The statement: Li Xiaohui in the " topics for WebGIS ", add more information on. Map-based secondary development has been off doing, add basic skills to be here. In fact, for the front end, WebGis development is api, copy demo, change. GIS depth like the sea, to a bowl of bouillabaisse
What GIS that?
Of GIS (Geographic Information the System) , which is hard in the computer, the software support for all or part of the earth surface (including the atmosphere) the space geographic distribution data for collection, storage, management, calculation, analysis, shown and described in technology systems.
Because it can be analyzed and processed (in short, is the existence of phenomena and events on earth were mapping and analysis) of spatial information. GIS technology to map this unique visual effects and geographic analysis functions and the general database operations (such as query and statistical analysis, etc.) are integrated.
Combination of geography and cartography and remote sensing and computer science, has been widely used in various fields, mainly used for input, storage, query, analyze, and display geographic data.
What is GIS discipline
On the GIS, geography must first review the development of science
History of the evolution of the history of cartography and map functions
Use the map of human history about 3,000 years. Map of the invention is a tool to explore the world of early humans. Recommended reading Simon Garfield's "over the map: retrospective of the world's original"
The oldest surviving map, map of the world is ancient Babylon , about 700 BC - 500 BC between Mesopotamia made in Mesopotamia, inscribed on a clay tablet. The map depicted Babylon circular shape, at the center position of the map, a land is divided into two Euphrates, surrounded by a peripheral ocean. Map real role, not for navigation trip, but to map holder (emperor) know the whole world , of course, the premise is self-centered. This is a map of the most original role.
Roman made an about 0.3 meters high and several meters wide, can be rolled up a large map. The vast territory of the Roman Empire on this piece of scroll painting on, apparently it is not suitable for travel to carry, serve only to highlight a form of art empire territory . At that time the role of the map are basically the same.
2nd century AD, the Roman Empire astronomer Ptolemy, astrologers also, in order to make astrological divination map, the location of many towns of the Roman Empire were accurate labeling (birthplace location is a big factor in astrological divination). Ptolemy large number of files to collect a variety of information, stories, and design a system of latitude and longitude lines, covering all over Western Europe, Asia and North Africa. He also devised a way to make the earth a three-dimensional spherical projection on a two-dimensional plane (when people have to believe that the earth is spherical), and called it "Geography." Thus Ptolemy created the first two human history: first map navigation with real meaning, for the first time involves a new geography . However, it is short-lived, after the demise of the Western Roman Empire, Ptolemy map disappear.
Start the fourth century, Christian give legal status to spread all over Europe, the Christian also will be featured on the attached map. Map focuses on highlighting the spread of the Gospel of Christ in the world . At that time people thought the east direction is sacred because God created the Garden of Eden was originally located in the East. On top of the map toward the east, but also with the pieces of the picture, that Adam and Eve were expelled from the Garden of Eden, and apocalyptic Second Coming of Christ. Map design, not for the people on the ground to find a way to travel, but to guide people to enter the kingdom of heaven.
Really help people travel map until the Renaissance was developed. The rapid development of commerce and trade, especially in offshore trade, in particular, need a map to guide . People rediscovered ancient heritage, found Ptolemy's maps and cartography. Coupled with technological progress and compass use, it again drew the new map, which is "Bodoland charts." It is a product of the Age of Discovery, and above all the sea and the harbor, the sea channel clouds, criss-crossing, connecting the various port cities.
German cartographers Mercator 16th century invented a new method of drawing, creating a Mercator projection. We are now used world map is designed in this way. To be able to show a complete three-dimensional surface of a sphere on a flat map, Mercator to the North and South distant land, marine area gradually expanded, cast down. This design for the first time the world's drawn on a map.
Although it has the following disadvantages: It is slightly distorted perceptions of the world. Near the Arctic countries, the land area is artificially expanded, such as Canada and Russia, and equatorial regions are artificially reduced, such as Africa. But it is not only helpful for navigation, but also compete for the colony of kings "Help is not small" - claim sovereignty
Mathematical reasoning and measurement technology significantly advances, more and more accurate map of the world, where local map is also true, so far, the development of a map that is leak filled, accuracy is improved. The main purpose is to map people's march, sailing and so do the guide, which is also the subject of modern GIS GIS in one of the most basic functions.
GIS development
In the 19th century, modern GIS discipline slowly began to sprout. Here is an example of a very famous. 1854 London cholera, 10 days 500 people died. Residents are suspected plague is caused due to the underground tomb, it caused great panic in society. There was a famous doctor called Dr. Snow, he does not believe this reason, in order to identify the real source of the cholera, he first plotted the map of London, then the location of all cholera patients marked out, and then he found an interesting phenomenon, cholera patient appeared in the vicinity of a residential drinking water wells up to London, and most cholera patients began to appear also found there. Finally, Dr. Snow wells on that inspection to determine the source of cholera occurred. From this example we can see a map of the application is no longer confined to the navigation, and slowly began to take advantage of its unique time and space superiority combined with other disciplines begin .
By the 20th century breakthrough came computers, satellites and other technologies to heaven, GIS discipline accordingly start to mature and begin to spread. 1960s, Canadian scientists first proposed the GIS discipline. By the 20th century, a large number of outstanding GIS software have emerged, such as the series of Esri's ArcGIS, MapInfo's MapInfo. Domestic GIS started off from the 1980s, but during the last century, there have their own GIS companies, more famous GeoStar, MapGIS and so on.
At a time when the GIS is no longer confined to paper maps, and it has become a new discipline of computer technology and a variety of disciplines intersect. It involves surveying - to achieve electronic map and show as well as a variety of GIS functions, physics - - geographic information collection and map production and other computer science research and the study of spectral and image sensor, Meteorology - such as the impact on the atmosphere, such as satellite imagery, biology, medicine, criminology, etc. - the impact of these disciplines study geography and other factors of time and space.
So what GIS is it? Said the most straightforward is cooked through, GIS mapping generated using the paper to generate image maps or aerial and satellite, etc., will be in the computer, data storage manifested in the form of a map or a picture, and then based on the actual production and living well Research in various needs, thereby providing a specific data after processing .
What is WebGIS
WebGIS GIS is to show to the network. A large number of GIS software at the beginning of eighty years of the last century, there are basically C / S structure, that is, first of all need to have the professional GIS software on the machine, then use these GIS software based on user demand. Of course, this desktop GIS software has its natural advantages, such as the development is relatively simple and does not require Internet support, and can do more complex functions, such as rapid response relative advantages. But at the same time, its shortcomings can not be ignored. Bore the brunt of the reason is not easy to promote, not easy to promote that C / S system to its own natural disadvantage: not easy to update, are not easy to cross-platform, not user-friendly, without having to install the specified client situation.
From the beginning of this century, internet has entered a phase of explosive growth, laying and lifting speed networks has been a significant increase, which provide a solid environment for the development of WebGIS. So, GIS system B / S based more and more started to provide services, and RIA (rich client) technology, the emergence of AJAX (dynamic web pages) and mature technology, WebGIS can basically show the C / S as effects and functions. The great development of WebGIS, but also the needs of users, large-scale expansion google maps and Baidu maps and other service providers is the best proof.
What is WebGIS, GIS is a function of this discipline can provide to B / S technology presented to the user, so that users only need to be able to use a GIS application direction of these features in the browser.
WebGIS understanding of the domestic industry
Companies currently using WebGIS technology can be broadly divided into two directions: the Internet is a direction, a direction that industrial applications.
China's Internet direction in which can be said has been monopoly Baidu map, Soso map, high moral map, three giants. So WebGIS developers who want to engage in the direction of the Internet, in fact, big companies can choose not many. However, if you are a good enough technology, and the technology is not limited to general relational database, WebGIS developer of big data and distributed systems of interest, it is strongly recommended that you go to these Internet companies, where you have access to the latest IT technology and feel the power of brainstorming. Is also on the new technology, there are more people on the pursuit of cutting-edge direction, go to the Internet is a good choice.
But we have to admit that another reality, these Internet companies is concentrated in the north of Guangzhou-Shenzhen, and the demand for R & D personnel in GIS technology is important than computer technology is far greater than the proportion of GIS discipline theory itself occupied. As a result, more people came GIS discipline, the final choice of industry applications company. The company engaged in such, there is no future? the answer is negative.
Esri's GIS as the world's most successful software company, gives a very good answer. Esri's current AO library known as the world's second largest library, in addition to Microsoft's Framework, this is it. It is also a $ 800 million profit in the company. Esri's cooperation with the government of the United States and Canada, called the model for the industry of the company, it has achieved a lot for the digital city construction in both countries, made a lot of good work. Says this example, just to show that demand in our digital city more and more deeply, the government needs more and more real, the country's construction market more reasonable and fair and transparent, WebGIS application in the industry will also more and more widespread, and more capable of serving the government, businesses and people, and there is a real value to make better products. In addition, R & D personnel engaged in industrial applications, with in-depth understanding of the industries in which to understand the future may bring gains brought about by technology than simply increase the harvest is much greater. You know, the project needs analysis relies on a basic understanding of the industry, of course, but also to the understanding of the technical feasibility analysis of the project has provided a guarantee. Two complement each other.
Everyone pursuit is not the same, according to their needs, according to their own situation, to make a choice and stick to it, do not say whether dreams can be realized, at least you will not think they deserve to own such a mediocre person.
WebGIS framework
He said earlier too many non-technical kind of thing, where we began to put a technical class topic - WebGIS framework. In fact, WebGIS framework with other Web there are not many fundamentally different framework programs. Probably the only difference is that WebGIS need to provide some maps of functional services. Here I put that framework is given, while the technology needed at every level I was among roughly drawn.
目前很多公司都提供了自己的二次开发包，在前端的有OpenLayers、AGS API for JS、maptalks。在后台的也有geoTools、AO等。用这些开发包，我们可以很快的实现出图以及很多GIS功能，基本上不用写太多的编码。玩会一种开源的maptalk,ol,mapbox即可。比如ArcGIS Web APIs，SuperMap iClient 等，表示：玩不起！请招或者外包GIS人员来搞
但是，由于封装的太好，很多WebGIS的原理我们也便忽略而不做了解了。
WebGis前端
首推Open GIS，WebGIS所提出的这些要求正是Open GIS联盟（OGC）所成立的目的
开源的maptalk,ol,mapbox
地图方面： Mapbox、ArcGIS、OpenLayers、cesiums、百度地图BMap、高德地图AMap、Google Map 等；
集成包有：OpenLayers、AGS API for JS、maptalks leaflet
Echarts 地图可视化，
https://echarts.baidu.com/option.html#geo
https://echarts.baidu.com/option.html#series-map
可以看看我之前写的：《echarts矢量地图自定义图标数据展示—echarts地图图表三种方案 》
WEBGIS前端自动生成工具 QGIS，试了一下，我是放弃了。
WebGIS开发API选择
主流的开发API有：ArcGIS API、SuperMap API 、OpenLayer、LeafLet、百度API、天地图API等。谷歌和必应的相对用的较少。
GIS开发人员肯定知道地图服务器这个东西。API使用是免费的，但是地图服务器并不免费，毕竟结合相应的地图服务器才能发挥API的功效。国内主要是用ArcGIS Server和SuperMap iServer两个地图服务器，另外还有GeoServer的开源地图服务器。
ArcGIS API：适合大型的项目开发，ESRI作为最完善的GIS服务商，其API提供的功能也最为强大，支持的数据类型也多，能够很好地解决数据异构，坐标转换等问题，并提供二三维一体化的服务解决方案，版本的更新迭代也很快，API能够对兼容老版本的功能，实现的GIS功能也更为全面。API分为3.x版本开发2维应用，4.x开发三维版本。但是，其地图服务器采购价格接近30w,对于中小项目来说成本也是比较大的。
SuperMap API：国内公司，也被誉为国内业内第一的公司，也提供了一整套的数据解决方案，并且更符合国情，一些功能模块主要是面向国内用户的，三维GIS能够直接利用倾斜摄影的数据。这个API适合开发大中型项目，实现的功能当然没有ARCGIS的完善，但对于基本的和稍微复杂的GIS功能来说已经足够了。（特别不喜欢他的类参考，感觉很杂，三维）。地图服务器采购价也差不多是30w，但提供服务就不如ArcGIS的了。
OpenLayer 开源地图服务器，属于开源项目，这个主要是能节省成本，适合中小型项目，提供的功能也比较强，常常与其他软件结合使用（OpenLayer+GeoServer+uDig）,提供地图服务。但是有问题就需要自己解决了，毕竟没有专门的技术支持人员。感觉更偏向弱或稍强的GIS项目，能够提供基本的数据服务。
LeafLet 主要是移动端的API,轻量级的，提供的功能服务就很弱了，更偏向于信息展示，在数据展示方面这个API的展示效果是很不错的，也不需要专业的能力，适应性更好。
百度API、天地图API：这一类的API功能比较单一，只能使用在线地图服务器，可以说是同质化的产品。更适合开发项目中的GIS模块，而不适合开发GIS项目，另外说下，百度的不支持OGC协议（很憎恨这个），如果要使用对平台的地图服务，不建议使用百度的API,百度的更偏向于消费的商业市场,所以，乡镇数据很少，主要集中于城市数据。天地图的是由国家推动的，提供的服务某方面不如百度，但支持OGC协议。
总结来说，大项目选择ArcGIS 或SuperMap，大中型的选择SuperMap或者OpenLayer，小项目就使用maptalks。GIS模块的话可以考虑百度、天地图、leaflet、高德等，没有定数。另外，三维的项目需求也比较多了，特别是二三维一体化的项目，还有个Cesuim、three.js这个用得比较多。以后肯定是毋庸置疑往三维上发展的。
webgl开源三维引擎的选择
小场景的开源三维js引擎
1.babylonjs:http://www.babylonjs.com/（当前在用）
优点：有微软背景，有不少的demo，有较详细的api文档，有供测试的平台，有提供3dsmax转换模型的插件，
缺点：中文资料很少，没有系统的中文教程，如从入门到精通都可以给你讲一遍系统的教程，论坛也会被墙，相关的qq群较少，群里的人也不多，所以能真正指导我们的大牛也比较少。应该是国内用的 比较少。
2.threejs（当初选择引擎时关注过，选择了babylonjs后就没有去进步了解了）
优点：国内用的比较多，所以中文的资料也会比较多，有比较系统的中文教程如从入门到精通。用的人比较多，所以相关的qq群较多，群里的人也较多，接触到的大牛应该也会比较多。
缺点：没有提供一些基础建模软件的插件，比如3dsmax的模型导出插件，虽然说提供一些读3ds格式，fbx格式的场景。
大场景基于earth的开源三维js引擎
1.cesiumjs(http://cesiumjs.org/)
优点：有较多的demo，详细的api文档，有测试平台，比较丰富的展示特性和扩展。
2.webglearth（http://www.webglearth.com/）
demo较少，但一些基本的gis功能都有，简单实用，好像没什么更新过
3.openwebglobe（http://world.openwebglobe.org/）
效果不是很好，加载不流畅，展示的功能也比较少，后面就没有进步了解了
WebGis后端
arcgisServer、geoserver、mapserver ……
WebGis中间件
开发时，我们要选择适合自己的中间件。不同的中间件有其特性，如果是一般项目，tomcat等是很合适的，其使用方便，相关技术支持和资料也很好查找。但是如果是大型的集群项目，Weblogic和WebShpere可能是更好的选择，但是这两个中间件首先配置就是有难度的，同时不同的版本，可能对某些jar包的支持存在问题。如果项目必须使用国产的中间件，TongWeb和Apusics是不错的选择。
WebGis地图服务器
在WebGIS中，与其他一般的Web工程有明显区别的就体现在地图服务器上面。一般的地图服务器都由已有的软件商提供了解决方案，比较流行的有AGS、Geoserver、MapServer、SuperServer等。利用这些地图服务器我们能很好的实现地图的发布以及对一些空间查询和空间操作的支持。
WebGis业务服务器
业务服务器是Web项目里不可获取的一环。不管是利用哪些已有框架编写，比如Spring、Struts、Hibernate等，我们一般还是会将业务服务器的实现分为三个层次，即有名的MVC模式。而不同的框架里这三个层次的实现各有差别。
WebGis数据
WebGIS的数据大致可以分为三种，一种是地图、影像数据，一种是空间属性数据、一种是业务数据。地图、影像数据一般是一些png或者其他格式的数据组成。
在GIS中有个很重要的概念，即影像金字塔。这个概念主要是为了加速地图在前端的显示。而我们准备地图、影像数据时，也一般会首先对这些数据进行切图。
空间属性数据，是通过一些工具将已经整理好的数据进行入库。对于AGS，只有连接的是入库数据的mxd，才能发布成FeatureServer服务，以供数据的编辑。当然，空间数据入库后还可以支持业务逻辑的使用。
第三种数据，业务逻辑数据，是每个Web项目必须有的，它根据不同的业务需求将业务所需的数据进行采集和入库。
原文链接：GIS历史概述与WebGis应用开发技术浅解 - maptalks填坑笔记 - 周陆军的个人网站
最后，《webgis开发资源整理》，对一些开发资料整理汇总。
参考文章：
令德国人崇敬的地图学家——墨卡托 http://www.sohu.com/a/254951691_329538
杂谈WebGIS https://www.cnblogs.com/naaoveGIS/p/3887141.html
WebGIS开发进阶练手题（二） https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/22424372
关于WebGIS开发API选择的问题 https://blog.csdn.net/LYQHZ/article/details/80720279