The first semester of the 2020-2021 school year
"Basic Principles of Marxism" Examination Outline
1. Question type and score
1. Fill in the blanks (no points will be given for correct answers, 10 points will be deducted)
答案：李振华
2. Discrimination questions (4x6'=24 points)
判断题：先判断对错，2分，然后说明判断的理由4分
3. Text review questions (4x6'=24 points)
Explain the given text with the content of Marxist principles
个人猜想：下列复习内容中出现句子引用的大概率是原题！！！
即出现“xxxxxxxx”的理解！！！
4. Debate questions (20 points)
Requirements: 1. Please choose one of the two debates, and choose a viewpoint you agree with and support from the pros and cons of the selected debate. 2. Arguing from four aspects: definition of keywords; theory Statements based on facts; rebuttal opinions on the other side’s views; sublimation of the views of the other party. Achieve clear arguments, sufficient arguments, appropriate citations, accurate arguments, and a combination of facts and reasons to convince others. 3. No less than 500 words.
- Born to be free/Life is not free
- Today's world cooperation is higher than competition/Today's world competition is higher than cooperation
- Where to go is more important than who to go with/Who to go with is more important than where to go
- The responsibility for forming the generation gap lies more with the parents/The responsibility for forming the generation gap lies more with the children
- The network makes people closer/the network makes people more distant
- Laziness promotes social progress/laziness hinders social progress
Here is an explanation for the first
solution:
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Keywords: Freedom means democracy. Freedom is not to do whatever you want but to obey the laws set by yourself.
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Theory and fact statement: "Only moral freedom can make human beings truly become their own masters; because only the urge to lust is slavery, and only obedience to the laws that people make for themselves is freedom." Rousseau believes Conscience is the root source of all good deeds, justice, and virtue, while desire is the root source of all evil deeds. Only when people are distinguished from the evil desires of nature, use reason to understand good, and follow the guidance of conscience to do good, can they shoulder their moral responsibility to mankind and realize true freedom
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Rebuttal: The first principle of freedom is to bear one's own responsibility. Responsibility and freedom are interdependent, not contradictory as the opposing side thinks.
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Sublimation: Just as the first sentence of the "Universal Charter of Human Rights" said: Everyone is born free, equal in dignity and power. "Life is different, but life is free. It is the difference that makes this world wonderful, and freedom gives each of us opportunities. Just like fish and birds are free, so fish have a fish world, and birds have a paradise for birds. We have Our own Garden of Eden, where everyone is a peak, has his own special altitude.
5. Material analysis questions (2x10'=20 points)
6. Class feedback questions (12 points)
Combining with the content of the instructor's class, explain your understanding of the most interesting and inspiring teaching content in class this semester.
Claim:
1. The answer should include: What is it? How do you understand? What inspiration did you get from it?
2. The content of the answer must be the content actually taught by the teacher in class,
and cannot be repeated with other examination content and knowledge points of this test paper, otherwise it will be deemed invalid and no score will be given.
Write a situation here
solution:
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Most interesting content: ancient naive materialism, which understood "material" as one or several specific material forms in nature.
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Understanding: Naive materialism is also called "naive materialism" or spontaneous materialism. It is the original form of the three stages of materialism. According to Engels, naive materialism has the following basic characteristics. Try to find the unity of infinite diversity of natural phenomena in some specific tangible objects or some special things. Naive materialism affirms the material origin and unity of the world. Due to the limitation of the level of knowledge, he always regards a certain or specific material form as the material origin and unified material basis of the world.
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Enlightenment: Although the naive materialism is correct in essence, it plays a certain progressive role in history and has a significant impact on the later development of materialism, but it is subject to historical, class limitations, and scientific knowledge level It is still perceptual and intuitive in nature, and lacks scientific argument, and it is idealistic in explaining social and historical phenomena. Therefore, it could not resist the speculative attacks of idealism and metaphysics later. Only dialectical materialism can completely overcome its shortcomings and test the truth with practice, thus giving a fatal blow to idealism and metaphysics.
Main review content
introduction
1. The source of Marxist theory
Solution: 19 The three major advanced thought trends in Western Europe provided a direct theoretical source for the creation of Marxism. German Classical Philosophy, British Classical Political Economy, and Utopian Socialism in Britain and France. These three major thought trends are all attempts by advanced thinkers in the early stages of capitalism to explore topics of the times. They have put forward many enlightening ideas, such as German Classical Philosophy The dialectic thoughts, the analysis of capitalist production relations in British classical political economy and the thoughts on labor value, the evaluation of capitalism by utopian socialism and the outlook for the new society in the future.
The three major scientific discoveries of the 19th century, namely, the cell theory, the law of conservation and transformation of energy, and the theory of biological evolution, provided the natural scientific premise for the birth of Marx.
In a broader sense, there are more than these sources of Marxist ideas, as well as ancient Greek and Roman philosophy, the ideological achievements of the Renaissance movement, and the progressive ideas of historians during the French restoration period.
2. The distinctive features of Marxism
Solution: scientific, revolutionary, popular, developmental, and practical.
Scientificity : Marxism has a scientific worldview and methodological basis, namely dialectical materialism and historical materialism. Marx theory is a logically rigorous organic whole, and the development of Marx is scientifically exploratory.
Revolutionary : The revolutionary nature of Marxism is concentrated on its thorough critical spirit and clear proletarian stand.
Practicality : Marxism is a doctrine that comes from practice, goes to practice, is tested in practice, and continues to develop with practice.
Popularity : The supremacy of the people is the political position of Marxism. Marxist parties put the people in the highest position in their hearts, and all struggles are dedicated to realizing the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people. The reason for this is that the masses of the people are the creators of history and the strength of the socialist cause.
Developmental : Marxism is a theory of continuous development, and it has the theoretical quality of advancing with the times. Marxism is the product of the times, and it continues to develop with the development of the times, practice, and science. Marx's theoretical system is open. It constantly absorbs the latest human civilization to enrich and develop himself.
3. Contemporary value of Marxism
Explanation: Since its birth, Marxism has had a huge impact in the world and changed the historical process of the world, especially China. Times are changing and society is developing. Not only is Marxism not outdated in today's world, the basic principles of Marxism are still scientific truths.
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Understanding tools for observing the contemporary world:
Marxism gives us a grand vision to observe the contemporary world, gives us a sharp vision of the times, and gives us a long-term vision and strategic determination to look forward to the future world. -
The action guide to guide the development of contemporary China:
Marx is the spiritual banner that guides the development of contemporary China, the spiritual power to promote the development of contemporary China, and the action guide to lead contemporary Chinese practice. -
The scientific truths that lead the progress of human society: the
laws of human social development revealed by Marxism and the historical trend of socialism replacing capitalism explained by Marxism still exist and take effect. Marxism is still the truth of the present age.
Chapter One The materiality of the world and its development law
1. The content and understanding of basic issues of philosophy
solution:
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The basic problem of philosophy is the relationship between thinking and existence
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It includes two contents.
One is who is the origin of the world in existence and thinking, that is, when matter and spirit are primary.
Different answers to this kind of questions constitute the standard for dividing materialism and idealism.
The second is whether there is identity between existence and thinking, that is, whether thinking can correctly recognize existing problems.
The different answers to this type of question constitute the standard for dividing knowability and agnosticism.
Note: Most philosophies, including all materialists and more thorough idealists, claim that the world can be known and are called cognizants. A few idealist philosophers deny the cognizability of the world and are called agnostics. . -
The answer to the basic questions of philosophy is the premise and basis for solving all other philosophical questions. Only by scientifically solving the relationship between existence and thinking or matter and spirit can we correctly understand the nature of the world and grasp the law of world development.
2. The relationship between the "two pairs" in philosophy
Solution: The two pairs are materialism and idealism, dialectics and metaphysics.
The relationship between them should not be the relationship between source and flow, but should be that the former is fundamental and the latter is subordinate to the former. The two basic schools of philosophy are materialism and idealism. All kinds of dialectics or metaphysical ideas are always According to the philosophical system belonging to materialism or idealism, in general, there should be two camps, not the four armies facing each other.
3. Hume's understanding of causality and the objectivity of connection
Explanation:
Understanding: Hume believes that cause and effect are the core of all cognition. His offensiveness to this principle undermines the rationality of knowledge. He runs counter to the materialism in natural science and philosophy at that time.
The objectivity of connection: There are no isolated things in the world. Every thing exists in connection with other things. The connection of things is inherent in the thing itself, not a subjective assumption. The objectivity of connection requires us to understand things from the inherent connection of objective things. To insist on the objectivity of contact means to insist on materialism in the view of contact.
4. Consciousness has a counterproductive effect on matter
Solution: Matter determines consciousness, and consciousness has a counter-effect on matter. This counter-effect is the active function of consciousness. Mainly manifested in:
- Awareness activities are purposeful and planned
- Awareness activity is creative.
- Consciousness has the function of guiding practice to transform the objective world
- Consciousness has the function of regulating people's behavior and physiological activities.
5. "Dialectics includes the negative understanding of existing things in the affirmative understanding of existing things, that is, the understanding of the inevitable destruction of existing things; dialectics is based on continuous movement for every established form, so It is also an understanding of "understanding from its temporality"
Explanation: (Starting from the revolutionary
nature ) The revolutionary nature of Marxism is concentrated on its thorough critical spirit and clear proletarian stand. Marx pointed out that "Dialectics includes the negative understanding of existing things in the affirmative understanding of the existence, that is, the understanding of the inevitable destruction of existing things. Dialectics is a continuous movement for every established form, and therefore also To understand from its temporality, the class basis of Marxism is the revolutionary proletariat. It is guiding the proletarian revolutionary struggle, guiding the proletarian party in social revolution and self-revolution, and guiding the continuous development of socialist construction and reform. Action guide.
New answer (source teacher) :
This text reflects the dialectical view of negation. Everything contains positive and negative aspects. Affirmative factors are factors that maintain the existence of existing things, and negative factors are factors that promote the extinction of existing things. The dialectical view of negation believes that negation is the self-denial of things, the link in the development of things, and the link between the new and the old. The essence of dialectical negation is "sublation", that is, the new things both criticize and inherit the old things, overcome their negative factors and retain their positive factors. Therefore, from the perspective of dialectics, the development of anything is a process, a process in which new things continue to sublate and discard old things.
Chapter Two The Essence of Cognition and the Law of Its Development
1. The essence of knowledge
Explanation: Dialectical materialism epistemology believes that the essence of knowledge is the active reflection of the subject to the object on the basis of practice. This kind of reflection not only has the reactive characteristics of reflecting the content of the object, but also has the active and creative characteristics of the subject required by practice. On the one hand, the reflection characteristic of cognition is the basic stipulation of human cognition. On the other hand, the dynamic reflection of cognition is creative.
2. "Thinking that our feelings are reflections of the external world; acknowledging objective truths; adhering to the materialist epistemological point of view-this is the same thing."
solution:
- The first type (starting from the essence of knowledge)
- The second type:
truth is objective, and all truths are objective truths. This is materialism on the issue of truth. All materialist epistemology recognizes and emphasizes the objectivity of truth. It is materialistic epistemology, that is, the general theory of reflection The principles are all implementation on the issue of truth.
3. The role and relationship of rational and irrational factors in cognitive activities
solution:
- Rational factors: Rational factors are divided into perceptual knowledge and rational knowledge. In the process of understanding the essence or laws of things, rational factors assume the main function and belong to the dominant position.
- Irrational factors: It has the effect of activating, driving and controlling people's cognitive ability and cognitive activities. A beautiful mood, tenacity, and full enthusiasm can often mobilize the spiritual power of the subject to strive to achieve practical goals.
- Relations: Cognitive activities are a complex process of movement, which is manifested in the process of human knowledge, whether in perceptual knowledge or in rational knowledge, that the process of human knowledge is a process in which rational and irrational factors interact and agree with each other. We must pay attention to rational factors. Leading role, but also to give full play to the positive role of irrational role.
4. "Philosophers just interpret the world in different ways, and the problem is to change the world." Understanding
Explanation: (Starting from practice)
Marxism is a doctrine that comes from practice, goes to practice, is tested in practice, and continues to develop with practice. In terms of the mission and function of Marxism, he is not a study in the study, not a purely interpretive theory of the world, but a scientific theory that directly serves the practical activities of the proletariat and the masses to transform the world. From the content of Marxism, the practical viewpoint is the primary and basic viewpoint of Marxism. This basic viewpoint is embodied in the whole ideological content of Marxism. Marxism has a prominent practical spirit. He has always emphasized the unity of theory and practice, and has always adhered to the close integration with the actual activities of socialism. It can be said that the world socialist movement guided by Marxism is itself a practical form of Marxism.
I personally feel that this angle is tricky, and the explanation is poor. . .
Chapter III Human Society and Its Development Law
1. The people are the creators of history
Explanation: The opposition between the historical materialism and the idealistic view of history is manifested as the opposition between the mass historical view and the hero historical view on the issue of the creator of history. The mass history view holds that the creators of history are not individual heroes, but the masses of the people. The people are the main body of social history and the creator of history. This is one of the most basic viewpoints of Marxism. In the process of social and historical development, the people play a decisive role. The masses of the people are the main body of social and historical practice, and play a decisive role in the creation of history, which is specifically reflected in:
- The people are the creators of social material wealth. The broad working masses are the main body of material production activities, creating necessary living materials such as food, clothing, housing, transportation and other necessary material premises for engaging in political, scientific, cultural and artistic activities.
- The people are the creators of social spiritual wealth. In the lives of the people, practical activities are the source of the formation and development of all spiritual wealth and spiritual products.
- The people are the decisive force in social change. While the people are creating social wealth, they are also creating and transforming social relations. The transformation of production relations and the replacement of social systems ultimately depend on the development of productive forces, but they will not be realized and completed spontaneously with the development of productive forces, but must rely on the power of the people.
2. The role of the individual in social history
Solution: There are differences in the role of individuals in history. Some people are more powerful and can be called "historical figures"; some people are less powerful and can be called "ordinary individuals".
History believes that it has a profound impact on historical development, and sometimes can even determine the outcome of individual historical events, leading to changes in history. Judging from the nature of their role, historical figures have a progressive role in pushing history forward, and some have a reactionary role in hindering history. Outstanding figures are those who have made important contributions or important roles in promoting historical development.
The appearance of any historical figure reflects the unity of inevitability and contingency. The times make heroes, and the emergence of outstanding people is inevitable.
The nature of the historical tasks depends on their thinking, whether their behavior conforms to the laws of social development, and whether they conform to the wishes of the people. Only by conforming to the requirements of historical development and the wishes of the people can historical figures play a positive role in promoting social progress. The more historical figures who can do so well, the positive effect of promoting social progress will inevitably be greater and the influence will last longer. .
3. Develop the understanding of people-centered thinking
Explanation: Socialism with Chinese characteristics is a great cause initiated and advanced by the Chinese people. The Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at the core put forward the people-centered thinking, creatively applied and developed the basic principle of historical materialism on the people's creation of history.
Adhering to the people-centered ideology clearly embodies the political stand and governing philosophy of Marxist parties, and embodies the value orientation and work orientation of the Communists. Adhere to the people-centered thinking, stand at the height of the times and history, summarize and summarize the great creation and dominant position of the people in the practice of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and fully reflect and conform to the fundamental interests of people's aspirations. It profoundly clarified the historical mission of the Communist Party of China as the ruling party and further clarified the goal of realizing the people's longing for a better life.
4. "Any nation, if it ceases to work, not to mention a year or a few weeks, it will also perish."
Solution: The material production method refers to the way people carry out production activities in order to obtain material means of living. He is the unity of productivity and production relations. Material production methods are the foundation and decisive force of social existence and development.
In people's social material living conditions, the mode of production is the decisive force in the development of social history.
- First of all, material production activities and production methods are the basis for the existence and development of human society, and the primary prerequisite for all other human activities.
- Secondly, material production activities and production methods determine the structure, nature, and appearance of society, and restrict people's economic, political, and spiritual life.
- Finally, the change and development of material production activities and production methods determine the change and development of the entire social history, and determine the replacement and development of social forms from low-level to high-level.
5. "The essence of human being is not an abstract thing inherent in a single person. In its reality, it is the sum of all social relations."
Explanation: The essential attributes of human beings are social attributes, not natural attributes. The essential attributes of human beings are manifested in various social relationships. The nature of human beings changes and develops, not eternal. This view emphasizes the personal and social Unification requires people to understand and grasp the nature and function of certain groups and individuals from certain social relations, including class relations.
Chapters 4, 5, and 6: The content of students' self-study is not included in the scope of the examination
Chapter 7 Communism is the highest social ideal of mankind
1. Basic characteristics of communist society
Explanation: The classic Marxist writers revealed the basic characteristics of communist society:
- Material wealth is extremely rich, and consumption materials are allocated on demand.
To meet the needs of the highly developed socialized mass production, the communist society will abolish private ownership in the relations of production and implement a universal public ownership of the means of production. In a communist society, the distribution method of personal consumer goods is "everyone does their best, distributes according to needs" - The society is highly harmonious, and people's spiritual realm is greatly improved.
In connection with the high development of social productivity and the high harmony of social relations, people's spiritual realm has been greatly improved. This is an important manifestation of the communist newcomer. - To realize the free and comprehensive development of everyone, the leap from the realm of necessity to the realm of freedom. Realizing the free and comprehensive development of people is the fundamental value goal pursued by Marxism and the fundamental characteristic of communist society.
Communism is the realization of human liberation. At that time, human beings will finally be liberated from the alien forces that dominate their lives and destiny, realize the leap from the realm of necessity to the realm of freedom, and begin to consciously create their own history.
2020/1/14 or 15 update:
Fix some text errors