RSTP: rapid generation data protocol, shorten the transition time of spanning tree port from blocking to forwarding state.
Enable the rapid spanning tree method
stp enable
stp mode rstp
MSTP: One spanning tree per VLAN to achieve link load balance.
The function of the network layer
defines the logical address
routing based on the IP protocol , and different network segments
.
ICMP
ICMP is an "error detection and feedback mechanism"
encapsulated by IP data packets
to send error and control messages
Ping 3-1
- The -t parameter will continue to perform ping
-when debugging a fault or when a continuous connectivity test is required,
Ctrl+C can be used to interrupt the command
Ping 3-2
-a parameter can display the host name
ping 3-3
parameter can set the ping package The size is
1. The byte is the unit
2. It can be used to simply test the communication quality.
ARP related commands. ARP command in
windows system
arp-a: view the ARP cache table
arp-d: clear the ARP cache
arp-s: bind arp-s tp+ MAC address
Routing technology
Layer two (data link layer): switch; MAC address; MAC address table (the basis for forwarding data)
Layer three (network layer): router; IP address; routing table (data forwarding table) The
main role of the router: determines the three of the equipment The forwarding relationship of layer data packets. The target network can match the routing table and forward it from the corresponding interface. If it cannot match the routing table, the packet will be dropped and will not flood like a switch.
Classification of routing protocols
Routing protocol:
static routing-administrator manual configuration routing
dynamic routing-router automatic learning
Intranet-IGP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)-RIPV1, RIPV2
distance vector routing protocol-RIPV1, RIPV2
link state routing protocol: OSPF, ISIS link Status
Internet-EGP (External Gateway Routing Protocol)-BGPV4
Routing process
The router determines the forwarding relationship of Layer 3 data packets according to its own routing table, and the specific routing entries in the routing table are maintained by the protocol.
Advantages and disadvantages of static routing
Advantages: fixed, saving the cost of equipment links.
Disadvantages: For large networks, the workload is heavy. Once the topology changes, the amount of maintenance becomes larger.
Use static for small networks and dynamic routing for large networks.