Cognitive psychology is a psychological trend in the mid-1950s the rise of the West, is the psychological mechanism as the basis of human behavior, its core is the internal psychological process that occurs between the input and output. Beginning in the 1970s it became a major Western psychology research in cognitive psychology. It is the study of the higher mental processes, mainly cognitive processes such as attention, perception, representation, memory, thinking and language.
In contrast with the behavior of psychologists, cognitive psychologists who study the internal mechanisms and processes can not be observed, such as memory processing, storage, extraction and change memory.
Point of Information Processing study cognitive processes is the mainstream of modern cognitive psychology, cognitive psychology can say is equivalent to information processing psychology. It will be seen as an information processing system that is cognitive information processing, including coding of sensory input, the whole process of storage (zhù) deposit and extraction. According to this view, perception can be decomposed into a series of stages, each stage is carried out a certain operation on the information input means, and the product of this reaction is a series of stages and operation. They are linked with one another in some way between the various components of the information processing system. With the development of cognitive psychology, this sequence processing concept increasingly challenged the theory of parallel processing theory and cognitive neuropsychology.
Cognitive psychology is a mental process behind the study of cognitive and behavior (including thinking, decision, reasoning, and some degree of motivation and emotional) of Psychological Science. This science includes a wide range of research areas, it aims to study memory, attention, perception, operational knowledge representation, reasoning, creativity, and problem solving.
The main point of view of cognitive psychology
1, seen as similar to the human brain's information processing systems computer
They believe the human brain information processing system is composed of receptors (receptor), the reactor (effector), memory (Memory) and a processor (or control system) (Processor) four parts. First, i.e. environmental information susceptor is input to the sensory system, the information is converted receptors; converted information before entering the long-term memory, the symbol to be reconstructed through the control system, to identify and compare; system memory for storing the extracted symbol structure; Finally, to the reaction reactor (see FIG. 1) to the outside:
2, emphasis on existing knowledge and knowledge of human behavior and the structure of the current-raising activities have a decisive role in the minds of people
Cognitive theory, perception is the process of determining the meaning of people received stimulus, this process relies on information from the environment and from those who own perception, that is knowledge. Complete cognitive processes directed - feature extraction - compared with the memory of knowledge and a series of cycles. Knowledge is by way of illustration to function. The so-called icon (schema) is a psychological structure that represents us to the outside world has been internalized knowledge units. As shown it is adapted to receive external information is activated. Activated icon gives rise to an internal perceptual expectations for information to guide sense organs have a special destination search form.
3, emphasizing the integrity of cognitive processes
Modern cognitive psychology that human cognitive activity is interrelated cognitive elements of a unified whole interaction, any kind of cognitive activity in all its other cognitive activities associated with the completion of the next.
On the other hand, the human cognitive process, the context is very important. It includes not only the context of the relationship of people exposed to the language of the material, objective things up and down, left and right, has etc., but also the human brain relationship between existing knowledge between existing knowledge and current cognitive object.
4, production system
The concept production system (production system) comes from mathematics and computer science, 1970 is widely used in psychology. It describes the procedure when people solve their problems. In a production system, a series of events to produce a series of events, i.e. condition - Activities (C-A). One of the conditions is broad, it can produce the same type of activity of the same conditions; secondly, the conditions will involve some internal purposes and internal knowledge. We can say that production conditions include not only external stimuli also includes information stored in the memory, reflecting the general and inherent nature of modern cognitive psychology.
In generalPsychology is the scientific study of human behaviorCognitive psychology is a science to explore why people have behaviors occurCognitive neuroscience is exploring the reasons underlying the behavior of - the relationship between brain and behavior
Cognitive biases (cognitive bias)
Operation of the system 1 is unconscious and fast, not very mentally challenging, no feeling, completely autonomous control state.
2 system is rational to logic based, process information in mind, it is slow, the calculation work.
1. framing effect
Even in the face the same problem, the problem with different ways of expression, people's final choice will be different. Different frameworks lead to a different intuition.
General framework for enhanced effect with age, disappearing when using a second language (think about it).Methods of treating cancer, the doctor told the first group: the first month survival rate after surgery was 90%; the second group told the doctor: mortality in the first month after surgery was 10%. Results The first set of selection 84% of the surgery, the second set of selection 50% of the surgery.
Say an example
The same is organ donation, cultural differences similar to Germany is willing to 12%, Austria is 100%, because in organ donation book, Germany wrote that: □ If you are willing to participate in organ donation project, where tick; Austria writing is: □ If you are not willing to participate in organ donation program, please tick here.
2. endowment effect (endowment effect)
People naturally do not like losses, it is recorded in the genes.
From an evolutionary perspective, most of the animals out of the edge of survival, gain or loss of pressure is completely different, the food may lose a day of death, but more than a day to get food does not extend the life of the day (unless the food can be saved)
3. prospect theory (prospect theory)
Most people get in the face of risk aversion (good results) (the hand is more important)
Most people in the face of loss (negative result) risk preference (no loss is more important)
Anyway, I have lost, then I might as well take the risk, they might win; but if I had won, I would not take the risk
4. bias confirmed (confirmation bias)
When people tend to establish a belief or a concept, in the process of gathering information and analyzing information, to produce a certain kind of looking for evidence in support of this belief
1. Reporters visiting experts only in line with his views, just report the facts conform to his views2. Students collect data only in keeping with his thesis hypothesis3. boss when hiring employees, to focus only on compliance with the conditions he needs
In one example cited
We were asked two questions:1. tallest sequoia tree is higher than 365 meters or less than 365 meters?2. tallest sequoia tree is higher than 55 meters or less than 55 meters?The first answer: Below, he is 257 meters; the second answer: higher than, 86 meters
Anchor effect: It will be known as the reference point information and the anchor point for determining the behavior.
Lack of adjustment: setting a good reference point after without departing from the behavior of the reference point.
The fractional principle (law of small numbers)
Consider the experience of small and large-sample mean has the same probability distribution
The first exam, 100 points, was praised ...The second exam, 95 points, was criticized ...The third exam, 98 points, was praised ...
All performance will return average: Second performance and for the first time there is no causal link
6. Overconfidence (over-optimism)
Individuals tend to overestimate profits, to underestimate the cost; fantasy successful, ignore the error, so the individual is risky because of excessive optimism, ignoring the risks.
It is expected to be completed 15 days, 45 days actual completion
Free more attractive
A person may buy, 15 cents lindt chocolate, chocolate hirshe 1 minute; buy lindt chocolate 73% (original price expensive, much cheaper) to buy hirshe chocolate 27%Each commodity prices one point each, 14 cents lindt chocolate, chocolate hirshe free; buy lindt 31% chocolate, chocolate hirshe buy 69%
Market discipline VS social norms
Moving bricks, a brick to a first set of transfer $ 5, a second set of transfer trade brick to 5, the third set of money without request for help; a first group 159 moved, the second group 101 moved, the third organized the card 168.
Some things money can not buy, once the price marked on the gift no longer wake of social norms, market discipline can only wake up
7. preferences from the comparator
25 yuan to buy a pen, if more than 15 minutes of walking, you can buy 18 yuan, most people are willing to buy; 455 yuan to buy a suit, if more than 15 minutes of walking, you can buy 448 yuan, most people do not want to buy . The same is worse 7 yuan, but relatively speaking, are 25 yuan and 455 yuan 7 yuan compared.
Why cognitive bias is difficult to eliminate?
Brain to save resources, will first be having trouble processing system, the system does not work only to find two.
The system is based on past experience, taking the shortcut
System 2 is based on knowledge, logic and calculations
3-D heuristics
The system of shortcuts from the experience of everyday life, such as when on the retina, distant objects as big as near objects, distant objects to be more practical
They are as big as the actual
When the line removed, they look almost the same
Context effect
The following figure is the number of vertical an all right?
Once washed away prejudices
Describe the characters you see in the figure below
Girl and old woman, at the same time can only see one, can not see two people
Get rid of prejudice
1. When you understand yourself and this lack of prejudice, do not rely solely on the judgment system. Things are slowly round.
2. Empathy: to see things from other people's point of view, to avoid preconceived prejudices, experience and reading
People are not rational animalsVolitional control on weak sentimentThe will of the strong emotional controlSo we have to make decisions that are rational, in fact, is the emotionalIf there is no sentiment, no preference, people can not make decisions