The concept of the project
A one-time work task that is interconnected to achieve a purpose, within the constraints of given resources and requirements
A project is an ad hoc one-time effort to create a unique product, service, or result.
Three meanings : certain resource constraints (time, funds, human resources), certain goals, one-time tasks
The basic characteristics of the project
Clear objectives:
Time target: complete within the specified time and before the specified time point
Outcome objectives: specified product and service results
Other goals: other goals that need to be met
Unique nature : Projects are always unique, and there are always different parts of a project in terms of products, goals, timing, risks, etc. There are no identical cases.
Limited life cycle: The project must have a clear starting point in time. Although different projects have different stages, they can basically be divided into initiation, planning, implementation, control, and conclusion.
Specific client: the demander and user of the project results are also the provider of project funds, which may be external customers or internal customers.
One-time implementation: The project has a clear starting point and the project cannot be repeated
Temporary and developmental organization: a team needs to be established at the beginning of the project, personnel change in the project, the organization does not have strict boundaries, is vague and open, and is clearly different from a formal organization
Uncertainty and risk of the project: The project takes the estimation of the required time and resources as the project conditions, which brings uncertainty, and this uncertainty brings risk to the project.
Irreversibility of Results: Once the project is terminated, the results produced by the project are irreversible.
Third, the unique characteristics of information systems
Inaccurate project goals: At the beginning of the project, customers generally cannot put forward detailed goals, resulting in unclear project goals.
Blurred task boundaries: The scope of information system project tasks mainly depends on the planning and planning of the project team.
The quality requirements are mainly defined by the project team: the customer is not familiar with the quality of the computing system, so the quality requirements are generally defined and managed by the team, and the customer can check, audit, or hire professionals to test.
During the development process, customer requirements are easy to change, resulting in constant changes in the project plan:
Due to the unclear customer needs at the beginning of the project, resulting in:
1. Customer needs are constantly stimulated and further clarified
2. Customer needs change with the progress of the project
3. The schedule, cost and other plans of the project will be constantly changed
Information system projects are intelligence-intensive and labor-intensive projects, and are most affected by human resources: the main cost of most information system projects is labor costs.
The structure, responsibility and stability of the project team have a decisive impact on the quality and success of the project: the ability and quality of the team members have a decisive relationship with the success and quality of the project. Team organization and management is an important part of project management.
Project Management Concepts:
Refers to the use of specialized knowledge, skills, tools and methods in project activities to enable the project to meet or exceed the set requirements and expectations within the constraints of limited resources.
The characteristics of project management: systematic, procedural, innovative, specific, complex, universal, and purposeful. Three elements: cost, project duration management (time), project quality management
feature:
Universality: Projects are ubiquitous in social production activities as one-off tasks and innovative activities. The universality of projects also makes project management universal
Purpose: All project management activities are to achieve "meet or exceed the project requirements and expectations of the project stakeholders"
Uniqueness: Although project management will also apply general management principles and methods, project management activities have its own special regularity, which is the premise of project management.
Integration: organically integrate various elements of the project system, such as management information, technology, methods, goals, etc., to form a comprehensive advantage, "to make the project system as a whole to a fairly complete level"
Innovation: There is no fixed mode and method for project management, and effective management of specific projects must be achieved through management innovation
4. Top 10 Knowledge Areas of PMBOK
( Project Management Institute PMI ( Project Management Institute ) was established in 1969 and is the world's leading advocate for the project management industry. It has creatively developed industry standards. The "Project Management Body of Knowledge Guide" ( PMBok ) compiled by PMI has been Become the most authoritative textbook in the field of project management, known as the "Bible" of project management )
Ten areas of knowledge:
1. Integrated management : its role is like the thread in the project management chain;
2. Scope management : do and only do what should be done;
3. Time management : let everything proceed according to the established progress;
4. Cost management : calculate accurate money and spend good money;
5. Quality management : the purpose is to meet the demand;
6. Human resource management : let team members work with you efficiently;
7. Communication management : let the right people convey the right information to the right people in the right way at the right time;
8. Risk management : "Looking for trouble", so that the project "no risk";
9. Purchasing management : Be a good Party A.
10. Stakeholder management : Build a good relationship with project stakeholders and make them satisfied.
5. Project Triangle
Project Triangle: Refers to the relationship between the three factors of scope, time and cost in project management and the impact of the project
1. Quality is not an element of the triangle, it is the result of the coordination of time, cost and scope
2. In order to shorten the project time, it is necessary to increase the project cost or reduce the project scope
3. In order to save the project cost, the project scope can be reduced or the project time can be extended
4. The control process of the project is to ensure that all aspects of the project can be coordinated with each other as a whole
6. Project cost estimation
( Software has particularities such as poor visibility and difficult quantification, and it is difficult to accurately estimate the workload and costs required to develop software before the project is completed )
Project estimation is the basis and basis for formulating project development plans
Cost estimation: development cost = number of person-months * cost per person-month Development cost = number of source code lines * average cost per line
Official: Ei = (ai + 4mi + bi) / 6
Typical Cost Estimation Model: Putnam CoCoMo Model
Gantt chart (Gantt) : bar chart, bar chart (Bar chart). It clearly represents the interrelationship of project progress and other time-related system progress over time through bar graphs.
Advantages: Gantt chart is intuitive, simple, easy to make, easy to understand, can clearly identify the start and end time of each task, generally suitable for relatively simple small projects, can be used for any level of WBS, progress control , resource optimization, preparation of resource and cost planning.
Cons: Difficulty identifying dependencies between tasks, critical path of the project, parts with potential for improvement
Pert diagram : PERT diagram, also known as "plan review technique", uses a network diagram to describe a project's task network . It can not only express the scheduling of subtasks, but also estimate the completion of tasks during the execution of the task plan, analyze the impact of the completion of certain subtasks on the overall situation, and find out the areas and key subtasks that affect the overall situation. In order to take timely measures to ensure the completion of the entire project.
Critical Path: is the sequence of events and activities that take the longest time in a PERT network.
Slack time: The maximum time that an activity may be delayed for completion without affecting completion;
Personnel management
Main programmer group: one main programmer, one backup programmer, one information officer, and several programmers, which is convenient for centralized leadership, unified pace, and easy to follow the norms, but it is not conducive to exerting enthusiasm
Unowned programmer group: Unowned programmers, the members of the group are equal to each other, which is conducive to exerting personal enthusiasm, the communication in the group is large, the responsibilities are often unclear, and no one is responsible for problems, which is not conducive to contact with the outside world
Hierarchical programmer group: one group leader, several senior programmers, several programmers, suitable for large-scale software projects with hierarchical structure characteristics
7. Project Risk Analysis
Risk: Risk is the uncertainty of loss, indicating that the result of the risk may bring loss, profit or no loss and no profit. Risk is an event that may occur, and is an event that will bring losses, and human intervention may reduce losses.
Risk Management: Project risk management is the activity of identifying and analyzing project risks and taking countermeasures. This includes maximizing the impact of positive factors and minimizing the impact of negative factors.
Risk Analysis
Risk analysis method: Risk analysis is to find out the uncertainty (subjectively uncontrollable) factors of the action plan, analyze its environmental conditions and sensitivity to the plan; estimate the relevant data, including the cost of the action plan, obtained under different circumstances. Probability of various opportunities of benefits and uncertain factors, calculation of economic effects under various risk situations; making correct judgments, etc.
Risk analysis ( judgment, intuition, experience)
Quantitative analysis: A method that attempts to analyze and evaluate security risks numerically. Through quantitative analysis, security risks can be accurately graded (the data that quantitative analysis relies on are often unreliable)
Qualitative Analysis: By listing various threats and grading the severity of the threats and the sensitivity of the assets
Project risk assessment : After risk identification, through full, systematic and methodical consideration of all uncertainties and risk elements of the project, the individual risks of the project are determined. Then, comprehensively evaluate the project risk. On the basis of planning, identifying and estimating project risks, by establishing a systematic risk model, it can find the key risks of the project, determine the overall risk level of the project, and provide a scientific basis for how to deal with these risks to ensure the project. proceeded smoothly.
1. Need to decide what assets to protect and to what extent
2. For each asset that is clearly to be protected, the possible threats and the possible impact of the threats should be considered
3. Identify existing or planned safety management measures
4. Classification of tangible assets and people, and establish a corresponding relationship between the two
8. Project Risk Control
Risk control means that after identifying and evaluating risks, risk managers obtain results from various risk management methods such as reducing risks, avoiding risks, transferring risks, and accepting risks to assist the management department in specifying security strategies according to their own characteristics.
reduce risk, avoid risk, transfer risk, accept risk
method:
1. Prioritize risks, and prioritize high risks
2. Evaluate the recommendations in the risk assessment process and analyze the feasibility and effectiveness of the recommendations
3. Implement cost/benefit analysis
4. Combine the control elements of technology, operation and management to select the best cost-effective security control
5. Assignment of Responsibilities
6. Designate a set of security measures implementation plan
7. Implement selected security controls