We already know that in the computer world only binary, only 01 recognize that we can not directly flowing dialogue with the computer to do some work. We want to use hardware resources, it is necessary to use the operating system to allocate allocate hardware resources.
Operating system mainly has the following functions:
1, memory management
2, device management
3, process management
4, the system calls
5, document management
6, network management
We are now commonly used operating systems are mainly three types, one is now the largest number of people using windows operating systems including DOS from the start by 95/98/2000 / xp / visit / win7 / win8 / win8.1 to the current win10. Second, now the apple of expensive Unix operating system, IOS MAC and mobile terminals, high safety factor Unix systems, third is now free open-source linux operating system for servers in general, many distributions of linux, relatively well-known redhat , centos, debian, ubuntu and so on.
Let's look at the history of the development of linux, chronologically can be simply described as the following process:
1969 Prior, Bell Labs and MIT, GE together launched a project plan, the plan is to develop a multi-user multi-tasking operating system. The Multics at this time came into being, he is a compatible time-sharing system. Although this system developed, but in fact this plan, or die a natural death, many people not satisfied with this. So with early unics later operating system.
1969 Ken Thonspon using an earlier time of assembly language Assembler wrote the earliest prototype unix --Unics.
This inception of this system have two important philosophical concept, which has a crucial role in the later development of linux.
1, everything is a file
2, regardless of any program, there is only one ultimate purpose, effective objectives.
1973 Dennis Ritchie rewrote the time of the B language, and named C language, and all the Unics rewritten in C language and Unix changed its name to the official release, bringing Unix was born.
1977 Unix is an important branch of --BSD Berkeley was born in Berkeley. Developers for the later sun company founder Bill Joy. Later, the sun company that is developing BSD Unix developed from commercial release. BSD branch of our more later as it comes, freeBSD / openBSD are all developed from BSD, and therefore are considered orthodox Unix heritage and inheritance than apple mac position is even higher than a big slice.
1979 system V appeared, this is a unix can run on a personal computer, but was AT & T's version of Unix in the seventh specifically mentioned "not to provide students with source" since the beginning of protracted commercial Unix copyright dispute.
Know of today, there are orthodox Unix also have some promise of controversy, but universally recognized unix orthodox pure Unix system V and is BSD.
1984 is an important year, mainly two things, the first issue is, Professor Tan Bangning in order to continue the academic education and research, re-development of their own to write a Unix like system - Minix, this is the beginning of the earliest and most linux predecessor. But the professor is no dispute of fame and fortune, even though this system is very fast hardware, but the professor only use it for academic research, without the addition of other new features, is not prepared to support updates, etc., do not want to let others contaminate his operating system. Therefore, this system only in a small area use, not in the hands of professors to flourish. linux is really caught up in the back of a man called linuz, access to the operating system, and it made some changes, released the open-source operating system on a forum, when in fact only a kernel, and can not be called Operation system, not everyone will also start the installation, only those engineers, scientists just do a set. And because open source projects, linux This came to be known, it began to pop up. As these releases later, which in turn is not even. Pulling away, we continue speaking, in 1984 second issue.
1984 The second event is the GNU (GNU is not Unix) open source project, and FSF Foundation was established. This time around, the emergence of many important software and protocols, such as the GPL, GCC C compiler, Emacs editor, Glibc, bash shell, all of which create a good fertile ground for the subsequent development of linux.
1988 X-window appear in a GUI of Xfree86 plan. At first we mentioned several laboratories, it seems so few in the history of Lei Feng laboratories like Bell Labs, as well as a printer company's laboratory, windows NT is the Bill cover the thief steal the lab. These laboratory scientists are unknown made an indelible impression on our scientific and technological progress, but did not go down in history. Those successful entrepreneurs, often famous "thief."
1991 linux this time came into being, so that when you need an operating system instead of Unix, it must be fully compatible with applications that run on Unix, linux is such a multi-tasking system. It stems from linuz torvalds posted on a forum article, and the article also published a linuz kernel. The directory linuz of this place called Linux, people began to call this system is linux. The first version of linux kernel is 0.02, back on the release of 1.0, and so much more. Now the linux kernel site www.kernel.com
various distributions we use are using the above kernel to modify.
Therefore, each of the linux distributions, although seemingly not the same, there are different companies, different names, different logo, but in fact the differences are not large, almost. Because, like the kernel. Not the same only different releases available for third-party applications, not the same management tool, and is not the same suite of management.
linux distributions there are a lot of different points system. There are two general points more recognized method.
First maintenance release in accordance with commercial companies or groups are social groups to points. Such as RHEL, SUSE, Ubuntu is maintained by commercial companies and provide services. And Centos, OpenSUSE, Fedora, Debian, B2D, Gentoo is a free society and other organizations, to support the community unit, and the unit does not provide a specific service, anyone can use, but the problem is no one in charge, you can only find their own solutions.
Second, the management software is installed RPM or DPKG to points. This is generally more recognized, in accordance with this division, linux there are two camps, RHEL and Debian will certainly be in opposites. reahat is to use the
RMP management software, Debian use DPKG management software, and Gentoo which neither belong. That secondary offering versions of these releases is certainly the same. Such as RHEL and Centos on, like, Debian and Ubuntu, too. Other so on.
Each features distributions:
RHEL: worldwide the most widely used system
CentOS: This is the operating RHEL operating system will re-compile and publish to the user free use of
Fedora: RHEL is the testing ground, in which the top of the test was successful software will be added to the latest version of RHEL to go.
OpenSUSE: This is Germany's leading Linux
Gentoo: a high degree of personalization, custom features many complex operations, advanced users
Debian: use more ***, senior engineer in the operation and maintenance, stable and secure good operating system
Ubuntu: a little nice Linux. In fact, there are better looking than this linux called Mint.
End
- Yang Guang