development of high goals, data collection and analysis, through which to reduce defective products and services. Principle behind Six Sigma is that if you detect your project how many defects you can find out how to systematically reduce defects, try to make your project a perfect way. A business to achieve Six Sigma, its error rate can not exceed 3.4 per million.
Sigma includes two processes: Sigma Sigma DMAIC and DMADV, the whole process are two main steps. Six Sigma DMAIC Six Sigma is lower than the current project specifications define, measure, analyze, improve and control the process. Six Sigma DMADV is attempting to achieve Six Sigma (6 Sigma) the quality of the new product or project to define, measure, analyze, design and verification process. All Six Sigma projects are executed by Six Sigma Green Belt or Black Belt, and Master Black Belt Six Sigma was created by Motorola supervision.
Six Sigma (Six Sigma) proponents claim that this strategy can make 50% of the project beneficiaries, it can reduce operating costs, improve turnaround time, reduce material waste, there is a better understanding of customer needs, increase customer satisfaction and product and enhance service reliability. However, in order to achieve Six Sigma standards need to pay a lot, and the time may take several years to implement. Texas Instruments, Scientific-Atlanta, General Electric and Allied Signal are some typical examples of Six Sigma embodiment.
The need for improved processes to differentiate, to find the most promising opportunities for improvement, priority need for an improved process implementation improvements. If you are unsure priorities, many companies sell, it could detract implementation effect 6σ management. Business process improvement follow a five-step cycle Improvement Act, namely DMAIC model:
- The definition of [Define] -. Identify the need to improve the product or process to determine the resources required for the project.
- Measure [Measure] - defined defects, the collection performance of this product or process for the bottom line, establish improvement goals.
- Analysis [Analyze] - Analysis of data collected in a measurement phase, to determine a set of aligned affect the quality variables of importance.
- Improved [Improve] - optimization solutions, and confirm that the program can meet or exceed the project quality improvement goals.
- Control [Control] - to ensure process improvements once completed can continue to be maintained, but will not return to its previous state.
Extraneous gossip --6 SIGMA level
- Six sigma = 3.4 turnovers / million opportunities - meaning excellent management, strong competitiveness and loyal customers
- 5 sigma = 230 turnovers / million opportunity - excellent management, highly competitive and relatively loyal customers
- 4 sigma = 62.1 turnovers / million opportunity - means better management and operational capabilities, customer satisfaction
- 3 sigma error = 66,800 / million opportunities - meaning mundane management, lack of competitiveness
- 2 sigma = 308,000 errors / million opportunities - meaning one-third of corporate resources are wasted every day
- 1 sigma = 690,000 errors / million opportunity - every day, two-thirds of things wrong business can not survive