2023 exam questions:
Simple questions about materials:
1. Dialectical negation
2. The role of communication
3. Marx’s labor value theory and significance
Material analysis questions:
1. People first
2. The role of culture
Review content:
"Basic Principles of Marxism" Final Review Guide
Question type:
Multiple choice questions: two-step method: first, the statement is correct, and second, it meets the requirements of the question stem
Brief description question: Just answer the key points
Calculation questions: accurately understand concepts and apply formulas
Essay question: explain the key points appropriately
Material analysis questions: Principle expression, combined with material analysis
The exam requires a machine-readable card, so you must bring a pencil and eraser.
Be sure to write neatly and be clearly organized!
2. Review questions:
1. The establishment of historical materialism and the theory of surplus value achieved a great revolution in human history.
Historical materialism provides people with a correct ideological line for understanding social phenomena and the laws of social and historical development. It understands that the basic contradictions of society are the fundamental driving force for social development. It provides people with a way to understand the laws of development of human society and demonstrate the emergence, development and demise of capital-subject society. Scientific basis; explains that class struggle is,
2. Basic issues in philosophy and basic issues in social and historical concepts.
The basic issue of philosophy is the relationship between thinking and existence, as well as the relationship between matter and consciousness. Including: thinking and existence, who is the origin of the world; whether thinking and existence are identical.
Answers to basic philosophical questions are the premise and basis for solving all other philosophical questions.
The basic issue of the social historical perspective is the relationship between social existence and social consciousness. Social consciousness is the reaction of social existence.
3. World view, methodology and philosophy.
- What is Lenin's definition of matter and its significance? 】
Material is a philosophical category of objective reality. This objective reality is perceived through human senses. It exists independently of our senses and is replicated by human senses. Photography reflects
significance:
Adhering to materialist monism and distinguishing it from idealist monism and dualism
He upheld the theory of active reflection and the theory of cognizability, and criticized the theory of agnosticism.
It embodies the unity of materialism and dialectics and overcomes the shortcomings of metaphysical materialism.
It embodies the unity of the materialist view of nature and the view of history, laying the foundation for thorough materialism.
- Matter, motion, stillness, time and space?
- What is consciousness?
Consciousness is the function and attribute of the human brain, and is the subjective image of the objective world. The determining effect of matter on consciousness is reflected in the origin and nature of consciousness.
- The active role of consciousness, the dialectical unity of subjective initiative and objective regularity.
The active role of consciousness is reflected in:
- Consciousness is purposeful and planned
- Consciousness is creative
- Consciousness has the role of guiding practice to transform the objective world
- Consciousness has the function of regulating human behavior and physiological activities
On the one hand, respecting objective laws is the prerequisite for correctly developing subjective initiative.
On the other hand, only by giving full play to subjective initiative can we correctly understand and utilize objective laws
- What are the basic viewpoints of the connection view and development view of materialist dialectics.
9. The dialectical relationship and significance of the identity and struggle of contradictions.
10. What is the relationship between the “one point theory” and the “two point theory” of materialist dialectics?
11. What is the universality and particularity of contradiction and its methodological significance? ,
The universality and particularity of contradiction are the relationship of unity of opposites.
The universality of contradictions is the commonality of contradictions, and the particularity of contradictions is the individuality of contradictions.
The commonality of contradictions is absolute and unconditional, while the individuality of contradictions is conditional and relative.
Contradictory commonality and individuality
To understand the problem, we need to have a general scientific understanding.
- What is the meaning of “degree” and its methodological significance?
Degree is a keeper
Quality is the inherent determination of a thing that distinguishes it from other things, and quantity is the scale, quantity, and speed of a thing.
- What is the dialectical relationship between quantitative change and qualitative change and its methodological significance?
Quantitative change refers to
The dialectical relationship between quantitative change and qualitative change:
Quantitative change is the preparation for qualitative change
Qualitative change is the inevitable result of both sides
It embodies the unity of gradualness and leap in the development of things.
Quantitative and qualitative changes interpenetrate each other
- What is the dialectical view of negation and its methodological significance?
15. What is the nature of knowledge? The connection and difference between dialectical materialist epistemology and old materialist epistemology.
- What is the relationship between practice and knowledge?
Practice plays a decisive role in understanding
Practice is the source, motivation and purpose of knowledge, and practice is the only criterion for testing truth.
- Understand the basic laws of movement and the dialectical relationship between perceptual knowledge and rational knowledge
Perceptual knowledge: forming an understanding of the overall picture, external connections, and all aspects of things through the sense organs
Rational knowledge: essence, laws
Perceptual knowledge and rational knowledge are dialectically unified. Perceptual knowledge needs to be developed and deepened into rational knowledge. Rational knowledge depends on perceptual knowledge. Perceptual knowledge and rational knowledge include and penetrate each other.
- The objectivity, absoluteness and relativity of truth.
- The dialectical relationship between truth and error.
truth is
Truth and error are opposites
Truth and falsehood can be converted into each other under certain conditions.
The unity of opposites between truth and falsehood shows that truth and falsehood exist in comparison and develop like struggles.
- Practice is the only criterion for testing truth.
This is determined by the nature of truth and the characteristics of time.
From the nature of truth, truth is right;
From the perspective of the characteristics of practice, practice has direct reality. The direct reality of time is the concrete embodiment of objective reality.
- Two fundamentally opposing views of history.
Idealistic view of history: At most, we have considered it
- Social existence and social consciousness and their dialectical relationship.
The role of social existence in social and historical development:
Demographic factors
Material production methods: Material production activities and methods are the basis for the existence and development of human society and the primary prerequisite for all other activities in human society. Material production activities and methods determine the structure and appearance of society.
- The laws of contradictory movements of productive forces and production relations, economic base and superstructure.
- The composition of productive forces and production relations.
- The state body, political system, and state power are the core of the political superstructure.
- What is the meaning of social material living conditions (or: social existence) and its role in social and historical development?
- How to understand the origin, essence and general functions of the state?
- The people are the creators of history, the party’s mass views and mass line.
- How to correctly understand and evaluate the basic contradictions of society, class struggle, science and technology, and the role of individuals in social development?
(Political Economics Section)
1. What is a commodity? 128
2. What is the use value, exchange value and value of commodities? 128-129
3. How to understand the relationship between use value and value, exchange value and value? 128-129
4. How to understand the duality of labor? 129
- How is the value of a commodity determined? How does the value of goods change? 129-130
- What is the content of the law of value? What is the form of expression? what's the effect? 130-131
- How to understand the basic contradictions of a simple commodity economy? 133-134
- What is the contradiction in the general formula of capital? How is money converted into capital? 137
9. How to understand the value and use value of labor commodity? 137
10. What is the essence of capitalist wages? 148-149
11. How to understand the duality of the capitalist production process? 139
Labor process and value creation process
The residual value is
12. What are constant capital and variable capital? 141
Constant capital means that in production
differentiate capital
- What is the organic composition of capital? What is its changing trend? 145
Have production technology
14. How to calculate m and mˊ? 141
15. What is absolute surplus value production and relative surplus value production? 142
Absolute surplus value production refers to: under the condition that the necessary labor time remains unchanged, through
Relative surplus value production refers to: extending the surplus through necessary labor time while keeping the working day market unchanged.
- How to understand excess residual value?
Excess surplus value refers to the individual capitalist's increase in productivity,
The pursuit of excess surplus value is the direct motive for capitalists to improve the mode of production.
- How to understand profit, the formation of average profit rate, and average profit?
Profit is the converted form of surplus value, and surplus value is the essence of profit.
The average profit rate means that in order for capitalists to obtain more profits, capital must transfer from sectors with high profit rates to parts with high profit rates, which will lead to the average profit rate and form the average profit rate of society.
The average profit is the profit calculated and obtained based on the comment profit margin.
Average profit is the result of the interaction between surplus value and the law of competition. It reflects the relationship between different departments dividing the surplus value according to equal amounts of capital and equal amounts of profits.
- What is capital accumulation? 144-145
The primitive accumulation of capital separates producers from the means of production, and capital quickly concentrates in the hands of a few people. Capitalism has entered a historical process of rapid development. The methods of primitive accumulation of capital include violent land expropriation, overseas colonization, and state power amassing wealth.
The capitalization of surplus value is basic accumulation. Capital accumulation is not only an important reason for the polarization of social wealth, but also the root cause of unemployment in capitalist countries.
- What is capitalist simple reproduction and capitalist expanded reproduction? 144
Capitalist simple reproduction: The profits gained by the capitalist from the production process are used entirely for personal consumption, and production is repeated on the original scale.
Expanded reproduction of capitalism: capitalists
- What is capital circulation? 146-147
When capital circulates, capital starts from one form, undergoes a series of form changes, and finally returns to the starting point.
- How to understand the three stages, three functional forms and three circulation forms of industrial capital circulation? 146-147
The first stage is the purchasing stage. The purchasing stage is
The second stage is the production stage.
The third stage is the sales stage.
- What are the prerequisites for the normal circulation of industrial capital? 147
The three stages coexist in space, and industrial capital is distributed among monetary capital, productive capital, and commodity capital according to a certain proportion.
The three stages must succeed in time to ensure the continuity of the sequence.
In the same capital cycle process, the three stages are in the same sequence.
- What is capital turnover? 147
Capital goes round and round, the movement of cycles
The speed of capital turnover includes: capital turnover time, the ratio of fixed capital to circulating capital.
Speed up working capital turnover and shorten capital turnover time
- What are fixed capital and circulating capital?
Fixed capital is part of constant capital
Current capital, part of constant capital and all of variable capital
26. How to calculate the number of turnovers of total prepaid capital?
27. What is the total social product? 147
The total social product is the synthesis of all material materials produced by society at a certain stage.
In terms of value form, it includes the value transfer of the means of production during the production process, the value created by workers’ necessary labor, and the value created by workers’ surplus labor time. From the perspective of material form, it is divided into production means used for production and consumption and consumption means used for daily consumption.
Social production can be divided into two major categories:
- Composed of departments that produce means of production and whose products enter the production field
- It is composed of departments that produce consumption materials, and its production enters the field of daily consumption.
Objectively speaking, it is required to maintain a certain proportional relationship between the various production departments of the two major departments and between the two major departments. However, in the capitalist stage, due to the private ownership of the means of production, the production of the two major departments is governed by the law of value and surplus. The law of value acts spontaneously and is blind. The production of the two major departments is often in a state of imbalance, so even the two departments are in a state of imbalance.
- What are the core issues and theoretical premises of social reproduction? 147
Social reproduction refers to: continuous production is society producing
The core issue of social reproduction is the realization of the total social product, that is: the issue of physical compensation and value compensation of the total social product
The theoretical premise of social reproduction is that the total social product is divided into two major categories in terms of material and three components in terms of value.
production of total social product
- Economic globalization and its consequences
The concept of economic globalization: With the continuous development of production, the accelerated progress of science and technology, the continuous deepening of social and international division of labor, and the continuous improvement of the socialization and internationalization of production, the economic jelly of all countries and regions in the world is increasingly greater than that of one country. a process that is interconnected and interdependent with the scope of the region
- The causes and essence of new changes in contemporary capitalism
Reason for new changes:
- Scientific and technological revolution and social production are the fundamental driving forces
- The role of the working class in fighting for their own rights and interests is the use of traditional Chinese medicine
- The initial superiority of socialism has brought certain influence
- Reformist Capitalism plays an important role in the reform of capitalism
The essence is the result of the general laws of human development and the laws of capitalist economics. The changes are still within the framework of capitalism and have not occurred