Linux distribution:
Linux, originally written by Linus Benedict Torvalds in 1991. Prior to this, Richard Stallman created the Free Software Foundation (FSF) organization and the GNU project, and continued to write and create GNU programs (such programs are licensed under GPL: General Public License). After many outstanding programmers and developers have joined the GNU organization, it has created the Linux we see today, or GNU/Linux.
Because many of its releases: CentOS, Ubuntu, RedHat, Android , Tizen, MeeGo ... But release can be divided into two categories, one is a commercial company maintenance releases, one is maintained by community organizations release
the former It is represented by the famous Redhat (RHEL), which is represented by Debian.
##Thinking and review before reading: What is
the relationship between centos and Linux and RHEL? What
are the details of various open source agreements? For example: GPL, LGPL, Apache, BSD
Archlinux: a simple and lightweight release
Gentoo: based on Debian
LFS: linux From scratch (this version is completely manually configured. It is only a book to complete the entire system page by page. All packages are their own Download, add, make)
Android: kernel+busybox+Java virtual machine to achieve.
Although there are many releases, it’s good to see what the release is based on, so you can understand its characteristics. Let’s take a look at the affiliation:
slacware: (suse, opensuse)
debian: (ubuntu, mint)
redhat: (rhel: redhat enterprise linux)
A new version is released every 18 months, and the desktop version is donated to the Fedora community for free download, but there are bugs later Not providing free fixes. Centos came out at this time. It specifically changed the corresponding services based on the source code given by RHEL. Later, RHEL found that this was not conducive to the development of its own enterprise, and it also opened some free services. Of course At the same time, it was decided to acquire Centos
Centos: in the early days it was a community-provided service, free and with many users! fedora: release a new version every 6 months (used to test new software)
##Before use, we understand the following two philosophical ideas:
Free software:
free to use, free to learn and modify, free to distribute, free to create derivative versions of
Linux philosophy:
1. Everything is a file
Almost all resources, including hardware devices are organized It is a file format
2. It is composed of many small programs with a single purpose: a program only realizes one function, and it is necessary to
combine small programs to complete complex tasks.
3. Avoid user interaction as much as possible:
Goal: realize script programming to automatically complete a task
4 Use a plain text file to save configuration information:
Goal: A text editor can complete the system configuration work. For
details on how to obtain Cnetos
mirrors (there are many mirror versions on Alibaba Cloud), please
refer to the following resources;
Redhat should be called Redhat series, Including RHEL (Redhat Enterprise Linux, also known as Redhat Advance Server, paid version), Fedora Core (developed from the original Redhat desktop version, free version), CentOS (RHEL community clone version, free). Redhat should be said to be the most popular Linux version in the country. Some people even equate Redhat with Linux, and some veterans only use this version of Linux. So this version is characterized by a large number of users and a lot of information. The implication is that if you have something you don’t understand, it is easy to find someone to ask, and the general Linux tutorials on the Internet are based on Redhat as an example. of. The package management method of the Redhat series adopts the YUM package management method based on RPM packages, and the distribution method is compiled binary files.Centos and RHEL have excellent stability and are suitable for server use, but Fedora Core has poor stability and is best used only for desktop applications.
Debian, or Debian series, includes Debian and Ubuntu. Debian is a model of community-like Linux, and it is the Linux system that most follows the GNU specification so far. Debian was first created by Ian Murdock in 1993 and is divided into three version branches (branch): stable, testing and unstable. Among them, unstable is the latest test version, which includes the latest software packages, but also has relatively many bugs, suitable for desktop users. The testing version has been tested in unstable, relatively stable, and also supports many new technologies (such as SMP, etc.). While stable is generally only used for servers, most of the above packages are relatively outdated, but the stability and security are very high. The most distinctive feature of Debian is the apt-get/dpkg package management method. In fact, Redhat's YUM is also imitating Debian's APT method, but in the binary file distribution method, APT should be the best. Debian has a wealth of information, and there are many supporting communities. There are also places to go if you have questions:)
Ubuntu, strictly speaking, cannot be regarded as an independent release version. Ubuntu is based on Debian's unstable version, so to speak, Ubuntu is a nearly perfect Linux desktop system with all the advantages of Debian and the advantages it has strengthened. Depending on the desktop system selected, there are three versions to choose from, Ubuntu based on Gnome, Kubuntu based on KDE, and Xubuntu based on Xfc. The characteristic is that the interface is very friendly, easy to use, and the hardware support is very comprehensive. It is the most suitable Linux distribution for desktop systems.
Gentoo, the great Gentoo is the youngest distribution in the Linux world. Because of its youth, it can absorb the advantages of all the distributions before her. This is one of the reasons why Gentoo is called the most perfect Linux distribution. Gentoo was originally created by Daniel Robbins (one of the developers of FreeBSD), and the first stable version was released in 2002. Due to the developer's familiarity with FreeBSD, Gentoo has a well-reputed ports system comparable to FreeBSD-Portage package management system. Unlike the package management system that distributes binary files such as APT and YUM, Portage is distributed based on source code and must be compiled before it can run. It is slower for large-scale software, but it is precisely because all software is compiled on the local machine. After various customized compilation parameters are optimized, the hardware performance of the machine can be brought into full play. Gentoo is the most complicated to install of all Linux distributions, but it is also the most manageable version after installation, and it is also the fastest version that runs under the same hardware environment.
FreeBSD is a free and free UNIX-like operating system (Unix-like), derived from AT&T UNIX via BSD UNIX. FreeBSD cannot be called UNIX for legal reasons, but it is directly derived from BSD UNIX, and some original BSD UNIX developers later switched to the development of FreeBSD, which made FreeBSD compatible with UNIX in terms of internal structure and system API. Due to FreeBSD's loose legal terms, its code has been borrowed by many other systems, including Apple's MacOS X. Because of MacOS X's UNIX compatibility, MacOS X has obtained the UNIX trademark certification.
It is not a Linux system! However, a considerable part of the user groups of FreeBSD and Linux overlap. The hardware environments supported by the two are also relatively consistent, and the software used is relatively similar, so FreeBSD can be compared as a Linux version. FreeBSD has two branches: stable and current. As the name suggests, stable is a stable version, while current is a beta version with new technologies added. FreeBSD uses the Ports package management system, similar to Gentoo, based on source code distribution, and must be compiled on the local machine before it can run. However, the Ports system is not as easy to use as the Portage system, and it is slightly more complicated to use. The biggest feature of FreeBSD is stability and efficiency. It is the best choice as a server operating system, but it does not have complete hardware support, so it is not suitable as a desktop system.
SUSE Linux, abbreviated as "SuSE", is pronounced /zuz/, meaning "Software- und System-Entwicklung", this is a German sentence, English is "Software and system development". Now the company's name has been changed to SUSE Linux again. It was originally a Linux distribution issued and maintained by SuSE Linux AG in Germany, and is a registered trademark of this company. This company was acquired by Novell in 2004. Broadly speaking, SUSE Linux is a series of Linux distributions. The first version appeared in early 1994. SUSE is one of the oldest commercial distributions that originated in Germany, while SUSE Linux is aimed at individual users. SUSE Linux was originally based on Slackware Linux and provided a product with a complete German user interface. In 1992, Peter McDonald established the Softlanding Linux System (SLS) release. This release includes a lot of software, including X Window and TCP/IP packages for the first time. Slackware is a distribution based on SLS.
Mandriva, is currently one of the best Linux distributions in the world, and is firmly in the first echelon of the Linux rankings. Prior to 2005, it ranked No.1 in the Linux rankings. It is currently the most easy-to-use Linux distribution, and it is also the only Linux that supports the Chinese environment by default among many international linux distributions. It is a Linux distribution developed by the French company Mandriva (formerly Mandrake). Mandriva is still the largest Linux manufacturer in Europe. Mandriva Linux was formerly known as Mandrake Linux. The Mandriva (Mandrake) project is the world's first Linux version that is easy to use, install and manage for non-technical users. Mandriva (Mandrake Linux) early convenient font installation tool and default Chinese support have made great contributions to the popularization of Linux. The current Mandriva was developed by the combination of mandrake and Conectiva.
Slackware is a GNU/Linux distribution developed by Patrick Volkerding. Unlike many other distributions, it adheres to the principle of KISS (Keep It Simple Stupid), which means that there is no graphical interface tool for configuring the system. In the beginning, there will be some difficulties in configuring the system, but more experienced users will appreciate the transparency and flexibility of this approach. Another outstanding feature of Slackware Linux also complies with the KISS principle: Slackware does not have a mature package manager such as RPM. Slackware's software packages are usually tgz (tar/gzip) format files plus installation scripts. Tgz is more powerful than RPM for experienced users and avoids the dependency problem of managers such as RPM. Slackware has a different path from other distributions (Red Hat, Debian, Gentoo, SuSE, Mandriva, Ubuntu, etc.), and it strives to become a "UNIX-style" Linux distribution. Only the stable version of the application is absorbed, and the configuration tools customized for the release version in other linux versions are missing.
Official website: http://www.centos.org/ Official website: http://www.ubuntu.org.cn/ Official website: http://www.gentoo.org/
##Look at the domestic Linux distribution:
1. Red Flag Linux is a series of Linux distributions developed by Beijing Zhongke Red Flag Software Technology Co., Ltd., including desktop version, workstation version, data center server version, HA cluster version and Red Flag Embedded Linux and other products. At present, the CD-ROM version can be purchased at various software stores in China, and the official website also provides free download of CD-ROM images. Red Flag Linux is one of China's larger and more mature Linux distributions.
The user interface is similar to Windows; it has
passed the LSB3.0 test and certification, and has all the qualities of the Linux standard foundation;
2. Win the standard Puhua Linux desktop operating system is an operating system software for the desktop office field. The product adheres to the design concept of humanization, practicality and efficiency. The product has complete functions and provides all standard desktop application software required by users- Including e-mail and calendar, Web browser, multimedia tools, PDF reader, image processing software, English-Chinese translation tools, etc.
Features:
Familiar desktop environment and usage habits
3. Hualei Universal Operating System RAYS is a Chinese Linux operating system independently developed by Xinhua Technology System Software Co., Ltd. It integrates a number of advanced technologies on the basis of a stable Linux kernel, which can fully meet the application needs of governments, companies, individuals, and families in office, entertainment, learning, and education. In addition, Hualei's general operating system fully supports a variety of domestic CPUs including Loongson and Zhongzhi, realizing a complete industrial chain of "domestic CPU + domestic operating system + domestic application software".
Functional characteristics: a
full range of applications