1. The connotation of learning
(1) The essence of learning-single choice, differentiation and analysis
A more lasting change in the behavior or behavioral potential of an individual due to experience or repeated practice in a specific situation
Keywords:
(1) Individual
Individuals include humans + animals
(2) Practice or repeated practice
is acquired, not congenital
(3) Persistent
, it doesn’t count as a stimulant, this is transient
What is unique to man: education
(2) The characteristics of student learning
1. The student's learning is based on mastering indirect knowledge and experience.
2. The student's learning is conducted under the teacher's purposeful, planned and organized guidance.
3. The main task of student learning is to master systematic scientific knowledge, skills, worldview, and moral character.
4. Student learning is carried out in the school class group.
5. Student learning has a certain degree of passivity.
Second, the classification of learning
1. Subject
Who will learn
animal
human
machine
2. Learning results
People: Gagne
Verbal information: what is the problem to solve
Beijing is the capital of China
Wisdom skills:
Solve the problem of how to do it through your own brain
Understanding strategy
Solving the process of learning how to
memorize: compiling formulas, mind maps
attitude
Your views or actions tend to other things
that is hard Teacher
Motor skills
Also known as motor skills,
gymnastics,
writing skills
3. Level of consciousness
Implicit learning: unconscious
, explicit learning: aware
I realized that the father of pedagogy I have studied is: Comenius-Explicit Learning
No gifts for this year's holidays-only old platinum for gifts-implicit learning
4. The nature and form of learning
Person: Ausubel-Advocating meaningful learning,
acceptance learning and discovery learning,
acceptance learning: listening to others,
discovery learning: give this book to you, all on your own to explore
Machine learning: not understanding the
meaning of learning learning: understanding Learn
3. Knowledge learning
(1) Types of knowledge
Different depth
Perceptual knowledge: only the superficial level is studied.
Rational knowledge: essential, inner connection
Birds can fly: perceptual knowledge.
Birds have wings and feathers. They are... Animals: rational knowledge
Function of knowledge
Declarative knowledge
Declarative memory: what is the memory
remember-Lao Wang is the teacher of chalk
Procedural knowledge
Procedural memory; how to do memory
remembering how we ride a bicycle, procedural knowledge
Manifestations
Explicit knowledge
Knowledge that can be expressed in words
Tacit knowledge
This knowledge is beyond words
Variation:
change the positive example to highlight the essence
(2) Types of knowledge learning
Complexity:
Symbol learning:
Vocabulary, icon
Concept learning
Reflect the essential characteristics of a class of things
Propositional learning
The relationship between concept and concept
Structural relationship
Lower level learning (generic learning)
first learn fruits, then bananas, apples, watermelons big-
》small
Upper level learning (overall learning)
from small concept to big concept.
First learn banana, apple, watermelon and learn fruit
Combination learning (combined learning side by side) the
same level of concept
only learning bananas, apples, oranges, peaches
(4) The formation of skills
(1) Skills and their classification
Skills: a lawful activity method
formed through practice, forming an indispensable link for any skill-practice.
We divide skills into two types, operation skills and mental skills.
Operation skills:
motor skills and motor skills.
Mainly rely on muscles.
Playing basketball and piano.
Mental skills:
intellectual skills, cognitive skills,
mainly relying on the brain,
mental arithmetic, reading
(2) Formation and training of operational skills
1. The formation stage of operation skills
(1) Operation setting
(2) Operation simulation
(3) Operation integration
(4) Operation proficiency
2. Training requirements for operating skills
(1) Accurate teacher training and explanation
(2) Necessary and appropriate exercises,
(3) Sufficient and effective feedback
(4) Establish stable and clear kinesthesia
(3) Formation and cultivation of mental skills
Abroad: Gary Pelin
Gary Pelin is at home and the place is small, so he studies mental skills. The
first educator on mental skills
domestic:
(1) Prototype orientation,
understand what to do
(2) Prototype operation,
pay for implementation, after the
teacher tells me
,
I will do the questions myself (3) Prototype internalization I can do the questions myself
Training requirements for mental skills-take a chance
(1) Stimulate students' enthusiasm and initiative
(2) Pay attention to the completeness, independence and generality of the prototype
(3) Adapt to the stage characteristics of training, use language correctly
(4) Pay attention to the individual differences of students
Learning theory
Overview of Learning Theory
Behaviorism-SR (connection between stimulus and response)
Summary between stimulus and response
I'll stab you when you are sleepy-behaviorism
Cognitiveism
Everyone must understand in their heads when they study – cognitivism, must understand in their heads
Constructivism
Digest him step by step in the mind to construct knowledge-constructivism
Humanism
People-oriented, pay attention to human development-humanism
Behaviorism
1. Behavioral Attention Learning Theory
(1) Pavlov’s classical conditioning
1. Experiment;
classic conditioned reflex experiment (dog eating rattle experiment)
The dog sees things-instinctive behavior-unconditional reflex.
Every time the dog is presented with meat, it will ring the bell. If the dog hears the bell, it will drool.
Acquired-conditioned reflex
2, two reflections
unconditional reflection - instinctive
reflex - a learned
a first signal; physical stimulus
really exists
look fluid plum
second signal: language, symbols
unreal presence
scared
3. The main law of classical conditioning
(1) Acquired and faded
Acquired: the process of establishing conditioned reflex
faded: conditioned reflex disappeared
(2) The generalization and differentiation of stimuli. Generalization
: similar stimuli can also induce conditioned responses (unclear) and
differentiation: only respond to conditioned stimuli (clearly distinguished)
(2) The trial and error of Thorndike
1. Experiment: Cats open their cages to feed,
try blindly-gradually reduce errors-try again
2. Basic Laws
Preparation Law-Fish-Preview
Practice Law-Repeat-Practice
Effect Law (the most important)-Eat fish-Feedback
(3) Skinner's operational conditioning theory
1. Experiment: the puzzle box experiment.
Learning is essentially a change in reaction probability, and reinforcement is a means to enhance the reaction probability
2. The basic law of operative conditioning.
Reinforcement
Positive reinforcement: positive-give
Negative reinforcement: negative-take away, pick up
I have to finish it every day, but if I perform well today, I won’t wash the bowl anymore, so it’s negative reinforcement
Positive reinforcement: give you the feedback you want
3. Program teaching-small steps teaching
(4) Bandura's observational (social) learning theory
1. Experiment
Observation learning, also known as substitution learning and imitation learning, refers to the observation of others and their reinforcement results, a person obtains a certain new response, or corrects the original behavioral response
2. Interdeterminism,
individual (cognitive)
environment,
behavior
3. Observational learning
Observational learning (alternative learning)
refers to obtaining certain new reactions through observation of others and their reinforcement results
Classification of observational learning
(1) direct observational learning-simple imitation
(2) abstract observational learning-rules
(3) creative observational learning-a new combination
4. Reinforced classification
Directly reinforce,
do it yourself, be strengthened,
others reward yourself
Alternative reinforcement,
see the role model, I am
strengthened
Seeing others winning, I want to prepare seriously
Self-
reinforcement
Reward yourself
Cognitive learning theory
1. Gestalt of the Gestalt School-Epiphany Theory-Learning to be realized through epiphany
1. Gorilla stacking box experiment
Put the stars in the room, put bananas on this room, and then put the boxes below
Thorndike: Trial and error.
If this orangutan is like him, the orangutan has not been able to reach it, so it has been enough and dead enough
But this experimental orangutan sat for a while and realized it suddenly. After stacking the box, you can get the banana.
The main point of insight.
Learning is achieved through the process of insight.
The essence of learning is to construct a complete form within the subject.
2. Tolman's theory of symbolic learning-teleology
1. Experiment-White Rat Maze
2. The basic concepts of Tolman's symbolic learning theory.
Learning is a purposeful behavior and
cognitive process
Bruner's Cognition-Discovery Theory
Bruner: Sodium to discover the structure
Learning concept:
the essence of learning: take the initiative to form a cognitive structure
. The process of learning: acquisition, transformation, evaluation
We advocate discovery and learning
Educational concept:
1. The purpose of teaching is to understand the basic structure of the
subject, the basic concepts, basic principles, basic attitudes and methods of the subject
2. Grasp the basic principles of the subject structure-the
motivation principle, structure principle, procedure principle, strengthening principle
3. Promote discovery learning
Ausubel’s meaningful learning
1. Essence of meaningful learning
Essence: establish a non-artificial (intrinsic) and substantive (non-literal) connection between new knowledge and existing knowledge.
2. Conditions
for meaningful learning Conditions:
objective-the logical meaning of the learning materials
Subjective-meaningful learning intention, appropriate knowledge base
3. The advanced organizer strategy is
prior to a kind of guiding material presented by the learning task itself. It has a higher level of abstraction, generalization and synthesis than the learning task itself, and can clearly communicate with the original ideas and new tasks in the cognitive structure. Connect.
3. Constructivist learning theory
Constructivism:
View of Knowledge:
(1) Interpretation Hypothesis (Dynamic)
(2) Contextual
(3) Experience Background (Subjective)
Student views
(1) Richness
(2) Difference
Learning concept
(1) Active constructivity
(2) Social interaction
(3) Contextual learning
4. Humanistic learning theory
Rogers' Learning Theory
1. An informed and unified view of teaching goals
Knowledge: Knowledge
Emotion: Emotion
Cognition: IQ
Emotion: Emotional Quotient
So I train people with high IQ and EQ
2. A meaningful view of free learning
3. Student-centered teaching concept
(1) The student-centered model is also known as the non-instructive model. The role of the teacher is a "midwife" or a "catalyst"
(2) The way to create a good teacher-student relationship: sincere and consistent, unconditional positive attention, and the same Reason