1. Cognitive process
01Attention
(1) The concept of attention
Attention is the direction and concentration of mental activity or consciousness to a certain object
Pointing: We are choosing
Concentration: Time
(2) Attention function
Select function: the most basic
Hold function: time
Regulation and supervision functions
(3) Pay attention to the type
Unintentionally pay attention (not pay attention randomly)
Psychologically random: with willful effort
Unintentional attention: no purpose, no effort required
Intentional Attention (Attention at all times): There is a purpose, and it needs to work hard
Conditions/Regulations: Profile Interest
Attention after intention (attention after random): There is a purpose, no need to work hard all the time: fun in it,
children are making building blocks,
direct interest, automation of activities and high proficiency
Xiao Ming has just started learning to bike: intentionally pay attention to it
Xiao Ming has been riding for 20 years; after intentional attention
(4) The quality of attention
The breadth of attention (also called the range of attention)
Grasp the number
Stability of attention
Length of time
Dispersion of attention-passive, passive
Distracted
Attention distribution
While ??? while
multitasking
Attention shift: a proactive process
Active A->B
Expand
The ups and downs of attention.
Human attention cannot remain fixed for a long time. Periodic strengthening or weakening often occurs, which is called the ups and downs of attention.
distinguish
1. Dispersion of attention VS transfer of attention
Dispersion: unconsciously passive
transfer: consciously active
2. Dispersion of attention VS fluctuation of attention
Dispersion: avoidable
fluctuation: unavoidable
3. Dispersion of attention VS distribution of attention
Dispersion: unconscious
distribution: conscious
(5) Application of the Law of Attention in Teaching
Correctly use the law of unintentional attention to organize teaching activities
Use the law of intentional attention to organize teaching and improve the self-consciousness of learning
Use the two rules of mutual shift of attention to organize teaching
(6) Cultivation of the attention of primary and middle school students-interest struggles become a habit, psychological state advantages and disadvantages
Good at fighting against dispersal of attention.
Stable and wide-ranging interests.
Develop good study habits.
Maintain a good mental state.
Enable students to analyze their own attentional strengths and weaknesses, develop their strengths, and overcome weaknesses.
02 feeling
(1) The concept of feeling
Individual attributes
reflect in the human brain the individual attributes of objective things directly acting on the sense organs
(2) Types of feeling
External feeling
Sight, hearing, smell, taste, skin
Inside feel
Body sense, movement sense, balance sense
Body: internal organs
Movement: movement
Balance: motion sickness, seasickness
(3) The general law of feeling
sensitivity
Sensitivity: Ability
Sensitivity
Sensitivity to one thing
Absolute susceptibility: the ability to minimize the amount of stimulation
Differential susceptibility: the ability to minimize the amount of difference
Sensory threshold: value, quantity
Sensitivity is inversely related to sensory threshold
Absolute sensory threshold:
Differential sensory threshold:
(4) Interaction of feelings
Sensory adaptation:
visual adaptation: dark adaptation, light adaptation,
olfactory adaptation,
skin adaptation
Feeling correspondence:
Simultaneous comparison: the same time comparison, the beautiful and ugly woman in
the photo. Continuous time comparison: I am sick, take medicine first and then sugar,,,, some first and second
Perceived aftereffect: (also known as afterfeeling) the
stimulation stops and remains
Sensory compensation: if there is loss, there must be
gain Synesthesia (or synesthesia)-interaction, one stimulates two sensations
For example, seeing red: excited and joyful, seeing red (visual + feeling)
03 Perception
Feeling-individual attributes
Perception-global attributes
(1) Concept
Perception is the reflection of the human brain’s overall properties of things that directly affect the sense organs
(2) Type
Space perception: Depth perception (also called distance perception) The
visual cliff experiment proves the existence of space perception
Time perception
Kinetic perception:
real movement perception: real movement
kinetic perception: look at things that are not moving as if they are moving
Kinetic perception:
motion scene motion
Induced motion: A motion-"B motion at the same time.
Autonomous motion: The burning lamp looks for a long time, and it will be after your own
motion. The effect: one first and one later, first look at A motion, then look at B move
Illusion: incorrect perception
(3) Basic characteristics of perception
Selectivity (Objectivity)
Selected: Object
Not selected: Background
Integrity
Part and whole
Comprehensibility
Constancy
The conditions change, the impression remains the same
Observed
(1) The meaning of observation
Observation is a purposeful, planned, and lasting perceptual activity of human beings. It is an advanced form of perception, also called "perception of thinking".
(2) The quality of observation
(1) Purpose
(2) Objectivity
(3
) Fineness (4) Sharpness
(3) Cultivation of Observation
(1) Clarify the purpose
of observation (2) Sufficient preparation for observation
(3) Individual instruction
(4) Organize observation results
(5) Development and Application of Perception-Single Choice
Intensity law: can see clearly, can hear
Law of Difference: There is a difference, red matches green
Law of activity: moving objects can be perceived
Combination law: make up
04 memory
(1) The concept of memory
Memory is the psychological process of accumulating and preserving individual experience in the mind. In terms of information processing, it is the process by which the human brain encodes, stores and extracts information input from the outside world
(2) Types of memory
1\Memory content and experience object division
Image memory: seen, heard, smelled, touched
Logical memory: concepts, formulas, principles
Emotional memory: emotions
Action memory: action state and action skills
2. Divided according to the retention time of the memory content
Instantaneous memory (sensory memory)
retention time;
within 1 second
Capacity: larger capacity
Short-term memory (working memory)
time: about one minute
Capacity: 7±2 blocks
Long-term
retention time: 1 minute or more
Capacity: large capacity / unlimited
Instantaneous memory through attention short-term memory,
short-term memory to paraphrase memory, long-term memory
3. Information processing and storage content
Declarative memory: what kind of memory is
procedural memory: what to do, how to do memory
Consciousness participation in memory process
Explicit memory
Implicit memory
(3) Memory process
Remember (beginning)
Keep (second link)
Recollection or recognition (whether or not reappear)
Memories: Not in front of my eyes
Recognize: in front of my eyes
Recollection: closed book, essay question
Recognition: open book, multiple choice question
(4) Forgotten
Memory trace decline theory
Unreinforced
Interference suppression theory
Mutual interference
Proactive suppression; the previous content interferes with the
following content Backward suppression: the subsequent content interferes with the previous content
Morning study: no interference of proactive suppression.
Evening study: no interference of backward suppression, only proactive suppression
Motivation theory
Tension, emotional swings, depression of motivation
Extraction failed
I remember this person was my elementary school classmate, but I don’t remember the name
Lack of clues-tip of tongue effect
Assimilation theory
High instead of low
The multiplication sign in junior high school, replacing the multiplication sign X in elementary school
2. The law of forgetting
Person: Abingster
Progress: first fast and then slow, first more then less
3. Factors that affect the process of forgetting-talents please swear
(1) The nature of the learning materials
(2) The amount of memorizing materials and the degree of learning
(3 ) The duration and importance of memorizing tasks
(4) The methods of memorizing
(5) Time factors
(6) Emotions and motivations
(6) Improve memory ability and promote knowledge consolidation
1. The characteristics of good memory quality.
Agility: speed.
Persistence: the length of retention time.
Accuracy: correct and precise.
Readiness: comprehensive embodiment-extraction and application
2. Methods
to improve memory ability Purpose
Understanding
Fine processing
Organization
Multiple coding methods
Method
Over- learning 50% proficiency 150%
thinking
(1) The concept of thinking
Indirect, general response
(2) Characteristics of thinking
Indirectness: inferred from···
Generality: summarized from···
(3) The quality of thinking
1. Broadness (horizontal)
2. Profoundness (vertical)
5. Flexibility (should adapt to changes)
7. Logic-the central link
(4) Classification of thinking
Rely on
Direct action thinking-action
Concrete thinking in images-representation
Abstract logical thinking-language signs
Logical
Intuitive thinking-sudden epiphany
Analytical thinking-step by step analysis
Directivity
Convergent thinking-the only answer
Divergent thinking-multiple answers
Degree of innovation
Conventional thinking-idiomatic method
Creative thinking-novel way
(5) The basic form of thinking
Concept: the most basic form/component
Judgment; positive judgment/negative judgment
reasoning
06 Problem solving and creativity
(1) Problems and problem solving
A series of processes from the initial state of the problem to the target state
(2) The general process of problem solving
1. Find the problem (first link)
2. Understand the problem (central link)
3. Propose a hypothesis (critical stage)
4. Test the hypothesis
(3) The main factors affecting the solution of the problem
(1) Problem situation
The presentation of the problem
(2) Psychological set and functional fixation.
Psychological set: the usual way of thinking.
Functional fixation: the function is fixed on one thing. I can only see one function of the thing, but I cannot see Other functions
(3) Existing knowledge and experience-migration
(4) Prototype inspiration
Asuka-"Aircraft
(5) Emotion and motivation
(4) Teaching to improve problem solving ability
Knowledge
method
practice
thinking
(5) Creative thinking and cultivation
1. Creative features
(1) Fluency (large number, same type)
(2) Flexibility (many types, different types)
(3) Originality (new, unique)
2. Creative cultivation
(1) Create a suitable environment that is conducive to creativity,
create a relaxed psychological environment, and
give students plenty of room for choice.
Reform the starting system and test content
(2) Pay attention to the creation of creative personality,
protect curiosity,
relieve the individual’s fear of answering questions, and
encourage independence Sexuality and innovation.
Emphasize illogical thinking.
Provide students with creative role models.
(3) Open courses to cultivate creativity and conduct creative thinking training.
Divergent thinking training.
Presumption and hypothesis training.
Self-design training.
Brainstorming training.
07 performance and imagination
(1) Definition of appearance
Picture in mind
(2) Characteristics of appearance
Intuitiveness,
generality,
maneuverability
(3) Classification of imagination
Imagination is the mental process by which the human brain processes and transforms the stored images to form a new image
Imagination:
unintentional imagination (no purpose, unconscious)
eg: cloud, mountain, dream,
intentional imagination (purpose, conscious),
recreating imagination (second thought)
speech/pattern
Creative imagination (first time thinking)
independent/first
Authors are generally the first time, creating imagination,
readers are recreating imagination
When we read novels, we recreate
imagination
Drawing drawings: creating imagination
(4) The function of imagination
Foreseeing function,
foreseeing got the certificate,
supplementary function,
archaeologists restore the entire cultural relic through the wreckage,
alternative function,
looking for alternatives,
regulating function,
physiological activity
