The first generation to the fourth generation of computers are all divided by the development and update of electronic devices, and after the fifth generation
Computers are divided by the update of design ideas.
1 The first generation of electronic tube computers (1946~1958)
(1) Hardware
Logic Devices: Tubes and Relays
Memory: mercury delay line, electrostatic storage tube, magnetic core appeared in 1953 (reigned for 20 years)
External storage: Tape drive, punched paper tape drive and card drive, IBM produced disk drives in 1956
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(2) Software: There was almost no software before 1954, mainly using machine language -- binary code instructions
Later development of assembly language
(3) Performance
Operation speed: thousands to tens of thousands of times
Average stable running time: several hours
(4) Features
Large size, high power consumption, high price, slow speed, small capacity, poor reliability
(5) Typical machine
In 1942 , a Bulgarian-American, Vincent
Abenasoff, Department
of Mathematics, Iowa State
College
Atanasoff
) and his assistant
Clifford Berry
successfully
developed
the world's first digital
Electronic computer
ABC
. Using
300
electron tubes, using capacitors as memory, punched cards as auxiliary memory
memory, the operation speed is
1
time
/s
. Used to solve linear algebraic equations.
In 1973, the U.S. court granted the invention right to
in Apenasoff.
By the engineer Eckert ( J.Presper Eckert )
of the University of Pennsylvania
and the physicist Mauchly
(
John.W.Mauchly )
was successfully developed in December 1945
,
and
officially
performed in February 1946
Electronic computer
ENIAC
(
Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer
).
1947
Run
Officially used at the Ballistics Research Laboratory at the Army's Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland.
Using 18800 electronic tubes, 12
bit word length, 17
kB
memory
, 300 multiplications /s,
5000
additions
/s
, covers an area of
165 m
2
, weighs 30
T
, and consumes 150
kW of power
.
April 1953
ＩＢＭ－７０１
November 1954
ＩＢＭ－６５０
1958
１０３（ＤＪＳ－１）
１０４（ＤＪＳ－２）
2 The second generation transistor computer (1958~1964)
(1) Hardware
Logic Devices: Transistors
Memory: magnetic core
External storage: disk and tape drives
(2) Software
Assembly language, high-level language
FORTRAN
,
COBOL (
developed in 1959,
completed in
1961
) , ALGOL
(
1960
) Compilation system, management/monitoring program
(3) Performance
Operation speed: tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of times/second
Average stable running time: dozens of hours
(4) Typical machine
November 1959
ＩＢＭ
７０９０
September 1962
ＩＢＭ
７０９４
４４１Ｂ
108-B (DJS-6)
１０９
Ｘ－２
3 The third generation integrated circuit computer (1964～1971)
(1) Hardware
Logic devices: small and medium scale integrated circuits
Memory: magnetic core memory and magnetic film memory
69 IBM
360/85 part uses semiconductor memory
70 years IBM
370/145 all use semiconductor memory
External storage: disk (machine)
(2) Software
The high-level language BASIC appeared in 1965, and the high-level language PASCAL was invented in the late 1960s (67
development, completed in 1971), and multi-channel, time-sharing operating system and network system software appeared
(3) Performance
Computing speed: hundreds of thousands to millions of times/second
Average stable running time: hundreds of hours
(4) Typical machine
1964
ＩＢＭ ３６０
ＤＪＳ－２００
1971
ＩＢＭ ３７０
７０９（ＴＱ－１６）
ＮＯＶＡ
（ＤＪＳ－１００）
ＰＤＰ－１１
（ＤＪＳ－１８０）
１９７４
ＤＪＳ－１３０
4 The fourth-generation large-scale integrated circuit computer (1971~?)
(1) Hardware
Logic Devices: Large Scale Integrated Circuits
Memory:
LSI
External storage: Disk, CD
(2) Software
High-level languages FORTH (70 years), C (72 years), Ada (79 years), LOGO
Artificial intelligence language LISP, Prolog
Operating system, database management system, Windows
(3) Performance
Operation speed: tens of millions to hundreds of millions of times/second
(4) Typical machine
1981
Cyber
-205,
Cray-1
, YH-1 (100 million times/second)
ILLIAC-IV (NASA Arms Center): 64 processors, 150 million to 200 million operations per second
PEPE (Ballistic Missile Defense Agency): 256 processors, 1 billion operations per second
In the 1970s, computer technology began to accelerate. In the 1980s, it took a leap to a new level. In the 1990s, it
One sample per year, the life cycle of the machine is only 1-1
.5 years.
Intel 8086/8088 IBM PC/RT
80286
IBM PC/AT
80386
80486
Pentium CPU with 3.1 million transistors, speed up to 112 million operations per second
Pentium Pro CPU with 5.2 million + 15.5 million transistors
Motorola 68000
→
68010
→
68020
→
68030
→
68040 Apple Macintosh
5 The fifth generation of artificial intelligence computers
This is a new type of computer
oriented to knowledge processing
. Its goal is to make judgments through reasoning, to understand
Natural language, can recognize printed and handwritten characters, can understand the meaning of language, can speak natural language,
Individuals who may even surpass humans in thinking about problems. However, due to various reasons, the fifth
The modern computer project was unsuccessful.
6 The sixth generation neural network computer
This is a new type of computer
that simulates the structure of the human brain
. The goal is to directly process graphics and images,
They have the ability to infer and perceptually judge complex illogical issues, and even have the ability to sum up lessons learned and generalize
ability to reason.
In November 1995, the Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences successfully developed a neural network computer with digital and analog mixed circuits
"Prophecy God No. 1", 2000 trillion times per second, can be used for image, text and voice recognition.