[We all know that Hume was a philosopher, thinker, but he does not know about everyone is a study of human intelligence, the "Human Nature," a book related to the Hume of the question has become the strength of artificial intelligence and intelligent science the critical point - "from the fact that not Be value" . ]
brief introduction
"Human Nature" book is divided into three volumes, namely "On the intellectual," "On Emotion" and "Moral." There is a brief "Introduction" before the text, mainly illustrates the importance and significance of human science. Volume "On the intellectual" is the theme of epistemology, mainly describes the content of epistemological knowledge of the origin, classification and scope, and limits of human cognitive ability, as well as the nature and role of reasoning and so on. Volume is "Human Nature" is the most important part is the basis for other parts, including Hume major contribution to philosophy.
Volume II "On Emotional" is the first volume continues on the theme of emotional origin, nature and activities, and to lay the foundation for discussion of ethical issues next volume. Which has relative independence and freedom of the will of the discussion.
The third volume of "Moral" is the first comprehensive exposition of the moral issues of two-volume basis. The first chapter discusses the basic principles of morality, ethics belong content; second chapter discusses the "man of virtue" - the content is both ethical content, but also politics; the third chapter of "natural Germany . "
"Human Nature" Hume life's most important works for the history of human thought and original theoretical contributions. Hume thought the most important aspects are set forth in this book, such as the three assumptions about human nature, selfish and views on compassion, justice system and views on social order and so on.
Hume age in British bourgeois "Glorious Revolution" ended the era of the industrial revolution has just begun. During this period, the British bourgeoisie has risen to the ruling class, it has to maintain the alliance with the feudal aristocracy, while also strengthening the rule of the working people. British bourgeois relations within this class have to make appropriate adjustments to meet the needs of internal development of this class, but also to prevent the restoration of feudal forces. Progressive bourgeois and conservative intertwined, representative of this stage is the bourgeois ideology Hume.
Hume summed up the results of Western philosophy since Descartes in modern times, the most direct and most important contribution is to promote the philosophy of Kant's critique form. Hume's philosophy in the history of Western philosophy occupies a very important position, it not only as an important part of the history of Western philosophy in the development process, plays the role of connecting, and its profound thought and rich content greatly affects the Modern Western Philosophy the development is the theoretical source of many philosophical thoughts and ideas. Hume's research capabilities, insights and moral character won the highly valued Kant, Hume, Kant has repeatedly referred to as a "clever ideas" and that "Hume is the rare and I match the sharp thinker."
Voluntarist Schopenhauer in favor of Hume's agnostic, agnosticism that this demonstrates the impossibility of understanding the world the essence of rational methods, opening the way for the universal principles as intuitive understanding. Nietzsche is particularly affirmed the skepticism of Hume's argument for causal reasoning, put it as a negative objective laws of cause and effect exists, the evidence against a rationalist understanding of the role. Russell also made clear that Hume's skepticism destroyed all rational belief, the development of non-rationalism provides a breeding ground. In his view, Hume represent the spirit of the modern re-engineering of bankruptcy, after the destruction of the rational spirit inevitably lead to the outbreak of irrational ideas. He said: "The 19th century and irrational development of the whole so far in the 20th century, Hume break the course, the consequences of empiricism." Hume since the 19th century, the development impact of the history of Western philosophy is great, it can be said there is no Hume on no Kant; Kant no no German classical philosophy; no German classical philosophy, there is no Marx, Engels Marxism.
When the history of the 20th century, with the development of Western philosophy, Hume has been more widely appreciated. It was found that, although Hume is the philosopher of the 18th century, but many of the issues he raised actual modern problems, some of his ideas and methods are still important issues to deal with today's complex philosophy. Especially in the philosophy of experience, Hume more thoroughly than ever the philosopher, more comprehensive study of the content of empirical knowledge, revealing its contents, limitations and inherent contradictions, therefore, Hume for the later positivism, pragmatism, neo-realist On the other propositions based on experience of all types of philosophy have a profound impact on development.
Hume not only belong to the era in which he lived, and from that era still belongs to the whole of Western philosophy. Xia Yu regardless of descendants of Hume's what they say, can not deny its contribution to the advancement of human thinking philosophy made. Hume value because of its philosophy and Western philosophy has been incorporated into a lasting and far-reaching influence of the great thinkers of the column.
table of Contents
导论
第一卷 论知性
第一章 论观念，它们的起源、组合、联系、抽象等
第一节 论我们观念的起源
第二节 题目的划分
第三节 论记忆观念和想象观念
第四节 论观念的联系或联结
第五节 论关系
第六节 论样态和实体
第七节 论抽象观念[1]
第二章 论空间和时间观念
第一节 论空间和时间观念的无限可分性
第二节 论空间和时间的无限可分性
第三节 论空间和时间观念的其他性质
第四节 对反驳的答复
第五节 对反驳的答复（续）
第六节 论存在的观念和外在存在的观念[1]
第三章 论知识和或然性
第一节 论知识
第二节 论或然性和因果观念
第三节 为什么一个原因总是必然的
第四节 论因果推理的组成部分
第五节 论感官印象和记忆印象
第六节 论从印象到观念的推论
第七节 论观念和信念的本质
第八节 论信念的原因
第九节 论其他关系和习惯的作用
第十节 论信念的影响
第十一节 论偶然性的或然性
第十二节 论原因的或然性
第十三节 论非哲学的或然性
第十四节 论必然联系的观念
第十五节 判断原因和结果所依据的通则
第十六节 论动物的理性[1]
第四章 论怀疑论的哲学体系和其他的哲学体系
第一节 论关于理性的怀疑主义
第二节 论感官方面的怀疑论
第三节 论古代哲学
第四节 论近代哲学
第五节 论灵魂的非物质性
第六节 论人格的同一性
第七节 本卷的结论[1]
第二卷 论情感
第一章 论骄傲与谦卑
第一节 题目的划分
第二节 论骄傲和谦卑；它们的对象和原因
第三节 这些对象和原因来自于何处
第四节 论印象和观念的关系
第五节 论这些关系对骄傲和谦卑的影响
第六节 这个体系的限制
第七节 论恶行和德行
第八节 论美和丑
第九节 论外在的有利条件和不利条件
第十节 论财产权和财产
第十一节 论对名声的爱好
第十二节 论动物的骄傲和谦卑
第二章 论爱和恨
第一节 论爱和恨的对象及原因
第二节 证实这个体系的几种实验
第三节 疑难的解决
第四节 论对亲友的爱
第五节 论我们对富人与权贵的尊重
第六节 论仁慈和愤怒
第七节 论怜悯
第八节 论恶意和嫉妒
第九节 论仁慈和愤怒与怜悯和恶意的混合
第十节 论尊重和鄙视
第十一节 论有关爱情的情感或两性之间的爱
第十二节 论动物的爱和恨
第三章 论意志和直接情感
第一节 论自由和必然
第二节 论自由和必然（续）
第三节 论影响意志的各种动机
第四节 论猛烈情感的原因
第五节 论习惯的各种作用
第六节 论想象对情感的影响
第七节 论空间和时间的接近和距离
第八节 论空间和时间的接近和距离（续）
第九节 论直接的情感
第十节 论好奇心或对真理的爱[1]
第三卷 道德学
第一章 德与恶概论
第一节 道德上的差别并非得自于理性
第二节 道德上的差别得自于道德感[1]
第二章 论正义与非正义
第一节 正义是自然的德行还是人为的德行？
第二节 论正义和财产权的起源
第三节 论确定财产权的规则
第四节 论根据同意而进行的财产转让
第五节 论承诺的义务
第六节 关于正义与非正义的进一步思考
第七节 论政府的起源
第八节 论效忠的起源
第九节 论效忠的限度
第十节 论效忠的对象
第十一节 论国际法
第十二节 论贞节与淑德[1]
第三章 论其他德行与恶行
第一节 论自然的德行与恶行的起源
第二节 论心灵的伟大
第三节 论善良与仁慈
第四节 论自然的才能
第五节 对自然才能的一些进一步思考
第六节 本卷的结论
休谟之问
《人性论》在诞生之初并没有引起怎样的反响，休谟凭着自己的乐观和热忱又分别对其三卷进行改写，其中第一卷就是《人类理智研究》。休谟问题就是在《人性论》的第一卷和《人类理智研究》里面提出来的。休谟认为，由因果推理获得的知识，构成了人类生活所依赖的绝大部分知识，而他对这类知识的研究是独一无二的，“无论古人和今人都没有从事过” 。在给自己的《人性论》写的《“人性论”概论》一书中，他同样重点介绍了对因果推理的说明，认为这个说明可以作为全书的一个“样板” 。
休谟对因果关系的普遍、必然性进行反思所提出的问题被康德称为“休谟之问”。
作者简介
大卫·休谟（David Hume，1711年4月26日-1776年8月25日），苏格兰哲学家，出生于爱丁堡，与约翰·洛克（John Locke）及柏克莱（George Berkeley）并称三大英国经验主义者。其特点在于重视从“生活经验”中提炼出哲学观点，如“知识来源于印象而非理性”，认为没有事实可由先验（a priori）方法被证明。卢梭等后世学人深受其影响。康德亦综合他同理性主义哲学家的观点创建起“正反合”的理论。 11岁进入爱丁堡大学，18岁专攻哲学，21岁出版“人性论”。1734前往法国进修，48年出使维也纳和都灵。1749回到家乡 1763年任驻法使馆秘书；1765年升任使馆代办。1767～1768年任副国务大臣。1769年8月退休返爱丁堡。谟的主要著作有《人性论》 、《道德和政治论说文集》、《人类理解研究》、《道德原理探究》、《宗教的自然史》、《自然宗教对话录》、《自凯撒入侵至1688年革命的英国史》（6卷）等。哲学思想 休谟生活在英国资产阶级“光荣革命”结束到产业革命开始的社会变革的时代。这时，英国资产阶级已经成为统治阶级的一部分，它继续维持同贵族的联盟以加强对劳动人民的统治，与此同时，迅速成长壮大起来的工商业资产阶级要求对这个联盟内部的关系作有利于本阶级的调整，并继续反对封建复辟势力。这时，资产阶级的进步性和保守性交织在一起。作为这个阶级思想的代表人物的休谟，贯彻经验论观点，提出了以动摇于唯物主义和唯心主义之间的怀疑论为特色的哲学体系
《人性论》是休谟一生中重要的著作，对于人类思想史具有独创性的理论贡献。全书分三卷，分别为“论知性”“论情感”和“论道德”。在本书中，休读试图通过对人性的研究来揭示制约人的理智、情感和道德行为的准则。作者认为一切科学都与人性有关，对人性的研究应是一切科学的基础。休谟思想中最重要的方面都在这本书中进行了阐述，如关于人性的三个假设，有关自私和同情的看法，有关社会秩序和制度正义的看法等等。
1. 理性对于我们的情感和行为没有影响。
2. In the middle of all this noisy, get the winner is not rational, but eloquence. Anyone who has eloquence, his absurd hypothesis, hype, you do not need to fear not get new believers. Winner not get his sword warrior spear, but the military trumpeters, drummers and bands.
3. habit of life is a great guide.
4. refers to the initial impression is presented in all sense of the mind, feelings and emotions, with more power, more violent.
5. Habit is a great teacher of life. Only this principle allows us to experience good for us.
6. We can not from "is" derived "should."
7. Any science are more or less something to do with human nature, no matter how far apart discipline and humanity seem, in some ways they will eventually return to humanity again. 8. Establish all the materials science of human nature is refined in perception. Perceived as something conscious content is divided into two, namely "impression" and "concept", which are two types of consciousness.
9. The concept is defined by the memory and imagination of the reproduction of the previous impression, that impression of "imitation and drafting" is vague impression of like mind in thinking and reasoning.
10. desires and interests are not beyond the scope of imagination, they just faint shadow image and emotion, rather than any real feelings.